Features
The man who saved African elephants in 1980s:
Dr. Richard Leakey and what Sri Lankan conservationists can adopt from his work
By Tharindu Muthukumarana-
Author of the award-winning book “The Life of Last Proboscideans: Elephants” tharinduele@gmail.com
Richard Leakey was an inspirational and courageous conservationist and I was privileged to meet him. He transformed the Kenyan Wildlife Service and valiantly spearheaded efforts to stop elephant poaching. Conservation has lost a true visionary. – Prince William
“Ivory must be seen as only valuable if it is on an animal. It should not be ever seen as a valuable commodity for trade”. This was the very words of a man larger than a life by the name Richard Erskine Leakey. He passed away peacefully at aged 77 on January 2, 2022 at his home in Kona Baridi, Kenya. But his life was brewed with adventures. It is fair enough to say Leakey was an all-rounder as his walk of life composed as a paleoanthropologist, pilot, civil servant, politician, professor, philanthropist, author and above all a conservationist. His persona can be described as a straightforward-confident man with courage, integrity, accountability, rectitude, humanist, freethinker and something of a daredevil. That could be the very reason why Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie wanted to direct a movie about Leakey’s life.
I find his speeches mesmerising and always appealing to listen. If a Sri Lankan conservationist can relate to Leakey’s speaking skills it would be Dr. Sumith Pilapitiya. This is because they both talk to the point-straight forward and more realistic in their ideology.
He had authored about 12 books, on topics related to wildlife, memoirs, environment and paleoanthropology. Throughout his life he was showered with 15 honoris causa doctorates and more than 30 awards.
Coming from British ancestral lineage but continued way towards Kenya
Leakey was born on 19th December 1944 in Nairobi to illustrious parents Louis and Marry Leakey. His grandparents were British missionaries that arrived to Africa in early 20th century. Any person concerned about paleoanthropology knows Leakey’s parents- work on fossil discoveries of early humans. Louis being an alumnus from University of Cambridge, it was he who discovered the earliest human origins from Africa. Since then, Africa became the cradle of mankind. Prior to that it was thought to be Asia. Young Leakey learnt most of the fossil hunting techniques from his parents work which made him to become a paleoanthropologist.
Pretty much rewarding for doing research under scorching African sun
At age 23 in an expedition to Ethiopia’s Omo Valley he found two early Homo sapiens fossil skulls that were named as Omo I and Omo II. Dating to 160,000 years those were the oldest of the species found at that time and was the first find contemporaneous with Homo neanderthalensis. In 1968 Leakey was appointed Administrative Director of the National Museums of Kenya.
Once while flying to Nairobi, he discovered a place that was suspected to be a fossil-bearing sedimentary rock near Lake Turkana. From the late 1960s he led expeditions there together with a team of scientists and found more than two hundred hominid fossils of excellent quality. Another remarkable discovery happened in 1984 when Leakey’s team discovered a nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster that was estimated to be died about 1.6 million years ago at age of 9-12. This specimen is the most complete early hominin skeleton ever found and was named as “Turkana Boy”.
He came to save elephants during the most needed time
In 1989 Leakey had a twist in his career when Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi appointed him as the Director of Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WMCD) which was later renamed as Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). At that time, it was a bankrupt institution and this put a heavy challenge on Leakey’s shoulders. He had to start from scratch. At that time Kenya’s second largest foreign exchange earning was from tourism industry, exceeded only by coffee. So, the wildlife tourism played a crucial role. During the late 1970s to 1980s ivory poaching was a major threat to Kenya’s elephant population and this turned wildlife parks more of a war zone. It may be a researcher, tourist, conservationist or even an individual from an anti-poaching unit; they all face threat by the poachers. The anti-poaching units deployed by wildlife programme was very ineffective to take down poachers since they were ill-equipped, demoralised, ill-clothed and under paid. In 1979 the continental population of African elephants was estimated to be 1.3 million and by 1989 the figure was 609,000; over half of Africa’s elephant population was poached within a decade. If that rate is going to be continued the jeopardise African elephant population could be wiped off.
