Connect with us

Features

The man who saved African elephants in 1980s:

Published

on

Dr. Richard Leakey and what Sri Lankan conservationists can adopt from his work

By Tharindu Muthukumarana-

Author of the award-winning book “The Life of Last Proboscideans: Elephants” tharinduele@gmail.com

Richard Leakey was an inspirational and courageous conservationist and I was privileged to meet him. He transformed the Kenyan Wildlife Service and valiantly spearheaded efforts to stop elephant poaching. Conservation has lost a true visionary.  – Prince William

“Ivory must be seen as only valuable if it is on an animal. It should not be ever seen as a valuable commodity for trade”. This was the very words of a man larger than a life by the name Richard Erskine Leakey. He passed away peacefully at aged 77 on January 2, 2022 at his home in Kona Baridi, Kenya. But his life was brewed with adventures. It is fair enough to say Leakey was an all-rounder as his walk of life composed as a paleoanthropologist, pilot, civil servant, politician, professor, philanthropist, author and above all a conservationist. His persona can be described as a straightforward-confident man with courage, integrity, accountability, rectitude, humanist, freethinker and something of a daredevil. That could be the very reason why Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie wanted to direct a movie about Leakey’s life.

I find his speeches mesmerising and always appealing to listen. If a Sri Lankan conservationist can relate to Leakey’s speaking skills it would be Dr. Sumith Pilapitiya. This is because they both talk to the point-straight forward and more realistic in their ideology.

He had authored about 12 books, on topics related to wildlife, memoirs, environment and paleoanthropology. Throughout his life he was showered with 15 honoris causa doctorates and more than 30 awards.

Coming from British ancestral lineage but continued way towards Kenya

Leakey was born on 19th December 1944 in Nairobi to illustrious parents Louis and Marry Leakey. His grandparents were British missionaries that arrived to Africa in early 20th century. Any person concerned about paleoanthropology knows Leakey’s parents- work on fossil discoveries of early humans. Louis being an alumnus from University of Cambridge, it was he who discovered the earliest human origins from Africa. Since then, Africa became the cradle of mankind. Prior to that it was thought to be Asia. Young Leakey learnt most of the fossil hunting techniques from his parents work which made him to become a paleoanthropologist.

Pretty much rewarding for doing research under scorching African sun

At age 23 in an expedition to Ethiopia’s Omo Valley he found two early Homo sapiens fossil skulls that were named as Omo I and Omo II. Dating to 160,000 years those were the oldest of the species found at that time and was the first find contemporaneous with Homo neanderthalensis. In 1968 Leakey was appointed Administrative Director of the National Museums of Kenya.

Once while flying to Nairobi, he discovered a place that was suspected to be a fossil-bearing sedimentary rock near Lake Turkana. From the late 1960s he led expeditions there together with a team of scientists and found more than two hundred hominid fossils of excellent quality. Another remarkable discovery happened in 1984 when Leakey’s team discovered a nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster that was estimated to be died about 1.6 million years ago at age of 9-12. This specimen is the most complete early hominin skeleton ever found and was named as “Turkana Boy”.

He came to save elephants during the most needed time

In 1989 Leakey had a twist in his career when Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi appointed him as the Director of Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WMCD) which was later renamed as Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). At that time, it was a bankrupt institution and this put a heavy challenge on Leakey’s shoulders. He had to start from scratch. At that time Kenya’s second largest foreign exchange earning was from tourism industry, exceeded only by coffee. So, the wildlife tourism played a crucial role. During the late 1970s to 1980s ivory poaching was a major threat to Kenya’s elephant population and this turned wildlife parks more of a war zone. It may be a researcher, tourist, conservationist or even an individual from an anti-poaching unit; they all face threat by the poachers. The anti-poaching units deployed by wildlife programme was very ineffective to take down poachers since they were ill-equipped, demoralised, ill-clothed and under paid. In 1979 the continental population of African elephants was estimated to be 1.3 million and by 1989 the figure was 609,000; over half of Africa’s elephant population was poached within a decade. If that rate is going to be continued the jeopardise African elephant population could be wiped off.

