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Massive increase in deaths in human-elephant conflict since 1969; things to get worse due to donor dictates

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By Rathindra Kuruwita

Annual elephant deaths have increased fourfold by this year, compared to 1969, according to official data, environmentalists say.

Sajeewa Chamikara of the Movement for Land and Agricultural Reform (MONLAR) has said the number of elephants killed in the 19 years from 1951 to 1969 was 1,163. This works out to about 61 elephant deaths a year.

“However, 5,010 elephants have been killed in the 19 year period from 2004 to April 2023.

Last year saw the highest number of elephant deaths recorded since Independence; 433 elephants were killed. The highest number of human deaths also occurred due to elephant attacks, in the same year. The number of human casualties were 145, Chamikara said.

“In the 34 years from 1990 to April 2023, a total of 6,642 elephants have died. About 70% of them were killed by humans as a result of the human-elephant conflict. Meanwhile, 2,032 people were killed in elephant attacks in the 26 years from 1998 to April 2023,” he said.

Many believed that an increase in elephant population had contributed to the human-elephant conflict. However, there was no evidence to suggest that the elephant population was on the rise, Chamikara said.

“The last elephant census in Sri Lanka was conducted in 2011. According to the census, 5,879 elephants were reported. However, during the period of over 12 years since the last census, 3,685 elephants have died. The belief that the elephant population has grown stems from an increasing number of elephant attacks on villages. However, these elephants have been compelled to maraud villages because their natural habitats have been destroyed. The elephant population is also dissipating due to the change in the ratio between females and males due to the elimination of males. Tuskers are males and most of the elephants that come into villages are strong male elephants. It is often these animals that are killed,” he said.

According to a report published by the Department of Forest Conservation, following a survey of forests in 2010, the extent of forest cover in the country is 1,951,473 hectares, accounting for 29.7 percent of the total area of the country. Elephants lived mainly in tropical dry mixed evergreen forests belonging to the intermediate, dry and arid zones, tropical moist evergreen forests, savanna grasslands and tropical thorn scrubs, Chamikara said.

“Since 2010, things have taken a turn for the worse. Large-scale investment projects, especially commercial plantations, have been implemented under successive National Physical Plans and on policy decisions taken as per the conditions laid out by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These have led to deforestation. As a result, many of the natural habitats of elephants have been destroyed and forests have been fragmented, making elephants move from one forest to the other through human settlements. These moves have been identified as the main reasons that have aggravated the human-elephant conflict today,” he said.

“When giving loans to Sri Lanka, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund highlight that state revenue must be increased to repay the loan installments and interest, the environmentalist said, adding that in doing so, the governments might make decisions that adversely affect natural resources of Sri Lanka.

“In a report, titled “Sri Lanka Non-plantation Crop Sector Policy Alternatives” the World Bank in 1996, to develop Sri Lanka’s agricultural sector, has said that the small-scale agriculture carried out by the small-scale farmers in Sri Lanka is not profitable. Therefore, the report suggests that these extents of land be utilised for large-scale commercial plantations,” Chamikara said.

The report titled ‘Sri Lanka Ending Poverty and promoting shared prosperity: A systematic country diagnostic’ published by the World Bank in 2015 focused on the strategies that the government should take to alleviate poverty in Sri Lanka. The report said that complicated local land laws and the restrictions on foreigners when acquiring lands have adversely affected investment opportunities. As a result, it said that lands should be subjected to the free market mechanism, he said.

The provision of trade and investment facilities included in the loan conditions of the IMF in 2016 and taking measures to increase the State revenue included in the loan conditions of 2023 requires the government-owned land to be exposed to the market mechanism, Chamikara said. All the governments in the recent past have taken steps to fulfil these requirements by reforming policies and ordinances and the main step towards that was the withdrawal of the Circular No. 05/2001 under the Gotabaya Rajapaksa administration, he said.

Accordingly, the Environment and Wildlife Resources Ministry Secretary issued the Circular MWFC/01/2020 on 04 November 2020 based on a Cabinet paper submitted by the Minister of Environment and Wildlife Resources which was approved by the Cabinet on 01 July 2020. The Circular MWFC/01/2020 said that State-owned lands should be kept under the purview of Divisional Secretaries and District Secretaries except for the lands gazetted as wildlife areas by the Director General of Forest Conservation and the Director General of Wildlife Conservation in a Gazette by cancelling the previously published Circulars No. 05/98 dated 01.07.1998, No. 5/2001 dated 10.08.2001 and No. 02/2006 dated 17.05.2006, he said.

