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The Pharmaceuticals Market in Sri Lanka: Ending the Chaos

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By Dr. Dayanath Jayasuriya, President’s Counsel

In 1949 whist debating the Food and Drugs Bill, Dr. N. M. Perera stated, with almost prophetic vision, that “there has been all sorts of muck, if you will permit the use of the word, labeled under the name of drugs in this country.”

More than 70 years later these words are equally true if one were to look at what is available in some places – drugs banned even in the country of origin, expired drugs, drugs in relabeled packages, drugs unregistered with the regulatory authority, drugs of dubious quality, drugs the importation of which specialist committees have cautioned against and drugs from certain manufacturers not known for good quality production facilities.

The list can be much longer. Public sector hospital pharmacies lack even some of the basic essential medicines. In-patients are asked to bring with them cotton wool to surgical equipment if planned surgeries are to take place. Daily qualified specialists as well as young doctors leave the country in search of greener pastures.

From the late 1950s and early 1960s onward Sri Lanka gradually developed a system for the regulation of pharmaceutical products. Initial efforts were due to the singularly impressive work of Professor Senaka Bibile who developed a hospital formulary to rationalize the availability of drugs in the hospitals. Later during his tenure as the founder Chairman of the State Pharmaceuticals Corporation, he found good and relatively inexpensive sources to partially satisfy the country’s demand for imported drugs.

With trade liberalization in 1978, there was an exponential increase in the number and type of medicines that flowed into the country.

In 1980, Sri Lanka enacted the Cosmetics, Devices and Drugs Act. It was based on the Canadian regulatory system. Provisions in the Act and regulations that were enacted five years later provided the basic model of legislation required for developing countries (see, further, D. C. Jayasuriya, Regulation of Pharmaceuticals in Developing Countries: Legal issues and Approaches, WHO, Geneva, 1985). As the country gradually progressed with the expansion of the health-care system, the Act required further amendments but many years later an ill-advised measure was taken to repeal it lock, stock and barrel.

In early 2005 I published a 156 page book entitled Towards a National Drug Policy: Sri Lankan Perspectives. Its nine chapters enumerated measures to be taken based on good practices.

During the drafting of the National Medicines Regulatory Authority Bill, which later became an Act of Parliament (No. 5 of 2015), various groups lobbying to dilute its clauses were very much active. A few professionals posing as independent consultants or experts either lacked expertise in legal drafting or clearly had conflicts of interest. The strongest lobby was for the exclusion of cosmetics from the purview of the legislation, opening the flood gates to import all kinds of products at great cost to the country.

In 2015, a National Medicinal Drug Policy for Sri Lanka was adopted. Its Preamble stated that “Sri Lanka had a partly written Drug policy from the 1960s. It was “written” as elements of a policy, beginning from selection of drugs for the government drug supply and the Ceylon Hospitals formulary in early 1960s, the Bibile-Wickremasinghe report in 1971, the Cosmetics Devices and Drugs Act (1980). However, there was no comprehensive document. There were attempts to develop a NMDP in 1991 & 1996; while the documents were accepted by the Ministry of Health, they did not reach the final step of cabinet approval.” The Policy stated as follows:

A National Standing Committee will be appointed by the Ministry on the recommendation of the Director General of Health Services, comprising all stakeholders to oversee the implementation of the National Medicinal Drug Policy (NMDP).

The Essential Medicines List will prioritize the medicines that are important. The medicines will be selected according to valid scientific evidence, the disease pattern in the country and cost-effectiveness. A standing committee comprising all stakeholders will be established to define and regularly update the National Essential Medicines List. It will formulate, review and update Standard Treatment Guidelines, Drug Index, the Sri Lankan Formulary and Government Drug procurement Documents.

A pricing policy/ mechanism should be adopted to ensure affordability. Retail pricing should be based on a dispensing fee rather than cost markup. Legislation requiring generic prescribing and allowing cost effective generic substitution with the consent of the patient (and where possible informing the doctor) should be enacted.

The state should provide sufficient funding for procurement and supply of necessary medicines with priority for essential medicines, monitor appropriate use and prevent waste. Public and private sector health insurance schemes will be encouraged to develop reimbursable lists of medicines.

