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Opinion

Are science and religion mutually exclusive?

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By Dr Upul Wijayawardhana

Science and religion are two of the most important things that shape our lives. Whilst various religions practised across the world have given rise to differing cultures and conflicts at times, advances in science have improved living standards globally although affordability making that too inequitable, unfortunately. However, there are fundamental differences among religions, the most important being dogmatism.

Most religions are dogmatic as what is laid down by a higher authority, usually a supernatural through an intermediary has to be taken as incontrovertibly true. In contrast, dogmatism is the antithesis of science. In fact, many things I learned in the early sixties, as a medical student, are no longer true as science continues to change with new discoveries. Therefore, it is very easy to jump to the conclusion that science and religion are mutually exclusive but this is far from being true as the interaction between science and religion is much more complex.

It is not difficult to find instances where religion has stood in the way of scientific advancements. Nicolaus Copernicus’ made the earth-shattering discovery that we are not the centre of universe and formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its centre. Copernicus is said to have risen from a stupor to have a glance at his book on heliocentrism, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543.

For having propagated this theory it was Galileo Galilei who earned the wrath of the Catholic Church. In 1633, he was convicted of grave suspicion of heresy for “following the position of Copernicus, which is contrary to the true sense and authority of Holy Scripture” and was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. He was forced to recant the theory but is said to have muttered the rebellious phrase “And yet it moves”! Whilst under house arrest, he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, Two New Sciences, wherein he summarised work he had done 40 years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials which earned him the plaudit “father of modern physics”. He is also referred to as ‘the father of observational astronomy’ because of his achievements including telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, observation of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, observation of Saturn’s rings, and analysis of lunar craters and sunspots.

It is also well known that Charles Darwin delayed the publication of his masterpiece, ‘The Origin of Species’ by 20 years, out of respect to his wife, as his theory went against her religious beliefs. It is argued in some quarters that he was compelled to publish it because Alfred Russel Wallace, who has come to the same conclusions by differing means, sought his opinion. This illustrates another interesting aspect of science that the same conclusions can be reached by differing methods which adds to the weight of the discovery.

On the other hand, there is a long list of clergymen who have contributed to science, one of the most significant being Gregor Mendel. He was a 19th century German-Czech biologist, meteorologist and mathematician, who was an Augustinian friar and is considered to be founder of the modern science of genetics, a science that is making vast strides today. It started with his experiments on pea plants which established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. One can argue that most of them, just like Mendel, took to the Holy Orders as they had access to education which they did not have to pay for, as well as access to libraries, which were not readily available in that era but it is unfair to underestimate their contribution to the progress of science.

Two lunar months after Enlightenment, on Esala full moon day in the Deer Park at Sarnath. Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon, Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dhamma Sutta). The main topic of this sutta is the Four Noble Truths, which is a formulaic expression of the fundamental concepts. This methodology we apply in science even to this day. This sutta also refers to the concept of the Middle Way, a way we find is the best in most aspects of life.

It also refers to impermanence which scientists today refer to as dynamic flux. Finally, it lays down the concept of dependent origination, a concept that has not been surpassed. Based on this Sutta, Emperor Ashoka devised the Dhammacakka (Wheel of Dhamma) which adorns the national flag of India though India has largely given up on the Dhamma of its greatest son, Brahmins making sure that the Buddha was submerged as the ninth avatar of Vishnu.

The Buddha’s contribution to science does not stop there. In Kalama Sutta, he laid the foundation for scientific thinking. His analysis of the mind and consciousness has not been surpassed by even modern science. He emphasised that everything depends on individual perception and showed that what we see, hear, smell, taste or feel is modified by our mind and identified the mind as the sixth sense though science recognises only five senses.

According to Yogacara school of Mahayana Buddhism there are eight kinds of discernment: (1) sight-consciousness, (2) hearing-consciousness, (3) smell-consciousness, (4) taste-consciousness, (5) touch-consciousness, (6) mind-consciousness, (7) Mano-consciousness, and (8) Alaya-consciousness. Alaya-vinnana (storehouse consciousness) refers to a level of subliminal mental processes that occur uninterruptedly throughout one’s life and may continue in to multiple lifetimes and scientists identify this as the sub-conscious. Perhaps, it is based on this and the Hindu concept of universal consciousness that Carl Jung formulated his theory of ‘The Collective Unconscious’.

In fact, there being so much similarities to the teachings of the Buddha and the postulates of Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud, one wonders whether their source of inspiration is Buddhism though they fail to acknowledge. It is not surprising when one considers what has happened with Mindfulness, a concept introduced by the Buddha, who showed that though one can attain higher mental states with Samatha or Concentration meditation that total detachment can be achieved only through Vipassana or Mindfulness meditation. Today, mindfulness is big business and the Buddha is rarely given the credit for it!

Although mostly a philosophy and a way life, as structures built around the Dhamma have features of a religion, we are forced to continue to class Buddhism as a religion. It is a religion that has contributed immensely to science and I can find no aspect of Buddhism that has been challenged by science.



