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Across the Atlantic to Mexico and Venezuela and visiting disabled people

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(Excerpted from Memories that linger:
My journey in the World of Disability by Padmani Mendis)

My main finding was that the Manual had been adapted and translated into Spanish before the project started and this was a distinct advantage. Community health workers appeared to make use of it in the homes visited. I was particularly impressed with the use they made of the package on play activities. They taught mothers how to give extra stimulation to their children who had disability, involving the whole family in the process. In this way they were careful not to show a difference to the disabled child.

In one home, we met a three-year old child who had multiple disabilities with difficulties in learning and moving. He had not been able to sit unaided. Now after some weeks he was walking, pushing a home-made cart. The father said he had made this by adapting the drawing in the Manual.

In another home we met a five-year old child with cerebral palsy who also had difficulty moving. When the community worker found her she could only sit up. She was now walking with minimal help after the same period of time. In both homes, all the children in the family sat together with their parents to talk with us.

Another finding was that the packages on communication for both children and adults brought poor results. Individuals and families found these difficult to use. Although with most individuals with this disability, learning to communicate does require time, it appeared to me that this first draft did not contain enough specific material. We revised these extensively when we prepared the second version of the WHO Manual “Training the Disabled in the Community”. We used our field learning such as this to make significant changes that would bring better results for users.

I was happy that I had the opportunity to experience this project in which Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) had, within this time frame, been included in Primary Health Care apparently successfully. On the whole, the disabled people being visited at home appeared to show early and rapid improvement. The Manual, it seemed to me, showed the individuals and the families what can be achieved in spite of disability. When this had been realised it provided the motivation called for to work on the tasks that the disabled member could not yet do.

Venezuela – an adventure on arrival in Caracas

From Mexico, Dr. Hindley-Smith had arranged for me to go to Venezuela. Here I was to meet with persons in rehabilitation and in Primary Health Care. My task was different – in Venezuela I was to assist in planning a project to introduce CBR and to field test the Manual.

My counterpart was Dr. Jose’ Arvelo, the Chief of the Department of Medical Rehabilitation in the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. This is the first time I met him. I was to meet him again soon when we participated as members at the Meeting of the WHO Expert Advisory Committee on Disability and Rehabilitation held in Geneva the following February. The expert group was small, five to six members as such meetings usually are. We talked often about what was happening in Venezuela.

My arrival at Caracas Airport was something of an adventure. The WHO office in Caracas and Dr. Arvelo had not known about my flight and expected time of arrival. All due to difficulties in communication at that time which was by fax. These were not always to be depended on. Further, Dr. Arvelo had no idea where I was coming from.

Added to that the flight was delayed. Dr. Arvelo had meanwhile gone to the airport to meet three flights in the hope that I may have been on any one of them. I was not. He had given up in desperation not knowing what to do. Eventually my flight arrived at Caracas that night at 3 a.m. There was of course no one to meet me. Nervous and afraid, I approached a taxi and asked the driver to take me to a hotel. Fortunately, the driver was a good man. He took me to a small hotel in the city and I checked in. The room was rather dirty. The bathroom was no better. But the room, once locked, gave me safety.

Dr. Jose’ Arvelo

The next morning I contacted the WHO office in Caracas which in turn informed Dr. Arvelo where I was. He told me how worried he had been and how relieved he was to see me safe. He was sorry I was in such a sordid hotel. And one, apparently, with a “reputation.” He had me check out immediately and took me to one that was larger, newer and safer. It was moreover situated in the heart of the city.

It was in this hotel that I experienced my first earthquake. I awoke in the early hours one morning to feel myself on my bed, in my room, swaying from this side to that about five or six times. It really did not last long enough to frighten me too much. When I told Dr. Arvelo about it the next morning, he told me there had been an earthquake across the border in Columbia.

It had caused some damage locally, but no deaths. I should have mentioned that I was on the 20th floor of a very tall hotel.I experienced another earthquake not much later when I was on the 12th floor of the Holiday Inn Hotel in Manila. That shook more and really scared me. Many years later I experienced tremors while staying in a hotel in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It was very mild. There have been a few since then in the Kandy area. Are these a prediction of earthquakes to come?

Dr. Arvelo’s concern for me throughout my stay was most touching. He and I spent a great deal of time together during my three weeks in Venezuela. Because it was he who took me everywhere, driving himself. As the Chief of the Department of Medical Rehabilitation in the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare he held a very important position in the country.

Within a few days of my arrival in Caracas, Dr. Arvelo took me home to meet his wife and three lovely young daughters. We got on well – there was so much they wanted to know about me, my work and my country. After that I became a frequent guest in their home. I had no time to be lonely and homesick in Caracas.

What I liked most about the hotel was that it had a Juice Bar situated just across from it. So in the morning for breakfast I would walk across for a deliciously fresh, cold, large fruit juice. And the same in the evening after a tiring day. In the mornings I would have avocado or guava, both heavy on the stomach. In the evenings something lighter, may be orange or pineapple. I can still taste those delicious flavours. Nalin and I often wonder over breakfast why it is that fruit does not have the same particular flavours that they did when we were young.

Collecting information for a CBR development project

Dr. Arvelo had arranged a programme for me with two broad aims in mind. One was to inform me of the present availability of rehabilitation services for disabled people. In the urban areas, Venezuela had a wide network of rehabilitation services staffed by well-trained professionals. From this we could ensure that selected project areas will have technical support.

The second was to enable me to know the pattern of Primary Health Care that was being developed in the country. This would enable us to decide on the feasibility of incorporating the field trial into this system. And the where and the how of doing it.