Lands Ministry Secretary R.A.A.K. Ranawaka issued the circular No. 02/2021 on 6 August, 2021 for the purpose of “Demarcation of State-owned Lands” to all district secretaries and divisional secretaries. Since the divisional secretaries can measure and de-mark State-owned lands for various purposes based on Article 8 of the Land Development Ordinance and subject to general and special provisions of the Commissioner General of Lands, this circular emphasised on taking measures to identify lands and demark them in order to preserve for various future development activities and village expansion projects. This circular was issued by the Lands Ministry Secretary in accordance with the Cabinet Paper jointly submitted by the Minister of Wildlife and Forest Conservation, the Minister of Environment and the Minister of Lands which was approved by the Cabinet on October 26, 2020.

“Both these circulars have been issued in violation of Article 20 of the Forest Conservation Ordinance. According to the 2014 statistics of the Forest Conservation Department, there are 103 forests designated under Article 20 of the Forest Conservation Ordinance which are known as Proposed Reserves and Other State-owned Forests to be declared as reserves. The total area of these lands is 224,564 hectares or about 579,608 acres. All these forest lands, which is 11.5 percent of total forest cover in Sri Lanka, are to be acquired for development purposes through these circulars. This is significant since about 60% of these forests are home to elephants,” Chamikara said.

Minister of Wildlife and Forest Resources Conservation Pavithradevi Wanniarachchi told The Island that addressing the human-elephant conflict was a top priority of hers and that steps had already been taken to develop a new policy on resolving the issue.

She said that several initiatives had been taken by previous governments to address the problem and that there is a need to build elephant fences according to a master plan. “We have already conducted several workshops on this where lessons could be learnt from the past. Unfortunately, building high quality fences is expensive and given the economic situation in the country, this will take some time,” she said.



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“We welcome investors and tourists visiting Sri Lanka who contribute to strengthening economic and cultural ties”– PM

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Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya stated that as Sri Lanka moves towards sustainable growth, the country welcomes investors and tourists who contribute to strengthening economic and cultural ties.

She made these remarks while addressing a special celebration and dinner reception organized by the Sri Lanka India Society to commemorate the 77th Republic Day of India and the 78th Independence Day of Sri Lanka, held on Thursday [February 26] at the Taj Samudra Hotel in Colombo.

During the event, the official magazine of the Sri Lanka India Society was launched, and the book “Port of Call” was presented to the Prime Minister and the Indian High Commissioner.

Addressing the gathering, Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya noted that the Sri Lanka India Society since its establishment in 1949 has contributed to strengthening relations between the two nations,  through cultural engagement, dialogue, and sustained interaction. The Society has supported ties not only between the two governments but also between the peoples of both countries.

She further stated,

“Over the past year, the strength of India–Sri Lanka bilateral relations has been evident. I express gratitude for the support extended by the Indian government in facilitating the exposition of the sacred Devnimori relics in Sri Lanka.

When Cyclone Dithva affected Sri Lanka, India responded promptly through “Operation Sagar Bandhu,” providing assistance in the rescue and relief efforts.

I appreciated the announcement of a long-term relief package amounting to USD 454 million in support of Sri Lanka’s recovery efforts. India continues to work closely with Sri Lanka in its journey towards sustainable development.

The Sri Lanka–India partnership spans multiple sectors, including economic development, energy, connectivity, trade and investment, digital transformation, health, education, maritime security, and people-to-people ties.

As Sri Lanka progresses towards sustainable growth, we welcome increased investments from Indian businesses and greater tourist arrivals from India, while further strengthening our economic and cultural ties”.

She reaffirmed that India is Sri Lanka’s closest neighbour and an important partner,  Sri Lanka is committed to advancing cooperation for the benefit of the people of both countries and the wider region.

Speaking at the event, Indian High Commissioner Santosh Jha stated that the relationship between the two countries goes beyond formal diplomacy and is a strong and special partnership. He noted that the introduction of the first international degree offered outside India in Sri Lanka marked a new chapter in educational cooperation. He also highlighted the continued expansion of collaboration in connectivity and people-to-people relations, adding that India–Sri Lanka relations are experiencing significant growth in the current period.

The event was attended by ambassadors, diplomats, officials of the Indian High Commission, and government representatives.

[Prime Minister’s Media Division]

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Chief Sanghanayaka of Sabaragamuwa Province felicitated

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The “Gauravabhinandana” ceremonial felicitation was held in honour of the Chief Sanghanayake of the Sabaragamuwa Province of the Malwathu Maha Vihara Chapter of the Maha Vihara tradition of the Siyamopali Maha Nikaya; former Pirivena Examiner; Rajakiya Pandith; holder of Master; Scholar of classical texts; recipient of the Kala Bhushana title; Vinaya Keerthi Sri Dhammdinna Saranapala; the Most Venerable Kaeligama Vijithananda Nayaka Thero on Wednesday [25th of February] at the auditorium of the Rathnapura District Secretariat

The event was organized under the patronage of the Anunayake of the Malwathu Chapter of the Siyamopali Maha Nikaya, Most Venerable Acharya Agga Maha Panditha Niyangoda Dharmakeerthi Sri Sangharakkhitha Vijithasiri Abhidhana Anunayake Thero.

