Business
Pro-Poor Tourism: Can it reduce poverty in Sri Lanka?
By Kimuthu Kiringoda
“Tourism has been described as the world’s largest transfer of resources from rich to poor, dwarfing international aid.” – Salli Felton, CEO, Travel Foundation
The tourism industry’s performance was hampered first by the Easter Sunday bomb explosions in 2019 and then the COVID-19 pandemic. Sri Lanka saw a decline in tourist arrivals from 1,913,702 in 2019 to 194,495 in 2021. It is estimated that revenue declined from USD 3600 million to USD 261 million during 2019-2021, reflecting a staggering 92.75% reduction due to a fall in arrivals.
At present, the government is severely challenged with maintaining funds for basic provisions, and expansive investments in tourism cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. In November 2021, the Ministry of Tourism released the draft National Policy on Tourism for Sri Lanka with recommendations for improvement. Among them are the promotion of sustainable local tourism in Sri Lanka and community engagement. This article discusses existing disparities in tourism and the possibility of adopting a sustainable, pro-poor tourism strategy to reduce poverty in Sri Lanka.
Poor-poor Tourism
‘Pro-poor tourism’ aims to uplift livelihoods by garnering net benefits to the poor through tourism. It is not an act of charity to help the poor but to empower them with the knowledge, skills, and recognition to utilise their existing capacities to serve in the tourism industry. While the government can provide an impetus through regulations and infrastructure, the capacities must be commercially viable and not run on government aid.
The key objective of pro-poor tourism is empowering the communities. They must be aware and proactive participants. Communities are not required to be ‘tourist destinations’ solely functioning for the purpose. Still, they can benefit from the indirect effects of tourism – for example, by increasing poultry meat sales demanded by local eateries. On the other hand, if tourist arrivals fall, the loss of revenue will have to be borne by them. Participation is voluntary, and therefore, it is the individual who must maintain a balanced approach to manage the income.
An example of government intervention is South Africa’s Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment strategy. The engagement of marginalised communities is measured through indicators such as ownership management, employment equity, etc., to rate establishments. For instance, a considerable number of black women as a percentage of the Board of Directors will give a higher rating to the tourist establishment or be fined if it falls short. A mandated quota to include women may offer relief to female poverty.
The ‘Sri Lanka Tourism: Strategic Plan 2017-2020’ emphasises the need to uplift livelihoods through tourism, with a focus on engaging local communities, supporting local businesses, and promoting the cultural values of the country. The active participation of minorities and women in traditional arts, crafts, and cottage industries is also recognised as key aspects in the poverty-focused tourism strategy.
Existing Regional Disparities
On the ground, there is a notable regional disparity in the operations of the tourism industry. The foreign guest nights spent, as per region in 2019 shows approximately 73% of foreign guest nights are spent in Colombo and the South Coast. Foreign guest nights spent in the North are almost zero as a percentage (See Figure 1). The area that foreigners choose to reside in is important because they tend to purchase commodities in the vicinity such as local goods use local services such as transportation, laundry, food, and beverages.
The accommodation capacity of tourist hotels also indicates a regional disparity (See Figure 2). However, these numbers are only related to 474 tourist hotels. There are 2,145 other supplementary tourist establishments that provide 24,831 rooms for guests. Unfortunately, data pertaining to the regional distribution of these establishments are not available. The number can be higher where unregistered establishments might be in operation.
Increasing Local Engagement
From the above, it is evident that tourism in Sri Lanka is centred in the Western and Southern provinces and the spatial concentration in these provinces should be eased. The Northern and Eastern provinces have untapped tourism potential. For example, Anailativu and Eluvativ islands in Jaffna with kayaking, bird watching, and ferry rides can be promoted as tourist destinations. Tourist hotspots should be identified by the authorities and the responsibility of surrounding operations should be handed over to the local communities.