The responsibility for ensuring a continuous availability of Essential Medicines in the country is a shared public/private sector responsibility. The state should continue centralized bulk purchase and supply to its institutions. Preference should be given to local manufacturers in supply of medicines to the state sector. Good pharmaceutical procurement practices and management of the supply chain should be enacted for both the public and private sector. There should be a private/public mix of suppliers to the private sector

The regulatory authority should have transparent mechanisms and adequate human resources. Medicines should be registered based on the criteria of quality, safety, efficacy, need and cost effectiveness. An accredited drug quality Assurance Laboratory should function within the authority with appropriate fees for services keeping with WHO Good Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Once the NMDP is adopted, it will be the responsibility of the Minister of Health on the recommendation of the Director General of Health Services, to appoint the National Standing Committee within three months to oversee the implementation of the policy. This policy will be reviewed, and revised if necessary, in five years.

A few months ago guidelines were issued on the tender process for drug procurement. Work on this commenced in 2004 when I was a founder director of the National Procurement Agency set up by the then President HE Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga.

Quality control problems with a few drugs manufactured in India have been well documented in the past but what is of concern is that still reports appear.

For instance, The Washington Post of April 4, 2023 had an analysis entitled ‘Just How Dangerous Are India’s Generic Drugs?’ The commentator noted: “For a nation that seeks to claim the mantle of “pharmacy to the world,” India is scandalously short on regulatory oversight. In the last six months alone, its generic cough syrups have killed dozens of children, its eye drops have caused blindness and its chemotherapy drugs have been contaminated. The children who died — mostly under the age of five years — were given Indian-made over-the-counter products contaminated with industrial solvents and antifreeze agents that are fatal in even small amounts.

The eye drops contained extensively drug-resistant bacteria. So far 68 patients across 16 US states have been affected. Three people died, several had to have their eyeballs removed, some went blind, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported on March 21. The Indian company issued a voluntary nationwide recall for the drops.

The Wall Street Journal of June 19, 2023 reported that drug shortages stem from quality problems in Indian factories; eye drops, chemotherapy drugs raise concerns about generic products.

Whilst Sri Lankans have to be thankful to India for a generous credit line to import drugs, importation must be done in a structured manner under the oversight of qualified medical specialists.

The priority now is to rapidly compile an inventory of all drugs available in Sri Lanka. Pharmacies must be under a strict legal obligation to provide within a stipulated time-frame material information of the drugs in stock and new drugs on order. Non-compliance must be severely dealt with without fear or favour. Bespoken software is available to systematically enter the data and then to rationalize by an expert committee through a scientific and transparent process what is needed and how gaps need to be met. Otherwise, Sri Lanka will soon become just another junk yard of unwanted and hazardous drugs, negating all the gains from the time of Bibile and other trail-blazers who did their best to ensure that Sri Lanka has one of the best drug regulatory and health-care systems in the developing world.

(The author has advised more than three dozen countries on drug regulatory issues and has published four books and over 50 articles on the subject).



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Complexities in global politics deepen as economic pressures intensify

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UK Prime Minister Andy Burnham meets Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in Kyiv. (BBC)

The present offer by the UK to strengthen Ukraine’s defense capabilities in the missile technology field in particular comes as ‘a stitch in time’ and the initiative is also likely to be appreciated considerably by democratic opinion world wide for the possible morale-boosting effect it would have on Ukraine. Besides continuous arms support, the conviction that the world’s frontline democracies are behind it would prove a huge plus in Ukraine’s eyes in its grinding fightback against the Russian invasion.

While continued US support for Ukraine could not be considered ‘a given’ any more, British Prime Minister Andy Burnham’s words during a recent visit to Kyiv that the UK would stand by Ukraine ‘for as long as it takes’ is the kind of assurance that Ukraine needs at present. For, the conflict in Ukraine is essentially a war of liberation conducted by the latter against an invader and deeply at issue here is the upholding of International Law and its foundational concepts, such as national sovereignty and a nation’s right to political self-determination. The world of democracy is of the firm view that the latter ideals cannot be compromised, come what may.

