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Pro-Poor Tourism: Can it reduce poverty in Sri Lanka?

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By Kimuthu Kiringoda

“Tourism has been described as the world’s largest transfer of resources from rich to poor, dwarfing international aid.” – Salli Felton, CEO, Travel Foundation

The tourism industry’s performance was hampered first by the Easter Sunday bomb explosions in 2019 and then the COVID-19 pandemic. Sri Lanka saw a decline in tourist arrivals from 1,913,702 in 2019 to 194,495 in 2021. It is estimated that revenue declined from USD 3600 million to USD 261 million during 2019-2021, reflecting a staggering 92.75% reduction due to a fall in arrivals.

At present, the government is severely challenged with maintaining funds for basic provisions, and expansive investments in tourism cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. In November 2021, the Ministry of Tourism released the draft National Policy on Tourism for Sri Lanka with recommendations for improvement. Among them are the promotion of sustainable local tourism in Sri Lanka and community engagement. This article discusses existing disparities in tourism and the possibility of adopting a sustainable, pro-poor tourism strategy to reduce poverty in Sri Lanka.

Poor-poor Tourism

‘Pro-poor tourism’ aims to uplift livelihoods by garnering net benefits to the poor through tourism. It is not an act of charity to help the poor but to empower them with the knowledge, skills, and recognition to utilise their existing capacities to serve in the tourism industry. While the government can provide an impetus through regulations and infrastructure, the capacities must be commercially viable and not run on government aid.

The key objective of pro-poor tourism is empowering the communities. They must be aware and proactive participants. Communities are not required to be ‘tourist destinations’ solely functioning for the purpose. Still, they can benefit from the indirect effects of tourism – for example, by increasing poultry meat sales demanded by local eateries. On the other hand, if tourist arrivals fall, the loss of revenue will have to be borne by them. Participation is voluntary, and therefore, it is the individual who must maintain a balanced approach to manage the income.

An example of government intervention is South Africa’s Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment strategy. The engagement of marginalised communities is measured through indicators such as ownership management, employment equity, etc., to rate establishments. For instance, a considerable number of black women as a percentage of the Board of Directors will give a higher rating to the tourist establishment or be fined if it falls short. A mandated quota to include women may offer relief to female poverty.

The ‘Sri Lanka Tourism: Strategic Plan 2017-2020’ emphasises the need to uplift livelihoods through tourism, with a focus on engaging local communities, supporting local businesses, and promoting the cultural values of the country. The active participation of minorities and women in traditional arts, crafts, and cottage industries is also recognised as key aspects in the poverty-focused tourism strategy.

Existing Regional Disparities

On the ground, there is a notable regional disparity in the operations of the tourism industry. The foreign guest nights spent, as per region in 2019 shows approximately 73% of foreign guest nights are spent in Colombo and the South Coast. Foreign guest nights spent in the North are almost zero as a percentage (See Figure 1). The area that foreigners choose to reside in is important because they tend to purchase commodities in the vicinity such as local goods use local services such as transportation, laundry, food, and beverages.

The accommodation capacity of tourist hotels also indicates a regional disparity (See Figure 2). However, these numbers are only related to 474 tourist hotels. There are 2,145 other supplementary tourist establishments that provide 24,831 rooms for guests. Unfortunately, data pertaining to the regional distribution of these establishments are not available. The number can be higher where unregistered establishments might be in operation.

Increasing Local Engagement

From the above, it is evident that tourism in Sri Lanka is centred in the Western and Southern provinces and the spatial concentration in these provinces should be eased. The Northern and Eastern provinces have untapped tourism potential. For example, Anailativu and Eluvativ islands in Jaffna with kayaking, bird watching, and ferry rides can be promoted as tourist destinations. Tourist hotspots should be identified by the authorities and the responsibility of surrounding operations should be handed over to the local communities.

Conservation of such locations should also be carried out by the community in consultation with the relevant tourism and environmental authorities. The tourism authorities’ role should be confined to that of a consultant and licensor. The authorities should exercise caution in inviting large corporates for investment. The naturally preserved locations may be destroyed for accelerated profit and locals may lose the right to use their own land and resources.

