Features
TWO ACCLAIMED LAWYERS FROM CEYLON WHO MIGRATED DURING THE DAYS OF “WHITE AUSTRALIA” IMMIGRATION POLICIES
by Hugh Karunanayake
The names Leslie de Saram and Aubrey Martensz are not likely to evoke sentiment of any kind from contemporary Sri Lankans. They were two outstanding lawyers who not only dominated legal practice and legal education, but also were very influential members of the profession and of Colombo’s social scene.
Both de Saram and Martensz were at various times partners of the well known legal firm FJ and G De Saram, founded by Leslie de Saram’s grandfather, FJ de Saram Senior, in 1841. F.J. De Saram (Snr) was the grandson of Maha Mudaliyar Christtofel de Saram, the son of Johan Henriques de Saram who was only 14-years old when taken to England by Governor Maitland, handpicked from among the leading “native” families as suitable for higher studies. That head start created a dynasty of lawyers.
It is widely acknowledged that the transformation of the island’s economy from a peasant based subsistence economy to a surplus making plantation economy after the British conquest of Ceylon, was characterised by a massive transfer of ownership of both crown land and private holdings. Lands were sold to entrepreneurs from Britain who initially planted coffee, and later tea and rubber.
The legal conveyancing which was necessary to establish ownership was dominated by three legal practices, viz that of FJ de Saram, VA Julius and FC Loos. All three virtually monopolised the conveyancing associated with the sale of crown land, as well as commercial properties associated with the plantation sector in Colombo.
FJ de Saram later formed a partnership with his relative George de Saram to form the well known firm of FJ and G de Saram. FC Loos whose son Hermann is best remembered for the Hermann Loos trophy, awarded to the best cadet contingent among competing schools did not perpetuate his legal practice through succeeding generations. VA Julius in association with his partner, Harry Creasy, formed the redoubtable firm of lawyers Julius and Creasy, which virtually monopolised the legal work of British companies in Ceylon during the Twentieth Century.
The partnership created by FJ de Saram (senior) is now in its 181 st year of existence and still in command of extensive legal work from the country’s large mercantile sector.
It may be appropriate if we discuss the lives of Leslie de Saram and Aubrey Martensz in relation to their family and its position in Sri Lankan society in order give better perspective to their roles in public life. A fact that is hardly remembered today is that the family was dominant in national life from the beginning of the 19th Century when the British took over the administration of the country, continuing well into the 21st century.
The De Saram and Martensz families began their association when FJ de Saram (Snr) commenced work under Proctor Andries Martensz on May 13, 1841. Proctor Martensz was the administrator of de Saram’s grandfather, Maha Mudaliyar Christtofel de Saram’s Estate. De Saram just 19- years of age at the time applied for enrolment as a Proctor two years later.
The association between the two families became closer when De Saram sought the hand of Martensz’s daughter Ann in marriage. The couple married on October 12, 1843, the groom just over 21-years old and the bride over 16-years of age. While the De Sarams considered themselves Sinhalese in ethnicity, Ann Martensz ‘s mother and maternal grandparents were Dutch. The link between the two families bonded by marriage, was to last over 140 years.
FJ de Saram’s (Senior) marriage to Ann produced 12 sons and daughters. He died at 49- years of age. His son FJ de Saram (jnr) was only 22 years of age at the time.
The partnership continued with FJ de Saram (Jnr) and his brothers until the entry of Leslie de Saram the eldest son of FJ de Saram Jnr who had two other sons Stanley and Eustace. Eustace died in 1919. Stanley joined the firm and was a partner until he was invited by Leechman and Co to be a Partner on its Board, and was its first Ceylonese Chairman.
He was appointed Chairman over the heads of many Senior British executives who were assured by the departing Chairman that Stanley De Saram’s position will enhance both the reputation and the business outreach of the firm.
Leslie continued to be the senior partner of FJ and G de Sarams, a position he reached in 1918. It has been said that Leslie’s father FJ de Saram (Jnr) trebled the volume of business to which he succeeded and it could be safely concluded that under Leslie’s leadership, the business would have even expanded more.
Like his grandfather, Leslie married a Martensz; Theodora Martensz who was a first cousin, thus continuing the close links between the De Saram and Martensz families. Three of Theodora’s brothers became partners of the firm. Two of them Aubrey and David became Senior partners.
Leslie was known to be an avid collector of antiques of which he had amassed a large and unique collection and was on display at his home “Brentham” in Cambridge Place. Some of the more notable unique items in his collection included a grandfather clock once owned by a Dutch Governor. He also had guns, swords and other implements of warfare used by the last King of Kandy Sri Wickrema Rajasinghe.
The clock and and his collection of rare books were donated to the newly established Peradeniya University, the Vice Chancellor of which Sir Ivor Jennings had been a close friend. The clock however came to a sorry end during a student uprising, the students apparently unaware of the historical significance of the antique clock, or perhaps not bothered about its significance even if they were aware.