The UK has its work cut out in this connection. It would find it difficult to convince the Trump administration that it should staunchly stand by Ukraine but it could campaign vigorously with the rest of the West and the EU fold in particular to unflaggingly support the embattled and over-run country.

Ukraine has shown an impressive adeptness in using drone technology in particular against her enemy and has even manufactured her own hardware in this respect but using the relevant blueprints handed over by the UK for the manufacture of more sophisticated cruise missiles, for instance, may prove financially difficult, going forward. It is left to be seen whether the UK and the rest of the West who are with Ukraine will continue to be with her, considering their own rising financial constraints.

The latter impediments could only multiply in the future. Oil, gas and energy prices are on the rise and the latter costs are glaringly reflected in kitchens and meal tables the world over. As we go along consumer discontent would steadily intensify and governments, East and West, would need to figure out with considerable rigour and foresight how such disaffection could be ably managed. Failing which, in most democratic societies, the chances are that publics would be out on the streets demanding that their grievances be redressed forthwith.

These rising concerns are reflected in a recent move by some EU governments to consider imposing what is described as ‘a windfall tax’ on the profits specified major oil companies operating within their shores have made in the wake of the US-Israel war on Iran. The rationale apparently is to use such tax earnings to cushion the rising cost of living of their publics and bolster the respective countries’ social expenditure.

In a recent letter to the president of the EU Council the EU governments referred to said, among other things, while drawing attention to the ‘discontent that is growing over the rising cost of living’: ‘A common approach’ is needed that ‘ensures those who profit from the crisis contribute their share to reducing the burden on the general population.’ Meanwhile, Oxfam with reference to the above development is on record as calling for a ‘permanent windfall tax of at least 50% on profits exceeding a 10% return on investment.’

Such are the rising economic pressures on the majority of Western governments. The question to be posed is how consistent they would be in their assistance to Ukraine if they decide consensually to stand by her. The soaring cost of living in the West compels the conclusion that there could be no guarantee that Western assistance to Ukraine, particularly in the defense and security fields, would be of a longstanding kind.

Of particular concern would be the fact that the weapons systems on offer from the UK to Ukraine could be increasingly costly to manufacture going forward. Besides they would need to be manufactured and put into action without delay.

However, these considerations should in no way deflect Ukraine’s supporters from the principled policy stance of defending her to the extent possible. Because at issue is the defense of International Law and the democratic system of government from their enemies; fascism and authoritarian rule.

While during World Wars 1 and 2 the US was with the major democracies of the West, this time around with regard to Ukraine, the US has chosen to be at cross-purposes with them. For instance, in relation to tariff matters and defense expenditure, in the NATO context, the US is pursuing a hard line which puts it at polar opposites with the West. Thus it is no longer possible to talk unreservedly of a ‘Western democratic alliance’. Put plainly, the cause of democratic development has been weakened.

A measure of relief for the supporters of Ukraine in the West could come by way of the upcoming mid-term polls in the US. If the Democratic Party fares well in them the pressure would be on the Trump administration to defer to opposition opinion at home, accommodate the best interests of Ukraine in its West European policy and perhaps even work towards a diplomatic solution to the Ukraine crisis in cooperation with Russia. Accordingly, the Democratic Party would need to put the Trump administration on the defensive, so to speak.

Until such time Ukraine’s Western supporters have no choice but to remain committed to it, ensure its steadfast defense against the invasion and work judiciously towards keeping the economic pressures at home in check.

Interestingly, at the present juncture in international politics the US could be said to be more weak than strong. For example, it has to some extent been militarily humbled by Iran; so much so it is resorting to economic means to keep Iran in check.

In keeping with this strategy, the US has launched ‘a new big wave of anti-Iran economic sanctions’ at the time of writing, aimed at cutting Iran away from all its major income sources. Some of these relate to digital assets, technology, gold, aviation and shipping. The hoped for result is the complete severance of Iran from the US dollar system.

However, while the UK and EU have no choice but to adhere to their policy of backing Ukraine, going forward they would need to dialogue more closely with the US and ensure that it cooperates with them on outstanding questions, such as Ukraine and the strengthening of democracy. The well being of the world is served when the latter aim is pursued.