With these aims in mind we met and talked with people at all levels of the two systems. Professors, managers, disabled people, specialists, medical officers, therapists, social workers, teachers, consumers and others. We covered the areas of cerebral palsy, mental retardation, psychiatry, psychology, paediatrics, rehabilitation, physical medicine, visual impairment, hearing and speech impairment, leprosy, cardiac and chest disorders, drug addiction, mental health and psychiatry.

We also met the presidents and members of the National Associations of Physiotherapy and of Occupational Therapy, the Permanent Presidential Commission for the Care of the Mentally Retarded, and the National and Regional Institutes for Dermatology which looked after Leprosy. We had meetings with officials in the Ministry of Education and in the regional directorates of education. Sometimes we met these people singly, often in small groups.

To meet a selection of these people there were times when we travelled by road such as to Maracay in Aragua State and Barquisimeto in Lara State. At other times we flew as we did when we were headed to the Andes Mountain areas.

Primary Health Care

The urban – rural population ratio at that time was said to be 80:20, the opposite of ours. The country had a good hospital-based health care system for the urban population. Primary Health Care (PHC) was being developed for the 20% rural population. At the grass roots, it was being delivered by auxiliary nurses based in rural dispensaries. These served a population of 100 – 1,000 persons.

Auxiliary nurses were supported through visits by medical officers or registered nurses. Both worked at health posts, each serving a population of 10,000. They in turn were supported by health centres which had some specialised services and about fifty beds for in-patient care. The health centres in turn were supported by hospitals, each with up to 300 beds and more specialised services. PHC was also called simplified medicine just as CBR was called simplified rehabilitation in many South American countries.

I am still asked the question as to why CBR went into Primary Health Care in many countries. The answer is simple. It was the only development strategy at that time that reached people in their homes. Which had a support and referral system. WHO’s visionary Director-General Halfden T. Mahler made clear the difference between medical care and health.

Medical care is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Health care is much broader. It was at that time defined as having four components, namely promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Through this fourth component disabled people were clearly recognised as partners in the PHC strategy.

Selection of Project Areas and introduction

Under this project CBR was to be included in the Primary Health Care system in Venezuela. Within a few days, we had visited Aragua and Lara states and had spoken with people there. They had already made plans for the project. It was to start with training PHC personnel in their states. The Manual was available in Spanish from Mexico so this was no problem.

Training in PHC in most countries at this time used the “trickle down” effect. We met professionals from the rehabilitation institutions and other training centres for school teachers and the local administrations to discuss their role in training and implementation. We returned to Caracas to inform the people there as regards how and what the States of Lara and Aragua would do to initiate CBR in Venezuela. The projects had the support they required from Caracas.

Rehabilitation of people with leprosy

At this time Leprosy was very prevalent in Venezuela. Dr. Arvelo wanted me to experience how people who had leprosy and leprosy care were included successfully in the community. We flew to the Andean region and visited the capital city of Merida in Merida state, San Antonio and rural areas of the state of Trujillo. In these areas, we were at the northernmost part of the Andean Mountain range that ran down the coast of South America through seven countries.

I could not imagine that I was here, so far away from my own country. It was often windy and quite cold. I was not prepared for this either and Dr. Arvelo often lent me his coat to keep me warm. He told me potatoes and tobacco had originated in these parts of the Andes. I asked him about the rubber plant because I knew it came from South America. He told me it would have come to us from Brazil.

Leprosy was endemic in these states. In these areas, rehabilitation departments worked closely with leprosy services to provide comprehensive care to individuals and families. There had never been special centres for leprosy in Venezuela. All people who had leprosy were treated as they continued their normal lives within their family and community.

The visit to the home of one particular family comes to mind. The mother came out of her home to greet us. She was wiping her hands on her apron. It was apparent that she was attending to her housework. She was happy to talk with us about her condition. She related to us how she found herself having leprosy on a routine visit to her doctor.

She did not know how she had got it, but there were many people in her town who had leprosy before she did. That was some three or four years ago and she had been on medication since then. A person from the health service visited her regularly at home. At first the health visitor told her what care she should take of herself, and also when she looked after her family. Now the health visitor had become a friend and came routinely to make sure she was keeping fit.

As she talked with us, her children, about four or five, came running to where we were, appearing, as it were from nowhere. They clung to their mother as she spoke. They said they had been playing in the yard of a neighbour’s home.

There were indeed many lessons to be learned here by countries in Asia and Africa. We had, when leprosy was diagnosed, isolated and segregated our people in institutions located far away from their communities. To such an extent that stigma and fear was propagated and myths were created by the condition. As in my country, many people with leprosy were imprisoned in these institutions for life. Their families, fearing the disease refused to take them back. These were and are, forever their homes. Still isolated. Still segregated.



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Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka

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World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future

by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?

These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.

World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.

We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.

Making more of what we already have

Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.

Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.

The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.

Stop wasting the food we produce

Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.

Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.

Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.

Nutrition and food safety come first

Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.

Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.

Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.

A food system that can cope with climate change

Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.

Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.

Give young people a bigger role

Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.

A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.

A pathway designed for Sri Lanka

We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.

The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.

The choices we make today

The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.

So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?

The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.

A better food future begins with the choices we make today.

Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna

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20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried

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Aftermath of the terror attack

By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan

The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.

It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.

By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.

I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.

When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.

The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.

The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.

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‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’

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Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24

I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.

The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.

The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.

After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.

Clark

The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.

Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.

Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.

He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.

Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.

Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.

Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.

Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.

So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.

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