Thanks to Leakey he was able to raise $ 136 million from overseas and strengthen the anti-poaching units. Leakey authorised the anti-poaching units to shoot poachers on sight. He had to take even more bold decisions such as firing nearly 50% of the work force. Those dramatic changes did have a positive influence in terms of reducing poaching activities. Until Leakey’s time the orthodox was to sell confiscated ivories for other countries and used the beneficiary to the nation’s revenue. But Leakey decided to destroy the confiscated ivory in the presence of the public. He believed ivory trade should be stopped if elephants are to be saved. Somehow, he persuaded the President to burn the confiscated ivory stock that belongs to more than 2,000 elephants. Leakey pointed out that $ 3 million worth burned ivory, cost was an insignificant amount compared with country’s tourism industry, which makes $ 230 million a year and can be the largest foreign currency earner.
The ivory burning event captured the global attention and this gave an insight of the plight of the African elephant. In return it impacted profoundly to bring the ivory ban in the following year initiated by an international-multilateral treaty known as the “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora” (CITES). Leakey said “within six months the number of elephants been killed dropped from 3,000-4,000 per year to rate of 300 per year. In the following year, it went down to 30-40 per year”. If anyone is interested in learning more on Leakey’s mission to save the elephants, I would recommend to read Leakey’s book the “Wildlife Wars: My Battle to Save Kenya’s Elephants”.
Life after his resignation from government’s wildlife service
However, Leakey’s incorruptible attitudes displeased some of the government politicians and he even lost the support of the President. In 1993 the light aircraft piloted by Leakey crashed injuring both his legs which were amputated. For the rest of his life he had to navigate the influence of prosthetic legs. Leakey suspected of sabotage but there was no evidence. Some of government interference on KWS disgruntle Leakey and in which he decided to resign from KWS in 1994.
In 1995 Leakey decided to enter politics by setting up a new political party – the Safina Party. But his political career did not last long. In 1998 he was appointed as Cabinet Secretary and head of the civil service. Later, in 2002, he became the professor of anthropology at Stony Brook University, New York. Four years after he establish a charitable organisation named Wildlife Direct. In 2015, President Uhuru Kenyatta gave Leakey a helm as chairman of board of KWS.
An example that Sri Lankan conservationists can consider to adopt
One message that we can take from 1970-1990 African elephant conservation issue is that “high scale awareness” plays a vital role in conservation projects. Research and policy making relatively to strategies proposed by researchers are also important. But if high scale awareness is absent such policies would be in vain. This was the thing that happened even in Africa before the 1989 ivory ban. In time of early as 1979 research by zoologist Dr. Iain Douglas-Hamilton proved that African elephant population was in a decline trend due to ivory trade. Nevertheless, due to lack of proper awareness there was a difficulty in saving elephants from poaching holocaust (more about this could be read in Hamilton’s book “Battle for the Elephants” co-authored with his wife Oria Douglas-Hamilton). When conservationists including Leakey, Hamilton and others embarked on a high scale awareness only the authorities came under right track in favour of conservation. Except for some loopholes in CITES treaty which caused the modern-day poaching crises; otherwise, it was massive victory.
In Sri Lanka, during 2006, an Elephant Conservation Policy (ECP), that even address human-elephant conflict (HEC) was made by a committee that was appointed by the government. The committee did consist of wildlife experts. The cabinet ministers gave approval for this policy and requested the policy to be implemented in September on same year. But until today the policy hasn’t been implemented fully which is the reason why for HEC keeps on increasing rather than getting mitigated. Political interventions are to blamed for not implementing it fully.
On the other hand, the average Sri Lankan believes that elephants should be conserved but unfortunately how many Sri Lankans are aware about the ECP? For sure not many. So, this is where a high scale awareness should come into action. If the Sri Lankan that believes in elephant conservation is also aware about the ECP then there is a high chance of it getting implemented fully.