Thanks to Leakey he was able to raise $ 136 million from overseas and strengthen the anti-poaching units. Leakey authorised the anti-poaching units to shoot poachers on sight. He had to take even more bold decisions such as firing nearly 50% of the work force. Those dramatic changes did have a positive influence in terms of reducing poaching activities. Until Leakey’s time the orthodox was to sell confiscated ivories for other countries and used the beneficiary to the nation’s revenue. But Leakey decided to destroy the confiscated ivory in the presence of the public. He believed ivory trade should be stopped if elephants are to be saved. Somehow, he persuaded the President to burn the confiscated ivory stock that belongs to more than 2,000 elephants. Leakey pointed out that $ 3 million worth burned ivory, cost was an insignificant amount compared with country’s tourism industry, which makes $ 230 million a year and can be the largest foreign currency earner.

The ivory burning event captured the global attention and this gave an insight of the plight of the African elephant. In return it impacted profoundly to bring the ivory ban in the following year initiated by an international-multilateral treaty known as the “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora” (CITES). Leakey said “within six months the number of elephants been killed dropped from 3,000-4,000 per year to rate of 300 per year. In the following year, it went down to 30-40 per year”. If anyone is interested in learning more on Leakey’s mission to save the elephants, I would recommend to read Leakey’s book the “Wildlife Wars: My Battle to Save Kenya’s Elephants”.

Life after his resignation from government’s wildlife service

However, Leakey’s incorruptible attitudes displeased some of the government politicians and he even lost the support of the President. In 1993 the light aircraft piloted by Leakey crashed injuring both his legs which were amputated. For the rest of his life he had to navigate the influence of prosthetic legs. Leakey suspected of sabotage but there was no evidence. Some of government interference on KWS disgruntle Leakey and in which he decided to resign from KWS in 1994.

In 1995 Leakey decided to enter politics by setting up a new political party – the Safina Party. But his political career did not last long. In 1998 he was appointed as Cabinet Secretary and head of the civil service. Later, in 2002, he became the professor of anthropology at Stony Brook University, New York. Four years after he establish a charitable organisation named Wildlife Direct. In 2015, President Uhuru Kenyatta gave Leakey a helm as chairman of board of KWS.

An example that Sri Lankan conservationists can consider to adopt

One message that we can take from 1970-1990 African elephant conservation issue is that “high scale awareness” plays a vital role in conservation projects. Research and policy making relatively to strategies proposed by researchers are also important. But if high scale awareness is absent such policies would be in vain. This was the thing that happened even in Africa before the 1989 ivory ban. In time of early as 1979 research by zoologist Dr. Iain Douglas-Hamilton proved that African elephant population was in a decline trend due to ivory trade. Nevertheless, due to lack of proper awareness there was a difficulty in saving elephants from poaching holocaust (more about this could be read in Hamilton’s book “Battle for the Elephants” co-authored with his wife Oria Douglas-Hamilton). When conservationists including Leakey, Hamilton and others embarked on a high scale awareness only the authorities came under right track in favour of conservation. Except for some loopholes in CITES treaty which caused the modern-day poaching crises; otherwise, it was massive victory.

In Sri Lanka, during 2006, an Elephant Conservation Policy (ECP), that even address human-elephant conflict (HEC) was made by a committee that was appointed by the government. The committee did consist of wildlife experts. The cabinet ministers gave approval for this policy and requested the policy to be implemented in September on same year. But until today the policy hasn’t been implemented fully which is the reason why for HEC keeps on increasing rather than getting mitigated. Political interventions are to blamed for not implementing it fully.

On the other hand, the average Sri Lankan believes that elephants should be conserved but unfortunately how many Sri Lankans are aware about the ECP? For sure not many. So, this is where a high scale awareness should come into action. If the Sri Lankan that believes in elephant conservation is also aware about the ECP then there is a high chance of it getting implemented fully.

As a final note, I would like to conclude with a popular English saying that says “pilots don’t die they just fly higher” so I would wish Leakey likewise!



Features

US’ drastic aid cut to UN poses moral challenge to world

Published

on

An UN humanitarian mission in the Gaza. [File: Ashraf Amra/Anadolu Agency]

‘Adapt, shrink or die’ – thus runs the warning issued by the Trump administration to UN humanitarian agencies with brute insensitivity in the wake of its recent decision to drastically reduce to $2bn its humanitarian aid to the UN system. This is a substantial climb down from the $17bn the US usually provided to the UN for its humanitarian operations.