Conservation of such locations should also be carried out by the community in consultation with the relevant tourism and environmental authorities. The tourism authorities’ role should be confined to that of a consultant and licensor. The authorities should exercise caution in inviting large corporates for investment. The naturally preserved locations may be destroyed for accelerated profit and locals may lose the right to use their own land and resources.
Greater utilisation of the island’s seas and natural resources can be beneficial to Sri Lanka. Stilt fishing, for example, has artistic and touristic value. This does not require the fisherman to make drastic changes to his main livelihood but to earn a separate income by promoting the fishing methods. The extra income can be seasonal but necessary education and awareness can be offered to manage the livelihood along with tourist services. Governmental agencies can act as educators rather than guarantors for income/services.
Way Forward
In promoting pro-poor tourism, it is important to draw boundaries not to over-depend on tourism. Sole reliance on tourism has proven to be detrimental during travel restrictions and off-season periods where incomes dry up. The communities’ livelihoods should be shaped to cater to tourists with minimal disruptions to their normal routine. Therefore, the government’s role should be limited to providing regulatory and educational impetus rather than guaranteeing financial incentives. Empowering the communities to maintain their existing capacities and capital and developing them, are key to effective pro-poor tourism.
Link to Talking Economics blog:
https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2022/02/14/pro-poor-tourism-can-it-reduce-poverty-in-sri-lanka
Kimuthu Kiringoda is a Research Assistant at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS) with research interests in health, labour markets, tourism, SMEs and SDGs. She holds a BA (honours) degree in Economics from the University of Colombo. She also has a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of London. Kimuthu is currently reading for an MSc in Sustainable Management offered by the University of Bedfordshire (UK). (Talk with Kimuthu: kimuthu@ips.lk)
Business
Janashakthi Finance relocates Nugegoda branch to enhance customer convenience and accessibility
Janashakthi Finance PLC, a member of JXG (Janashakthi Group), has relocated its Nugegoda Branch to a more accessible and customer-friendly location at No. 136/5, S. De S. Jayasinghe Mawatha, Nugegoda, further strengthening its commitment to convenience and service excellence.
Situated in the heart of one of Colombo’s busiest urban centres, the new premises offer improved accessibility and enhanced facilities, enabling customers to engage with the Company’s services in a more comfortable and efficient environment.
The branch continues to provide a comprehensive range of financial solutions, including deposits, savings accounts, leasing, gold loans, alternative finance solutions, corporate and SME financing and other tailored financial services designed to meet both individual and business needs.
Nugegoda is a vibrant and densely populated commercial hub, and this relocation allows us to enhance service delivery while providing an improved experience for our valued customers.
Business
Electricity tariff hike raises questions over fuel pricing transparency
The much discussed latest electricity tariff debate has taken a controversial turn, with senior power sector officials and independent energy analysts questioning whether opaque fuel pricing mechanisms are artificially inflating the cost of electricity generation while shielding politically sensitive petroleum losses.
At the centre of the controversy is the widening gap between diesel pricing and the steep increases imposed on Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and naphtha — two fuels heavily used by the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)� for thermal power generation.
Energy analysts argue that while electricity tariffs are officially calculated on a “cost reflective” basis, the fuel pricing structure feeding into those calculations appears far from transparent.
A senior CEB official told The Island Financial Review that the present fuel pricing pattern raises “serious economic and policy concerns.”
“The entire electricity tariff framework is built on the assumption that fuel supplied to the power sector reflects actual import costs. But if fuel pricing itself is distorted, then tariff calculations become distorted too,” the official said.
According to CEB operational data reviewed by sector analysts, the utility regularly consumes nearly two-and-a-half times more HFO than diesel for thermal generation. Yet recent fuel revisions saw diesel prices rise only marginally — despite allegations that diesel cargoes had been procured at extraordinarily high dollar values.