As a final note, I would like to conclude with a popular English saying that says “pilots don’t die they just fly higher” so I would wish Leakey likewise!
Features
Sections of US media looking power straight in the eye
Some fundamental freedoms seen to be at the heart of democracy in the US – religion, speech, the press, assembly and the right to petition the government – are at risk of being undermined at present by the country’s Executive President. However, the latter is being legally challenged on this score by some sections of the US media and the citizenry of the country could take heart from this notable defense of media freedom.
In fact this is good news for the world of democracy. The push back is coming from organizations such as CNN, ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC who constitute the nucleus as it were of the US media and their solidarity no less than their resourcefulness calls for commendation.
Following a recent White House decision to suspend CNN from what was referred to as ‘participation in presidential pool coverages’, the other media organizations mentioned refused to replace it in the pool. Their position was that the public had a right to receive ‘accurate and independent information about the government.’
Earlier, the White House decided to bar MS NOW and Politico from entering its premises following the restrictions imposed on CNN. The organizations were accused of publishing “FAKE NEWS’ , ‘Fiction’ and ‘lies’ in respect of the administration. These organizations lost no time in initiating a federal lawsuit accusing the central administration of violating their rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.
However, the latter litigating organizations could now consider themselves as having been vindicated because the federal court hearing their case has ordered the Trump administration to temporarily restore White House press access to journalists from the mentioned media institutions. Notably, the court has declared that the ban is ‘likely unconstitutional’. The case is proceeding.
The mass media of the most vibrant democracies of the West ought to be no strangers to such inspirational acts of solidarity and exemplifications of independence but there are lessons here for the democracies of the South that could stand them in good stead. Minus the right of a people to be informed, the rest of fundamental rights featuring in Southern Bills of Rights and legislation of the kind are bereft of substance and meaning.
It is informed decision-making on the part of a citizenry that makes for democratic vibrancy and on this score many a Southern democracy fails. While Southern publics generally demand of their governments continuous economic well being and substantive material benefits they are not equally desirous of being informed and knowledgeable.
This lacuna in the consciousness of many Southern publics enables their governments ‘to get off the hook’, so to speak and govern, or more often misgovern, their countries with impunity. Among other factors, this species of mass ignorance makes it possible for governments to dismantle democracy and rule in perpetuity.
Accordingly, an educated and constantly informed public is an essential precondition for the flourishing of democracy and independent media are integral to this process. Minus an independent mass media sector that meets the knowledge needs of the people responsibly, democracy is as good as dead.
Needless to say, those sections of the US media that are currently taking the Trump administration to task over its media curbs are acutely aware of the cruciality of these fundamental knowledge requirements.
The hope of democratic opinion worldwide and locally is likely to be that media independence would thrive in the manner in which it is flourishing in the most vibrant and accountable democracies of the West.
Southern countries such as Sri Lanka that lay claim to democratic credentials, but are democracy-deficient in many ways, need to be particularly cognizant of these requirements. The publics of these countries need to go the extra mile to ensure the thriving of an independent but responsible mass media sector.
In fact it is veritably a matter of life and death. It is only an independent media sector that could, while ensuring the existence of an informed public, impress on the latter the need to protect and perpetuate its fundamental rights. In the absence of these campaigns, such publics could be eventually having on their hands governments that boast of ruling in perpetuity.
Taking a leaf from the sections of the US media referred to independent media organizations in Southern states need to act in solidarity as well. They would need to act on the basis of the principle that acts of victimization suffered by members in their fold at the hands of governments, for instance, are in fact inimical acts directed at their collectivity and which call for united remedial action. In short, no independent mass media institution could see itself as ‘an island’.
Besides some general guidance on the importance of media independence and solidarity, the message coming from the US with regard to media praxis is that power must be stood-up to unblinkingly. The mentioned sections of the US media are primarily in a struggle to ward off encroachments on their independence in the areas of policy and practice by the political executive, that is the President.