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Opinion

‘Outpost of Empire’

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Review

by Colleen Figg, Editor
and Reviewer – Amazon, New Voices Publishing

“Fernando echoes Macbeth with the line, “There is judgment here.” It captures the question running through the novel: can anyone participate in corruption and remain untouched by it? Beneath this satire is a dark story about power and the danger of believing, that someone else will always pay the price.”

Shavindra Fernando’s Outpost of Empire is a political novel set in the fictional country of Lackadasia. At its heart is a strong idea: an exploration of world politics, terrorism and the ways in which powerful countries manipulate smaller ones. Fernando is clearly writing about political issues that matter deeply to him.

The names immediately establish the book’s satirical character. Lackadasia, Burgherbugaria and the various Klowns suggest a world in which the people and places are exaggerated, but the issues beneath the exaggeration are recognisable. The playful language allows Fernando to approach terrorism, religious conflict and political corruption from an unusual angle.

Henry Stockwell is a central character: an ambassador who arrives in Lackadasia presenting himself as a friend of the country. He believes he understands how power works and treats the country, its politicians and its people as pawns on his personal chessboard. In his arrogance, he never doubts that he controls events rather than being controlled by them. This confidence makes him a compelling figure and in him, we explore the workings of political influence and the potential traps contained therein.

As the story develops, Fernando reveals a political world where causes are adopted when they are useful, people are exploited and discarded, and the truth becomes whatever those in power need it to be. Ordinary people suffer the consequences of decisions made far beyond their reach or knowledge, while those making those decisions continue to justify their actions. Even the people who help keep this world running may not be as important or as safe as they imagine.

Stockwell brings this idea into focus. He recognises corruption in others and willingly takes part in it himself, yet he cannot see that he might also suffer its consequences. Ultimately, he thinks his position will keep him safe. He is intelligent enough to understand the game, but not insightful enough to grasp the limits of his place within it. This blindness gives the novel a strong sense of irony.

The satirical approach gives Fernando room to criticise political hypocrisy without turning the novel into a direct political argument. By using fictional countries and exaggerated names, he creates some distance from specific governments and events while still making the larger targets of the book clear. The humour does not take away from the seriousness of the subject; instead, it makes the cruelty and self-interest beneath the political performance stand out more sharply.

Near the end, Fernando echoes Macbeth with the line, “There is judgment here.” It captures the question running through the novel: can anyone participate in corruption and remain untouched by it? Beneath this satire is a dark story about power and the danger of believing that someone else will always pay the price.

I came away feeling that Outpost of Empire is a valuable and thought-provoking book, particularly in today’s political and social climate. It has a distinctive voice, and the questions it raises about power, responsibility and foreign interference remain relevant far beyond the fictional borders of Lackadasia.
About the Author

Shavindra Fernando has worked as a reporter. He read English & Classics at the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka, and took International Relations & Ethnic Politics as a Reuter Fellow at the University of Oxford in England. The Vague Poetess (1999)was his first novel.

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Opinion

Speaker’s dilemma

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The Opposition, in its wisdom (or perhaps stupidity), has submitted yet another No-Confidence Motion (NCM) against the Speaker of Parliament. Perhaps it hopes to score some brownie points in the eyes of the public, which is hardly indifferent to such developments. Yet, knowing full well that the motion is unlikely to succeed, the exercise may well prove futile — akin to banging one’s head against a solid rock.

Nevertheless, the nearly fifty allegations levelled against the Speaker, whether justified or mere mudslinging, cannot simply be brushed aside. Such allegations may well have a bearing on the individual concerned, particularly where it matters most — his conscience — and few would dispute that possibility.

From a protocol standpoint, the Speaker occupies one of the highest positions in the country, ranking third in the hierarchy of state. He consequently belongs to the uppermost echelons of public life, with acquaintances and associates extending across a wide spectrum of society, including diplomats and other distinguished personalities. Such a position carries with it not merely prestige and privilege, but also an onerous responsibility to uphold the dignity and integrity of the office.

As the guardian of Parliament, the Speaker is expected to maintain standards of conduct, impartiality and discipline that are beyond reproach.

Whether the allegations are justifiable or not may be of little consequence to members of the ruling party, who will undoubtedly defend their colleague to the hilt. Nevertheless, the stigma arising from such allegations may prove difficult to erase, particularly in the eyes of his family, close associates and, ultimately, the voters who placed their trust in him. Of course, it is common knowledge that politics can be a dirty game and that, as Lord Acton famously observed, “power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”

Yet, nothing could be more devastating than a person losing his own soul in the process. On the one hand, stepping down could be construed as an admission of responsibility for the allegations levelled against him. On the other, allowing the No-Confidence Motion (NCM) to proceed could expose him to further public scrutiny and potentially inflict lasting damage on his character, dignity and reputation. Thus, he finds himself caught between two unenviable choices, each carrying consequences that may extend far beyond the immediate political fallout.

The Speaker is therefore confronted with a classic Hobson’s choice, with neither option likely to be without consequences. After all, in politics, there are no permanent friends or enemies—only permanent interests.

WILLIAM

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Opinion

How long can Sri Lanka remain silent on its demographic crisis?