Industry analysts pointed out that diesel imported at around USD 286 per barrel resulted in only about a Rs. 10 domestic price increase, while HFO prices surged by nearly Rs. 42 per litre and naphtha by around Rs. 34 — increases estimated at roughly 25 percent.
“This creates the impression that losses on diesel are being absorbed by overpricing HFO and naphtha,” an energy economist said.
“If CPC is maintaining artificially low diesel prices for political or inflation management reasons, the burden appears to be transferred to electricity consumers through thermal generation costs.”
The analyst noted that because the CEB relies heavily on HFO for regular dispatch operations, even relatively small increases in HFO pricing can translate into billions of rupees in additional annual generation costs.
In dollar terms, the implications are substantial.
Power sector officials estimate that every major upward revision in HFO pricing adds several billion rupees to annual generation expenditure, particularly during periods of low hydro availability. Given the depreciation pressures on the rupee and the dollar-denominated nature of fuel imports, the resulting tariff burden on consumers becomes even more severe.
A second senior CEB official expressed concern that institutional checks and balances within the energy sector appeared to be weakening.
“There is growing concern within the industry that the electricity sector regulator is no longer functioning with the level of independence expected of it,” the official said, referring to the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL).
“The regulator’s responsibility is to independently scrutinise cost submissions, fuel assumptions and tariff calculations. But many in the sector now feel there is inadequate challenge or verification of the numbers being presented.”
The official warned that if regulatory independence is perceived to be compromised, public confidence in tariff revisions could deteriorate further.
A senior engineer attached to the CEB said the issue goes beyond tariff formulas.
“What is missing is cost transparency. There is no publicly accessible breakdown showing actual landed fuel costs, financing charges, hedging exposure, exchange losses, or refinery margins. Without that, nobody can independently verify whether the fuel pricing is truly cost reflective.”
Analysts also questioned the apparent disparity between crude oil acquisition costs and refined fuel pricing adjustments.
“If crude was purchased at almost the same price range, why are HFO and naphtha seeing disproportionate hikes while diesel remains comparatively protected?” one analyst asked.
Several observers believe the answer may lie in broader political and financial calculations.
Keeping diesel prices artificially low helps contain inflationary pressure across transport, logistics and food supply chains. However, critics say it may also help suppress scrutiny over controversial diesel procurements carried out at elevated international prices.
Energy sector sources further alleged that maintaining a lower diesel benchmark may also indirectly soften calculations linked to the long-running coal procurement controversy, where comparative generation cost modelling often references diesel-based thermal pricing.
“This has major political implications because lower diesel benchmarks can influence public perception regarding coal generation economics,” an analyst said.
By Ifham Nizam
Business
BETSS.COM powers Sri Lanka’s horse racing with landmark three-year sponsorship
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This long-term commitment by Sports Entertainment Services (Pvt) Ltd, operators of BETSS.COM, marks a significant step in elevating two of the country’s most prestigious racing events—enhancing their visibility, engagement, and relevance in a digitally connected world. As a brand positioned as a “Patron of Elite Sri Lankan Sports & Heritage,” BETSS.COM continues to support and transform iconic sporting platforms that carry deep cultural significance.
The Governor’s Cup and Queen’s Cup are the flagship “blue riband” races of the Nuwara Eliya Racecourse and remain central to the town’s April holiday season—where sport, fashion, and highland tourism converge. Horse racing was first introduced to Sri Lanka in the 1840s by Mr. John Baker, brother of the renowned explorer Samuel Baker, who established a training course for imported English thoroughbreds in the hills of Nuwara Eliya. The inaugural race at the Nuwara Eliya Racecourse was held in 1875, organised by the Nuwara Eliya Gymkhana Club. In 1910, the then Governor of Ceylon, Sir Henry Edward McCallum, inaugurated the prestigious Governor’s Cup and Queen’s Cup. Now in its 153rd year of racing, the event stands as an enduring symbol of Sri Lanka’s rich thoroughbred heritage.
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