The latter would ride rough-shod over the media in the absence of robust opposition by the media itself to inimical executive action of this kind.
While media independence needs to be seen as crucial to democratic development, an obligation is cast on the media to ensure that it uses such independence responsibly and constructively.
The worst that could afflict a media sector is for it to fall prey to the clichetic ‘freedom of the wild ass’. In fact recurring irresponsibility on the part of the media could lend credence to the perception that a tightly regulated media is best for a country. It is a short step from this misguided view to the position that political authoritarianism is best for a state. That turn of events would be of course catastrophic for a democracy.
The issues discussed thus far point to the need for a broad discourse among Southern democracies in particular on what is best for them in this connection. Given the risks underscored earlier for Southern countries in particular a broad discussion on the matters at hand, which includes the public, emerges as a must for Sri Lanka. Besides, media solidarity within democratic countries and internationally is a must.
Features
What lessons can be learned to improve quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus
by Prof. M. W. Amarasiri de Silva
Following public controversy over an inappropriate web link found in an English study module, the Sri Lankan government formally deferred the full rollout of the Grade 6 curriculum reforms to January 2027. In the interim, state schools will maintain the existing syllabus, reverting to standard eight-period daily timetables and previous textbooks to ensure uninterrupted instruction. Prime Minister and Minister of Education Dr. Harini Amarasuriya emphasized that this temporary pause allows the Education Ministry to thoroughly review all instructional materials, fix editorial flaws, and conduct scientific impact assessments across pilot schools prior to nation-wide implementation.
To address the oversight, an expert committee evaluated the flawed materials, completed necessary amendments, and finalised discussions to resubmit corrected modules for printing. Beyond revising written texts, the Ministry established a broader preparation roadmap—allocating funds for extensive teacher training programs set to begin mid-year, alongside scheduled informational briefings for parents, teachers, and students. Prime Minister Amarasuriya reaffirmed that none of the valid first-term modules were completely discarded or scrapped, preserving state resources while systematically rebuilding public trust and strengthening quality assurance protocols.
In this respect, this article reviews the current grade 6 syllabus comparing it with similar syllabi of India and the USA, with a view to make recommendations for the upcoming grade 6 syllabus revision.
Architecture of nation’s future
Education is the quiet architecture of a nation’s future. It is the unseen scaffolding upon which generations build their character, their intellect, and their capacity to contribute meaningfully to society. In Sri Lanka, the Grade 6 syllabus occupies a particularly important place in this architecture. It is the bridge between primary learning and the more demanding intellectual terrain of secondary education. It is the moment when children begin to move from learning basic facts to understanding concepts, from memorising information to applying knowledge, and from passive reception to active engagement. Yet, despite its importance, the Grade 6 curriculum in Sri Lanka has long struggled with issues of breadth, depth, relevance, and pedagogy. As global education systems evolve, Sri Lanka must examine what lessons can be learned from international models—particularly India and the United States—to strengthen its own curriculum and prepare students for a rapidly changing world.
The first lesson Sri Lanka can learn is the value of conceptual clarity. India’s NCERT curriculum, especially in Mathematics and Science, is globally respected for its logical progression and conceptual depth. Indian students are introduced early to the idea that mathematics is not merely a set of procedures but a language of reasoning. They learn why a ratio works, not just how to compute one. They understand the structure of an equation, not merely the steps to solve it. In Science, they explore the properties of materials, the structure of plants, and the principles of motion with a clarity that encourages curiosity rather than rote memorisation.
Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus, while competency-based, often leans heavily toward content coverage. Students are expected to learn many topics, but the time allocated for each is limited, and the teaching culture often emphasizes memorisation over understanding. If Sri Lanka wishes to improve the quality of its syllabus, it must embrace the idea that fewer topics taught well are better than many topics taught superficially. Conceptual mastery builds confidence, and confidence builds lifelong learners.