The presentation of the symbolic casket to the Most Venerable Kaeligama Vijithananda Nayaka Thero took place with the participation of Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya and the Governor of Sabaragamuwa Province, Ms. Champa Janaki Rajaratne.

Addressing the gathering, the Prime Minister stated:

“It is a privilege for me to participate in this felicitation ceremony held in appreciation of the religious and social service rendered by the Chief Sanghanayaka of the Sabaragamuwa Province, Most Venerable Kaeligama Vijithananda Nayaka Thera.

When we reflect on his life journey, it serves as a profound inspiration to us all. Having entered monastic life as a disciple of the Sabaragamuwa prelate, the late Most Venerable Kelle Sri Saranananda Thero, the Nayaka Thera has now rendered over five decades of distinguished service following higher ordination.

After obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Vidyodaya University, he devoted several decades as a Pirivena teacher and examiner, enlightening thousands of students. He has also authored numerous scholarly works. His classical literary contributions, especially for students of Pirivena education, are of exceptional value”.

The Prime Minister further recalled with gratitude the commitment shown by the Nayaka Thera, centred around the Ratnapura Mahawala Sri Dharmayathana, to uplift the spiritual and social well-being of the local community, and extended her wishes for good health and long life for the continuation of his invaluable service to the Buddha Sasana.

The occasion was also graced by the presence of Most Venerable Karagoda Uyangoda Maithreemurthi Thera, Supreme Mahanayaka of the Sri Lanka Amarapura Maha Sangha Sabha; the Anunayaka of the Sri Lanka Ramanna Maha Nikaya, Waleboda Gnanissara Thera; Lecturer of the University of Peradeniya and Deputy Registrar of the Malwathu Chapter, Panditha Mahawela Dhammakkhanda Rathanapala Thera; the Chief Sanghanayaka of Ratnapura and Uva Wellassa and former Vice-Chancellor of Uva Wellassa University, Bethgamuwa Dhammadinna Thera; along with members of the Maha Sangha. The occasion was also attended by the Minister of Buddhasasana, Religious and Cultural Affairs Sunil Senavi, Governor of Sabaragamuwa Province, Ms. Champa Janaki Rajaratne, Member of Parliament Shantha Padmakumara, former Members of Parliament A. A. Wijethunga and Janaka Wakkumbura, Ratnapura District Secretary Chinthana Udaya Nanayakkara, Basnayake Nilame of the Maha Saman Devalaya Ishan Sanka Mapitigama, Mayor of Ratnapura Indrajith Katugampala, and many other distinguished invitees.

[Prime Minister’s Media Division]

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Sajith raises fresh concerns over toxic pollutants emanating from burning of substandard coal

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Sajith

 Opposition and SJB Leader Sajith Premadasa yesterday raised serious concerns over the Government’s importation of substandard coal, warning that its use has resulted in inefficient electricity generation, increased equipment damage and significant financial losses to the State and consumers.

In a video statement, the Opposition Leader said the SJB had exposed details regarding the importation of inferior-quality coal, prompting what he described as an admission by Government representatives that the coal in question was of poor standard.

Premadasa charged that the continued use of such coal has reduced generation efficiency at the Norochcholai Power Station, while increasing the likelihood of damage to critical equipment.

He further claimed that ash content had risen sharply, from the accepted 11–15 percent range, to over 21 percent, doubling the volume of toxic pollutants generated. The disposal of the excess ash, he said, poses additional environmental risks.

The Opposition Leader also noted that a further 15 to 16 coal shipments are expected to arrive within the next two to three months. However, he alleged that the failure to procure high-quality coal has reduced megawatt output, necessitating greater reliance on fuel-powered plants to bridge the shortfall.

“This results in financial losses to the country, the Government, and, ultimately, to electricity consumers,” he said.

Premadasa cited Section 30 of the Electricity Act of 2009, maintaining that consumer tariffs can only be imposed, based on efficient electricity generation. He urged the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka to safeguard the rights of the country’s 7.5 million electricity consumers, insisting that losses stemming from inefficient generation cannot lawfully be passed on to the public.

He further alleged that the Government’s promised “system change” had, instead, resulted in questionable coal procurement deals. The financial losses incurred through, what he termed, corrupt transactions, he argued, could have been channelled into essential public services, such as education, healthcare, poverty relief and support for entrepreneurs.

Premadasa called not for the appointment of a committee of experts, but for a full forensic audit into the transactions surrounding the coal imports.

He stressed that the SJB would continue to stand in defence of electricity consumers and asserted that the President and Cabinet must accept responsibility for the damage allegedly caused to the Norochcholai power plant, which, he described, as a national asset.

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