Considering that the US has hitherto been the UN’s biggest aid provider, it need hardly be said that the US decision would pose a daunting challenge to the UN’s humanitarian operations around the world. This would indeed mean that, among other things, people living in poverty and stifling material hardships, in particularly the Southern hemisphere, could dramatically increase. Coming on top of the US decision to bring to an end USAID operations, the poor of the world could be said to have been left to their devices as a consequence of these morally insensitive policy rethinks of the Trump administration.

Earlier, the UN had warned that it would be compelled to reduce its aid programs in the face of ‘the deepest funding cuts ever.’ In fact the UN is on record as requesting the world for $23bn for its 2026 aid operations.

If this UN appeal happens to go unheeded, the possibilities are that the UN would not be in a position to uphold the status it has hitherto held as the world’s foremost humanitarian aid provider. It would not be incorrect to state that a substantial part of the rationale for the UN’s existence could come in for questioning if its humanitarian identity is thus eroded.

Inherent in these developments is a challenge for those sections of the international community that wish to stand up and be counted as humanists and the ‘Conscience of the World.’ A responsibility is cast on them to not only keep the UN system going but to also ensure its increased efficiency as a humanitarian aid provider to particularly the poorest of the poor.

It is unfortunate that the US is increasingly opting for a position of international isolation. Such a policy position was adopted by it in the decades leading to World War Two and the consequences for the world as a result for this policy posture were most disquieting. For instance, it opened the door to the flourishing of dictatorial regimes in the West, such as that led by Adolph Hitler in Germany, which nearly paved the way for the subjugation of a good part of Europe by the Nazis.

If the US had not intervened militarily in the war on the side of the Allies, the West would have faced the distressing prospect of coming under the sway of the Nazis and as a result earned indefinite political and military repression. By entering World War Two the US helped to ward off these bleak outcomes and indeed helped the major democracies of Western Europe to hold their own and thrive against fascism and dictatorial rule.

Republican administrations in the US in particular have not proved the greatest defenders of democratic rule the world over, but by helping to keep the international power balance in favour of democracy and fundamental human rights they could keep under a tight leash fascism and linked anti-democratic forces even in contemporary times. Russia’s invasion and continued occupation of parts of Ukraine reminds us starkly that the democracy versus fascism battle is far from over.

Right now, the US needs to remain on the side of the rest of the West very firmly, lest fascism enjoys another unfettered lease of life through the absence of countervailing and substantial military and political power.

However, by reducing its financial support for the UN and backing away from sustaining its humanitarian programs the world over the US could be laying the ground work for an aggravation of poverty in the South in particular and its accompaniments, such as, political repression, runaway social discontent and anarchy.

What should not go unnoticed by the US is the fact that peace and social stability in the South and the flourishing of the same conditions in the global North are symbiotically linked, although not so apparent at first blush. For instance, if illegal migration from the South to the US is a major problem for the US today, it is because poor countries are not receiving development assistance from the UN system to the required degree. Such deprivation on the part of the South leads to aggravating social discontent in the latter and consequences such as illegal migratory movements from South to North.

Accordingly, it will be in the North’s best interests to ensure that the South is not deprived of sustained development assistance since the latter is an essential condition for social contentment and stable governance, which factors in turn would guard against the emergence of phenomena such as illegal migration.

Meanwhile, democratic sections of the rest of the world in particular need to consider it a matter of conscience to ensure the sustenance and flourishing of the UN system. To be sure, the UN system is considerably flawed but at present it could be called the most equitable and fair among international development organizations and the most far-flung one. Without it world poverty would have proved unmanageable along with the ills that come along with it.

Dehumanizing poverty is an indictment on humanity. It stands to reason that the world community should rally round the UN and ensure its survival lest the abomination which is poverty flourishes. In this undertaking the world needs to stand united. Ambiguities on this score could be self-defeating for the world community.

For example, all groupings of countries that could demonstrate economic muscle need to figure prominently in this initiative. One such grouping is BRICS. Inasmuch as the US and the West should shrug aside Realpolitik considerations in this enterprise, the same goes for organizations such as BRICS.

The arrival at the above international consensus would be greatly facilitated by stepped up dialogue among states on the continued importance of the UN system. Fresh efforts to speed-up UN reform would prove major catalysts in bringing about these positive changes as well. Also requiring to be shunned is the blind pursuit of narrow national interests.

Continue Reading

Features

Egg white scene …

Published

on

Hi! Great to be back after my Christmas break.

Thought of starting this week with egg white.

Yes, eggs are brimming with nutrients beneficial for your overall health and wellness, but did you know that eggs, especially the whites, are excellent for your complexion?