Lesson from the US
A second lesson comes from the United States, where the curriculum is built around skills rather than content. American students in Grade 6 are expected to read complex texts, analyse arguments, write essays supported by evidence, conduct experiments, and engage in collaborative projects. The emphasis is not on how much they know but on what they can do with what they know. This skills-based approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and independence—qualities essential for success in the modern world.
Sri Lanka’s syllabus, by contrast, often rewards students for reproducing information rather than interpreting it. The exam culture reinforces this tendency, as students are assessed primarily through written tests that measure recall. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must integrate more opportunities for students to think, question, debate, and create. The classroom should become a space where students learn to solve problems, not just memorize solutions.
Another important lesson comes from the breadth of Sri Lanka’s own curriculum. One of the strengths of the Sri Lankan system is its inclusion of cultural and religious education. Subjects such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity provide moral grounding and cultural identity. Art, Music, Drama, and Health contribute to holistic development. These subjects remind students that education is not merely about academic achievement but about becoming a balanced human being. However, breadth without depth can become burdensome. Grade 6 students in Sri Lanka often juggle more than ten subjects, each with its own textbook, competencies, and assessments. This creates pressure not only for students but also for teachers, who must rush through content to meet syllabus requirements. The lesson here is not to reduce cultural subjects but to integrate them more meaningfully. Religious education can be taught through ethical discussions, community projects, and reflective writing. Art and Music can be connected to history, literature, and social studies. Health can be linked to science and physical education. Integration reduces overload while enriching learning.
Another lesson from India
India offers another valuable lesson in the form of standardised textbooks. NCERT books are used across the country, ensuring consistency in quality and content. They are written by subject experts, reviewed rigorously, and updated periodically. Sri Lanka’s textbooks, while generally well-structured, vary in quality and often lag behind modern pedagogical standards. Some are dense, text-heavy, and lacking in visual aids or real-world examples. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must invest in high-quality textbooks that are engaging, accessible, and aligned with contemporary educational research. Textbooks should not merely transmit information; they should inspire curiosity. They should include stories, diagrams, experiments, and activities that make learning enjoyable and meaningful.
The United States provides a lesson in inquiry-based science education. American students conduct experiments, build models, observe natural phenomena, and engage in engineering design challenges. They learn science not as a set of facts but as a process of discovery. Sri Lanka’s science curriculum includes experiments, but many schools lack the resources, laboratory facilities, or teacher training to implement them effectively. Improving the syllabus requires improving the ecosystem around it. Schools need laboratories, equipment, and teacher development programs that empower educators to teach science through inquiry. A syllabus is only as strong as the environment in which it is taught. ***
International models
Another area where Sri Lanka can learn from international models is language education. In India, students often learn three languages—English, Hindi, and Sanskrit or Urdu. This heavy language load has its challenges, but it also produces students with strong linguistic skills. In the United States, English Language Arts emphasises reading complex texts, writing arguments, and analysing literature. Sri Lanka’s English curriculum, while improving, still struggles with uneven implementation across schools. Many students reach secondary school without adequate proficiency in English, limiting their access to global knowledge. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must strengthen English instruction through better teacher training, more reading opportunities, and a shift from grammar-heavy teaching to communication-focused learning. At the same time, Sinhala and Tamil instruction should be modernised to include creative writing, literature appreciation, and critical reading.
Social Studies is another area ripe for improvement. Sri Lanka’s curriculum includes History, Geography, and Civics, but the teaching often emphasises memorization of dates, definitions, and facts. India’s Social Science curriculum, while also content-heavy, provides clearer conceptual frameworks. The United States, however, excels in teaching civics and citizenship. American students learn how governments function, how laws are made, how communities solve problems, and how citizens participate in democracy. Sri Lanka can strengthen its Civics curriculum by incorporating more discussions on governance, rights, responsibilities, and community engagement. Students should learn not only the structure of government but also the values that sustain it—justice, equality, and participation.