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“Envisioning Sri Lanka: Beyond Recovery”

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Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya opening the event

OPA 39th Annual Conference calls for Sri Lanka to move Beyond Recovery towards Sustainable Transformation

The Orgnisation of Professional Associations (OPA) successfully concluded its 39th Annual Conference, held recently at the Cinnamon Grand Colombo, under the theme “Envisioning Sri Lanka: Beyond Recovery”.

Held under the patronage of Jayantha Gallehewa, President of the OPA, with the leadership and guidance of Tisara De Silva, President-Elect and Chairman of the 39th Annual Conference, the Conference brought together leading professionals, academics, business leaders and representatives of the public and private sectors to deliberate on Sri Lanka’s next phase of national development.

The Inaugural Session, on August 2026, was graced by Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya, as the Chief Guest; Andrew Patrick, British High Commissioner to Sri Lanka, as the Guest of Honour; and Murtaza Jafferjee, Chairman of the Advocata Institute, Sri Lanka, as the Keynote Speaker.

In her address, Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya emphasised that overcoming the economic crisis alone should not be Sri Lanka’s ultimate objective, stressing that recovery must serve as the foundation for a broader economic and institutional transformation necessary for sustainable national progress. Reflecting on the difficult period experienced by the country, the Prime Minister noted that Sri Lanka had faced significant economic, social and institutional challenges, which had weakened public confidence and created uncertainty about the country’s future.

She stressed that “recovery only provides the foundation” and that Sri Lanka can move forward sustainably only by using that foundation to bring about meaningful transformation.

The Prime Minister observed that the theme of the OPA’s 39th Annual Conference, “Envisioning Sri Lanka: Beyond Recovery,” aptly encapsulated these national aspirations. She emphasised that Sri Lanka’s objective should not merely be to return to the conditions that existed before the crisis, but to forge a stronger national foundation characterised by robust institutions, a resilient economy, high-quality public services and an enabling environment in which every citizen has the opportunity to thrive.

She further underscored that Sri Lanka’s future development cannot be secured through economic growth and physical development alone. She emphasised that the effective mobilisation of the country’s knowledge, skills and professional expertise, is equally essential to achieving sustainable and inclusive national progress

The Technical Sessions held on 12 August 2026 brought together 19 distinguished experts and professionals representing academia, industry, banking and finance, public health, technology, management and business leadership. Their diverse expertise provided a multidisciplinary platform to examine the critical challenges, emerging opportunities and strategic choices that will shape Sri Lanka’s next phase of development, with particular emphasis on economic transformation, institutional strengthening, digitalisation, private-sector growth, human capital and sustainable development.

The deliberations were structured around four principal sub-themes: “Resilient Recovery and Sustainable Economic Development”; “Future Readiness: Innovation & Transformation”; “Policy for Impact: Advancing Equity, Sustainable Living, and National Well-Being”; and “Leadership, Governance and National Responsibility.”

Across these thematic areas, the sessions explored the structural reforms, institutional requirements and policy choices necessary to move Sri Lanka beyond economic stabilisation towards a more productive, competitive, resilient and inclusive economy. The discussions brought together diverse professional perspectives, enabling participants to examine national priorities through economic, technological, industrial, financial, social and governance lenses.

Particular emphasis was placed on the need to move beyond the diagnosis of problems towards pragmatic, evidence-based and implementable solutions. The deliberations recognised that sustainable national progress requires not only sound policies, but also effective institutions, professional competence, innovation, responsible leadership and the capacity to translate policy into tangible outcomes.

The sessions further underscored the importance of collaboration across sectors, recognising that Sri Lanka’s complex development challenges cannot be addressed in isolation. Stronger engagement among Government, private sector, professional associations, academia and civil society was identified as essential to fostering a coherent national response and ensuring that professional knowledge and expertise are effectively translated into policy and action.

Collectively, the Technical Sessions provided a substantive platform for knowledge exchange, critical reflection and forward-looking dialogue, reinforcing the OPA’s commitment to bringing the country’s professional expertise to bear on the task of building a resilient, innovative, equitable and prosperous Sri Lanka.