Greater utilisation of the island’s seas and natural resources can be beneficial to Sri Lanka. Stilt fishing, for example, has artistic and touristic value. This does not require the fisherman to make drastic changes to his main livelihood but to earn a separate income by promoting the fishing methods. The extra income can be seasonal but necessary education and awareness can be offered to manage the livelihood along with tourist services. Governmental agencies can act as educators rather than guarantors for income/services.

Way Forward

In promoting pro-poor tourism, it is important to draw boundaries not to over-depend on tourism. Sole reliance on tourism has proven to be detrimental during travel restrictions and off-season periods where incomes dry up. The communities’ livelihoods should be shaped to cater to tourists with minimal disruptions to their normal routine. Therefore, the government’s role should be limited to providing regulatory and educational impetus rather than guaranteeing financial incentives. Empowering the communities to maintain their existing capacities and capital and developing them, are key to effective pro-poor tourism.

Link to Talking Economics blog:

https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2022/02/14/pro-poor-tourism-can-it-reduce-poverty-in-sri-lanka

Kimuthu Kiringoda is a Research Assistant at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS) with research interests in health, labour markets, tourism, SMEs and SDGs. She holds a BA (honours) degree in Economics from the University of Colombo. She also has a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of London. Kimuthu is currently reading for an MSc in Sustainable Management offered by the University of Bedfordshire (UK). (Talk with Kimuthu: kimuthu@ips.lk)



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LOLC Finance reinforces market leadership with strong growth

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LOLC Finance PLC, the flagship finance company of the LOLC Group and Sri Lanka’s largest non-bank financial institution, delivered a strong financial performance for the year ended 31 March 2026, supported by robust lending growth, stronger recurring income, improved asset quality and a capital position that remained comfortably above regulatory requirements.

The Company reported profit after tax of Rs. 27.4 billion for the year, compared with Rs. 25 billion in the previous year. At headline level, this represents growth of around 9%. However, the headline comparison does not fully capture the improvement in the Company’s underlying performance.

The previous year’s profit included significant non-recurring gains linked to Sri Lanka sovereign bond-related impairment reversals, partially offset by a derecognition loss. On a net basis, these one-off items added approximately Rs. 4 billion to the prior year result. Adjusting for this, the prior year’s underlying profit base was closer to Rs. 21 billion. Against that adjusted base, the current year profit of approximately Rs. 27 billion reflects underlying profitability growth of close to 30%.

This is the more important message behind the numbers. LOLC Finance did not merely preserve profitability in a recovering economic environment; it expanded its recurring earnings base materially, while simultaneously growing its balance sheet and improving key credit quality indicators.

The improvement was driven primarily by core income. Interest income increased to approximately Rs. 79 billion, supported by strong expansion in the lending portfolio. Interest expense rose at a slower pace to approximately Rs. 29 billion, allowing net interest income to grow to approximately Rs. 50 billion. This demonstrates the Company’s ability to expand its loan book while maintaining control over funding costs.

Net fee and commission income also improved, rising to approximately Rs. 3 billion, reflecting higher business volumes and broader customer activity. Total operating income increased to approximately Rs. 56 billion, despite the absence of the large sovereign bond-related gains that benefited the previous year. This shift from one-off gains to recurring operating income is a clear positive from an earnings-quality perspective.

The balance sheet story was equally significant. Total assets grew by approximately Rs. 129 billion during the year, reaching around Rs. 559 billion as at 31 March 2026. The main driver of this expansion was the lending portfolio, with gross loans and advances increasing from approximately Rs. 305 billion to approximately Rs. 423 billion, representing growth of nearly 39%.

This level of loan book expansion is notable not only because of its scale, but also because it was spread across multiple product categories. Growth was recorded across key lending lines including finance leases, gold loans, speed drafts, alternate finance, personal loans and term loans. This points to a broad-based recovery in customer demand rather than growth concentrated in a single product line.