Another notable donation was his donation of his 35-acre farm at Gurutalawa to St Thomas College. Although Leslie, his, father, grandfather, and great grandfather had all received their education at Royal College, ( the school of their fathers who learnt the way before them!) they were all very supportive of the Anglican Church, hence the donation to S Thomas College of which he was a member of the Board of Governors.
Another notable donation was the gift of two personal contributions of 5000 British pounds each, to the war effort during World War 2. The gift was made with the request that the source be not revealed but the Governor, Sir Andrew Caldecott, made a personal request that the gift be given publicity as it would encourage others to follow suit.
Philanthropy was nothing new to the de Sarams as FJ de Saram Jnr, Leslie’s father had donated the cost of an aircraft to the British war effort in World War 1. Leslie’s brother, Stanley. like Leslie, also resided in a large mansion in Cambridge Place called “The Eyds.” He and his wife Aimee, were gracious hosts to Lady Clementine Churchill, the wife of Sir Winston Churchill who spent a fortnight’s holiday with the de Sarams in January 1956.
Clementine was recuperating from an illness and desired to spend some time in Ceylon. The British High Commission in Colombo felt that it would have been good if the visitors were hosted in a private home rather than in an impersonal hotel. They were aware that Stanley de Saram and his wife lived in a splendidly fitted home and served by a dozen domestic staff including a butler, chef and others.
At the time social life at the upper end in Colombo was dominated by British expatriates who dominated the Mercantile sector of Ceylon. However the High Commissioner felt that Stanley de Saram was the best suited and equipped to play hosts to the VIPs and approached the de Sarams who readily agreed.
That visit by Lady Clementine Churchill and her cousin and closest friend Sylvia Henley was reciprocated by an invitation to spend a holiday with the Churchills in their home Chartwell in Kent where the de Sarams enjoyed a memorable holiday a few months later. Both Leslie and Stanley had no children. Leslie however adopted the two children of a sister of his.
A man described as “to the manor born” Leslie chose to spend his retirement in England, but later decided on Australia as he could not withstand the cold winters of England. His home in Cambridge Place, opposite the Colombo Museum was purchased by the Australian Government and served as its Embassy for several decades.
Leslie de Saram settled down in Canberra but also had a home in Sevenoaks, Kent, in England where he passed away at the age of 84 in in 1961. A great Ceylonese who had played a significant role in the development of the country passed away as quietly as he lived.
J Aubrey Martensz born on September 5, 1885 and educated at Royal College was a Senior Partner of the firm of FJ and G de Saram in 1947 and 1948. He was a close friend of the Prime Minister DS Senanayake who appointed him as Ceylon’s first High Commissioner to Australia in July 1948.
In April 1947 the First Australian High Commissioner in Ceylon, Mr CW Frost, cabled to Canberra on the impending appointment of Mr Aubrey Martensz. His cable stated “Mr Martensz, aged 63 is a nominated member of the House of Representatives. He is a Burgher and a prominent Solicitor until he discontinued practice on appointment to Parliament. Of high social standing he is well liked by all communities and all members of Government.”.
After completing his tenure as High Commissioner, he returned to Ceylon where he was appointed Chairman of the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. Mr Martennz was a bachelor and he later migrated to Australia where he lived in Canberra in retirement. He died in March 1963 aged 78 years. In the biographical note which was maintained by the Australian Government regarding Mr Martesnz’s ethnic makeup was described as 62 ½ % Dutch, 25% Scottish, and 12 ½ % Sinhalese.
On looking back at the family structures of the De Sarams and the Martenszs the many intermarriages between the two families suggest that they were from one composite family rather than of two branches. Both Leslie de Saram and Aubrey Martensz were legal professionals who shone in their sphere of work, and were elite members of an urban society dominated by European manners and customs.
Their philanthropy, the concern for the less fortunate, and the leadership given to setting the pace for high public standards, integrity in public life, and dedication to the country, are some values sadly lacking in Sri Lanka of recent times. Their lives however could be hailed as of such quality and standard as could be emulated by contemporary and future Sri Lankans.
(Acknowledgement: “160 year practice of a Law firm in its historical setting” published by FJ and G de Saram, Colombo 2001. This essay was contributed by Hugh Karunanayake to a compendium of essays published under the title “Pursuing a Vision of Justice” Essays in honour of Maitri Panagoda, published by Vijitha Yapa May 2022.)
Features
Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka
World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future
by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?
These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.
World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.
We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.
Making more of what we already have
Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.
Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.
The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.
Stop wasting the food we produce
Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.
Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.
Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.
Nutrition and food safety come first
Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.
Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.
Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.
A food system that can cope with climate change
Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.
Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.
Give young people a bigger role
Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.
A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.
A pathway designed for Sri Lanka
We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.
The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.
The choices we make today
The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.
So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?
The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.
A better food future begins with the choices we make today.
Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna
Features
20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried
By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan
The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.
It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.
By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.
I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.
When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.
The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.
The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.
Features
‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’
Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24
I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.
The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.
The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.
After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.
The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.
Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.
Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.
He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.
Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.
Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.
Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.
Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.
So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.
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