One of the most important lessons Sri Lanka can learn is the value of reducing exam pressure. In both India and Sri Lanka, exams dominate the educational landscape. Students are judged primarily by their ability to perform on written tests. The United States, while not free from assessment challenges, uses a wider range of evaluation methods—projects, presentations, portfolios, and continuous assessment. These methods allow students to demonstrate learning in diverse ways. Sri Lanka should consider adopting a more balanced assessment system that values creativity, collaboration, and practical skills alongside academic knowledge.
Technology integration is another area where Sri Lanka can improve. The United States incorporates digital literacy, coding, online research, and digital citizenship into the curriculum. Sri Lanka’s ICT syllabus is well-structured, but implementation varies widely. Many schools lack computers, internet access, or trained ICT teachers. Improving the syllabus requires improving infrastructure. Students must learn to navigate the digital world safely and effectively. They must learn coding not as a luxury but as a basic skill. They must learn to evaluate online information critically, a skill essential in an era of misinformation.
Teacher training
Teacher training is perhaps the most critical lesson of all. A syllabus is only as effective as the teachers who deliver it. India invests heavily in teacher training through national programs, workshops, and online platforms. The United States emphasises professional development, peer collaboration, and instructional coaching. Sri Lanka must strengthen its teacher training programmes, ensuring that educators understand not only what to teach but how to teach it. Teachers should be trained in inquiry-based learning, differentiated instruction, formative assessment, and classroom management. They should be empowered to adapt the syllabus to the needs of their students rather than follow it mechanically.
Sri Lanka must learn the lesson of relevance. A syllabus must prepare students not only for exams but for life. It must teach them how to think, how to communicate, how to solve problems, and how to work with others. It must prepare them for a world where knowledge is abundant, but wisdom is scarce. It must help them navigate a future shaped by technology, globalisation, environmental challenges, and social change. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must ask: What kind of citizens do we want to produce? What kind of thinkers? What kind of leaders? The answers to these questions should shape the curriculum.
Lastly, improving the quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus requires learning from both international models and local strengths. From India, Sri Lanka can learn the value of conceptual clarity and standardised textbooks. From the United States, it can learn the importance of skills, inquiry, and creativity. From its own traditions, it can preserve cultural education, moral development, and holistic learning. The goal is not to copy another country’s system but to build a uniquely Sri Lankan curriculum that is modern, relevant, and empowering. A curriculum that honours the past while preparing students for the future. A curriculum that nurtures thinkers, creators, and compassionate citizens. A curriculum worthy of a nation with immense potential and a proud educational heritage. If Sri Lanka embraces these lessons, the Grade 6 syllabus can become not just a bridge to secondary education but a foundation for national progress.
Features
Three magical nights at Colombo Fashion Week
Melloney Dassanayaka is certainly a familiar name here, and abroad, as well, having represented Sri Lanka at the Miss Universe 2024 pageant, held in Mexico.
A former National Basketball player, she is also involved in several projects, beneficial to the community, including financial literacy for single women-headed families in the country.
A banker by profession, Melloney hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration.

Melloney with Asanka de Mel of Lovi Sri Lanka
This extremely talented old girl of Holy Family Convent, Bambalapitiya, was in the limelight, once more, when she was seen on the ramp at Colombo Fashion Week.
It was her very first experience, at this prestigious event, and she loved every minute of it, she said, and, what’s more, she was featured on three consecutive days.
According to the itinerary, on day 01 she walked for Lovi Sri Lanka; day 02 Rizwan Beyg (Pakistan designer), Arsath Furkhan (Indian designer), Haoyi Yan (Chinese designer) and Samant Chauhan (Indian designer); and on day 03 Vaishali Shandangule (Indian designer).
In today’s edition of The Island SceneAround, we spotlight Melloney, on the ramp, at Colombo Fashion Week.
Melloney will also participate at Miss Grand All Stars to be held later in the year, in Thailand, as Miss Universe Sri Lanka 2024.
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