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‘Law enforcement failures leading to gross abuse of Malaiyaha Tamil labour’

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Tea estate workers expending their labour in Sri Lanka’s hill country. (File photo)

Malaiyaha Tamil workers in Sri Lanka’s private tea estates and smallholdings are facing widespread labour abuses that amount to multiple indicators of forced labour, according to a new report released last week by Amnesty International.

‘The Sri Lankan government is urged to strengthen labour protections, improve enforcement mechanisms and remove barriers that prevent Malaiyaha Tamil workers from accessing their rights under both domestic law and international obligations, a media release on the report explained.

‘Workers are being subjected to intimidation, physical violence, harassment, debt bondage, restrictions on movements, wage withholding and severely poor living and working conditions, the release added.

Some extracts from the release:

‘The research focused on tea estates in Sri Lanka’s Southern Province, particularly in the Galle and Matara Districts. It is based on visits to 45 estates conducted between January 2024 and January 2026, alongside 159 interviews with workers, discussions with Estate Managers and Supervisors, and 15 focus group discussions involving 65 workers. Across all sites, researchers found what they describe as a consistent pattern of exploitation and discrimination affecting Malaiyaha Tamil workers.

‘Workers reported being forced to meet unrealistic daily tea-picking targets, often set at more than 25 kilograms per day. Failure to meet these targets reportedly resulted in wage deductions, delays, or reduced pay, sometimes bringing daily earnings down to as little as LKR 1,000 (around USD 3.10). Workers also described a cycle of wage advances and loans that left them increasingly indebted to estate owners, raising concerns about debt bondage in the plantation sector.

‘Several workers also told researchers they had experienced or witnessed verbal and physical abuse by estate managers, particularly when they were late for work, questioned unpaid wages, or failed to meet production targets. One worker described being beaten with hands, legs, and sticks, and said such violence was still occurring. Others reported that wages were often withheld or manipulated based on arbitrary assessments of productivity.

‘Employers frequently classify them as “casual workers,” which denies them access to maternity benefits, pensions, sickness leave, and other statutory entitlements. The report also notes that trade union representation is largely absent in the Estates surveyed, leaving workers with little collective bargaining power or protection against abuse. According to the report, workers face multiple barriers in accessing justice, including language barriers, discriminatory treatment by officials, lack of documentation, and weak labour inspection mechanisms. These factors, the report says, prevent effective enforcement of labour laws and allow abusive practices to continue largely unchecked.

‘Smriti Singh, Regional Director for South Asia at Amnesty International, said the findings reflect systematic violations of labour laws and a failure of enforcement by the state. She said, private tea estates are operating with little accountability and that the pattern of abuse raises serious concerns about forced labour.’

By Hiran H. Seneviratne

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West Asian uncertainties continuing to dampen share trading

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Low investor sentiment persisted in the stock market yesterday due to lingering West Asian uncertainties particularly in relation to Israel and Lebanon.

Both indices moved downwards. The All Share Price Index went down by 48.78 points, while the S and P SL20 declined by 7.46 points. Turnover stood at Rs 1.67 billion with two crossings.

Those crossings were; HNB crossed 185718 shares to the tune of Rs 73.4 million; its shares traded at Rs 395 and Dialog Axiata 1 million shares crossed for Rs 44 million; its shares traded at Rs 44.

In the retail market companies that mainly contributed to the turnover were: RIL Properties Rs 148 million (5.3 million shares traded), Dialog Rs 108 million (2.4 million shares traded), Aitken Spence Rs 74.4 million (542,100 shares traded), LB Finance Rs 72.2 million (7.3 million shares traded), Royal Ceramics Rs 67.2 million (1.4 million shares traded), Renuka Agri Foods Rs 64.8 million (5.2 million shares traded) and JKH Rs 53.7 million (2.7 million shares traded). During the day 71 million shares volumes changed hands in 23582 transactions.

It is said that banking sector counters, especially HNB, performed well while the real estate sector stocks, especially RIL Properties, performed well. An overall mixed performance was noted in most of other sectors, especially finance and agriculture.

Yesterday the rupee was quoted at Rs 330.00/332.00 to the US dollar in the spot market, from 331.00/332.00 Friday, dealers said, while bond yields were flat.

By Hiran H Senewiratne

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