The OPA expressed its sincere appreciation to Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya, the Chief Guest; Andrew Patrick, British High Commissioner to Sri Lanka and Guest of Honour; and Murtaza Jafferjee, Chairman of the Advocata Institute, Sri Lanka and Keynote Speaker, for their distinguished contributions to the Conference.

Much of what the 39th Annual Conference achieved would not have been possible without the leadership, commitment and generous contributions of Jayantha Gallehewa, President of the OPA; Tisara De Silva, President-Elect and Chairman of the 39th Annual Conference; Eng. Ravi Rupasinghe, General Secretary; Dharshana Wijemanne, Treasurer; Bhanu Wijayaratne, Convener & the Chairman of the Session Planning Committee of the 39th Annual Conference Committee, Past Presidents and Office Bearers; Presidents and representatives of Member Associations; members of the Executive Councils and General Forum; and the distinguished Session Chairmen, Resource Persons and professionals who shared their time, expertise and insights in pursuit of the Conference’s shared vision. The OPA remains immensely grateful to all those whose collective contributions enriched the 39th Annual Conference and strengthened its role as a meaningful platform for professional exchange, informed dialogue and national reflection.

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Nostalgia for Lankans in Toronto …

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‘Avurudu Musical Show 2027,’ a uniquely styled musical Avurudu celebration … Ceymphony Band style.

For Sri Lankans living 14,000 kilometres from home, the sound of home has never felt closer — and that’s thanks to one man and his band.

Since stepping into the spotlight, Gamini Hemalal and the Ceymphony Band have turned into the heartbeat of the Sri Lankan community in Toronto.

Their mission is simple: bring the music, bring the memories, bring the people together. And it’s working.

What turned out to be the talk-of-the-town was their intimate musical evening with Sri Lanka’s legendary crooner Sohan Weerasinghe.

Sohan Weerasinghe: Had
everyone on their feet at the
Angus Glen Golf Club, in
Toronto, Canada

It was a ‘full house’ long before the big date. Tickets vanished within days — demand was that overwhelming.

According to those who were there, it was a truly amazing evening. The hall was packed, the energy electric. Sohan didn’t just sing — he owned the stage.

With his velvet vocals, his charm, and that signature style, he had everyone on their feet. The ladies, especially, couldn’t get enough. No wonder they call him “The Ladies’ Man!”

One attendee summed it up perfectly:

“We had so much fun. It is truly a blessing to have our kids around us, enjoying these beautiful moments together. Thank you, Gamini Hemalal, for such a wonderful evening, with an amazing crowd and an incredible atmosphere. Your hard work and dedication truly made it a special night.

“We also need to say a big thank you to the Ceymphony Band for delivering such an outstanding performance. You all were absolutely amazing! Our entire family had a fantastic time, and we truly enjoyed every moment.

Ceymphony Band: Extremely popular in the scene in Toronto

“Wishing you all continued success. Keep up the amazing work, we can’t wait for the next.”

And the next is already on the cards: ‘Halloween Pissu Baila Party 2026,’ on Friday, 30th October, at the famous Angus Glen Golf Club.

Gamini promises a crazy night of baila, music, dancing and Halloween vibes with the Ceymphony Band. Action runs from 8:00 PM to 12:00 midnight, with plenty of prizes to be won.

Gamini Hemalal: Amazing work for the Sri Lankan community,
in Toronto, Canada

Gamini is also putting together a special event, connected with the 2027 Avurudu celebrations — ‘Avurudu Musical Show 2027,’ a uniquely styled musical Avurudu celebration … Ceymphony Band style.

It’s scheduled to be held on Saturday, 10th April, 2027, also at the Angus Glen Golf Club.

Through music, Gamini Hemalal and Ceymphony are doing what diaspora bands do best — they’re shrinking the distance between two worlds.

One baila beat at a time, one full house at a time, they’re making sure that even in Canada, Sri Lankans feel like home.

Yes, there is plenty of action, indeed, for the Sri Lankan community in Toronto, Canada.

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