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I write this with a sense of profound disappointment, rather than as a critic of the government or any individual public official. For several months, I have been drawing public attention to what I consider one of the most serious long-term challenges facing Sri Lanka—the country’s rapidly changing demographic structure, declining fertility, population ageing and the consequent contraction of the working-age population.

I have written several articles on this subject, believing that informed public discussion could encourage policymakers, academics and relevant institutions to examine the issue before its consequences become irreversible. I went a further step by addressing a detailed letter to the President on 28 August 2026, seeking consideration of a National Demographic Action Plan.

That letter was not merely an expression of concern. It contained practical proposals: long-term demographic projections, assessment of the consequences for labour supply and productivity, examination of declining fertility and delayed family formation, reassessment of education and employment policies, consideration of migration, and the establishment of continuous demographic monitoring.

I deliberately addressed the matter to the highest level because demographic change is not the responsibility of one ministry. It cuts across Finance and Planning, Education, Labour, Health, Higher Education, migration, social protection and national human-resource planning.

Yet, after sending that registered letter, I have not even received an acknowledgement.

This is what troubles me most. I fully appreciate that government has numerous urgent problems to address. Economic recovery, disaster management, employment, education and many other immediate concerns understandably demand attention. But demographic change is different. It operates slowly, almost silently, while steadily narrowing the choices available to future governments.

By the time the shortage of workers, accelerated ageing, increased dependency and the economic consequences of very low fertility become impossible to ignore, remedial action may be enormously more difficult and expensive. What is equally disappointing is the apparent silence of the institutions that should be at the centre of this discussion.

The latest Census has provided the country with an invaluable body of demographic evidence. My own published work has attempted to connect those findings with national development, productivity, education, employment and human-resource planning. On the top of these endeavours, I have seen voluminous articles written by Professor Manori Weerathunga, of the Population Department of the Colombo University, President Population Association of Sri Lanka, and Director Centre for Ageing Studies of University of Colombo. Yet I have seen little evidence of a visible national policy response from the relevant planning and statistical authorities.

Given the multiplicity of the roles and the credentials she possesses, I would strongly urge her to take the bull by the horns and formulate a draft national demographic policy with the expertise of the demographic scientists. This task cannot be delegated to the SLAS or Planning panjandrums. The government should seriously think why the thinktanks are abdicating their mandatory responsibilities and playing a passive role when the country is confronted with burning issues. Are there any sinister plans by disgruntled senior officers to derail the development plans is the question that begs an answer? Alternatively, the government should seriously enlist the support of the IMF or the World Bank, before the demographic bomb explodes!

Are we treating the Census merely as a statistical exercise, rather than as an early-warning the system for national planning? This question deserves a public answer.

I went even further by writing on “Educational Delays, Biological Clock and Sri Lanka’s Fertility Crisis.” My purpose was not to blame the education authorities. I sought to draw attention to the possibility that prolonged delays in university education, examinations, admissions and graduation may interact with delayed family formation and the biological realities of childbearing. I had hoped that this would stimulate examination by the Education sector and other relevant stakeholders.

Unfortunately, I have yet to see any meaningful response. My concern is therefore not whether my own articles have been acknowledged. That is completely irrelevant. The issue is whether the substantive national questions raised in those articles are being examined by anyone in authority.

A citizen who spends considerable time studying a national problem, writing about it publicly and then submitting a constructive proposal to Government should not necessarily expect agreement. But surely an acknowledgement—or better still, a response indicating that the matter is being examined—is not too much to expect.

There is also another dimension which I recently highlighted in discussing Sri Lanka’s transition from an “Age of Longevity” towards an “Age of Experience”. Sri Lanka is simultaneously facing a shrinking younger workforce and an expanding reservoir of older citizens possessing decades of professional and institutional experience.

The demographic challenge, therefore, should not be viewed only through the lenses of pensions, healthcare and elderly care. The country must also ask how the accumulated knowledge, expertise and institutional memory of its experienced citizens can be mobilised for national development.

This is precisely why I find the present silence so difficult to understand. I have no personal or political agenda. I have spent decades working in human resources, productivity and management specialist, and I have chosen in the later stage of my professional life to devote my writing to contemporary national issues which I believe deserve national attention.

Perhaps my concerns are misplaced. Perhaps the government already has a comprehensive demographic strategy under preparation. The relevant institutions have already initiated studies that are not yet public.

If that is the case, I would be delighted to be proved wrong. But if no such comprehensive process exists, then I respectfully ask: how much longer can Sri Lanka afford to remain silent?

The demographic clock does not stop while governments deliberate.

My appeal is therefore not for recognition of my efforts. It is for recognition of the problem. I hope the relevant authorities will prove that the silence I have encountered is not indifference, but merely the silence before meaningful action.

Sri Lanka cannot afford to discover, ten or twenty years from now, that the warnings were visible, the evidence was available, the proposals were made—and nobody acted.

The time to respond to the demographic crisis is now, while choices still remain.

Over to you, the President, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Finance and National Planning, Vice Chancellor of Colombo, Director General of Census and Statistics.

Athula Ranasinghe

Productivity Specialist and Management Consultant

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