OK, if you have no idea about how to use egg whites for your face, read on.

Egg White, Lemon, Honey:

Separate the yolk from the egg white and add about a teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice and about one and a half teaspoons of organic honey. Whisk all the ingredients together until they are mixed well.

Apply this mixture to your face and allow it to rest for about 15 minutes before cleansing your face with a gentle face wash.

Don’t forget to apply your favourite moisturiser, after using this face mask, to help seal in all the goodness.

Egg White, Avocado:

In a clean mixing bowl, start by mashing the avocado, until it turns into a soft, lump-free paste, and then add the whites of one egg, a teaspoon of yoghurt and mix everything together until it looks like a creamy paste.

Apply this mixture all over your face and neck area, and leave it on for about 20 to 30 minutes before washing it off with cold water and a gentle face wash.

Egg White, Cucumber, Yoghurt:

In a bowl, add one egg white, one teaspoon each of yoghurt, fresh cucumber juice and organic honey. Mix all the ingredients together until it forms a thick paste.

Apply this paste all over your face and neck area and leave it on for at least 20 minutes and then gently rinse off this face mask with lukewarm water and immediately follow it up with a gentle and nourishing moisturiser.

Egg White, Aloe Vera, Castor Oil:

To the egg white, add about a teaspoon each of aloe vera gel and castor oil and then mix all the ingredients together and apply it all over your face and neck area in a thin, even layer.

Leave it on for about 20 minutes and wash it off with a gentle face wash and some cold water. Follow it up with your favourite moisturiser.

Continue Reading

Features

Confusion cropping up with Ne-Yo in the spotlight

Published

on

Ne-Yo: His management should clarify the last-minute cancellation

Superlatives galore were used, especially on social media, to highlight R&B singer Ne-Yo’s trip to Sri Lanka: Global superstar Ne-Yo to perform live in Colombo this December; Ne-Yo concert puts Sri Lanka back on the global entertainment map; A global music sensation is coming to Sri Lanka … and there were lots more!

At an official press conference, held at a five-star venue, in Colombo, it was indicated that the gathering marked a defining moment for Sri Lanka’s entertainment industry as international R&B powerhouse and three-time Grammy Award winner Ne-Yo prepares to take the stage in Colombo this December.

What’s more, the occasion was graced by the presence of Sunil Kumara Gamage, Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs of Sri Lanka, and Professor Ruwan Ranasinghe, Deputy Minister of Tourism, alongside distinguished dignitaries, sponsors, and members of the media.

Shah Rukh Khan: Disappointed his fans in Sri Lanka

According to reports, the concert had received the official endorsement of the Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau, recognising it as a flagship initiative in developing the country’s concert economy by attracting fans, and media, from all over South Asia.

Nick Carter: His concert, too, was cancelled due to “Unforeseen circumstances

However, I had that strange feeling that this concert would not become a reality, keeping in mind what happened to Nick Carter’s Colombo concert – cancelled at the very last moment.

Carter issued a video message announcing he had to return to the USA due to “unforeseen circumstances” and a “family emergency”.

Though “unforeseen circumstances” was the official reason provided by Carter and the local organisers, there was speculation that low ticket sales may also have been a factor in the cancellation.

Well, “Unforeseen Circumstances” has cropped up again!

In a brief statement, via social media, the organisers of the Ne-Yo concert said the decision was taken due to “unforeseen circumstances and factors beyond their control.”

Ne-Yo, too, subsequently made an announcement, citing “Unforeseen circumstances.”

The public has a right to know what these “unforeseen circumstances” are, and who is to be blamed – the organisers or Ne-Yo!

Ne-Yo’s management certainly need to come out with the truth.

However, those who are aware of some of the happenings in the setup here put it down to poor ticket sales, mentioning that the tickets for the concert, and a meet-and-greet event, were exorbitantly high, considering that Ne-Yo is not a current mega star.

We also had a cancellation coming our way from Shah Rukh Khan, who was scheduled to visit Sri Lanka for the City of Dreams resort launch, and then this was received: “Unfortunately due to unforeseen personal reasons beyond his control, Mr. Khan is no longer able to attend.”

Referring to this kind of mess up, a leading showbiz personality said that it will only make people reluctant to buy their tickets, online.

“Tickets will go mostly at the gate and it will be very bad for the industry,” he added.

Continue Reading

Trending