By Rathindra Kuruwita

Over 50 percent of Sri Lankan exports to Thailand are gems, and Sri Lanka doesn’t face any trade barriers when exporting precious stones, Subhashini Abeysinghe, says Research Director at Verité Research.

Commenting on the recent free trade agreement between the two nations, she said in a recent television interview that Thailand imported around 300 billion U.S Dollars worth of goods each year, and Sri Lanka’s exports there amounted to about 100 million dollars.

“Thailand is one of the top sources for manufacturing and exporting jewellery. On the other hand, while Sri Lanka has a lot of gems, we are not a country that exports jewellery. We face no trade barrier in exporting gems to Thailand because they are an essential part of manufacturing jewellery,” she said.

Abeysinghe said the purpose of a free trade agreement (FTA) was to remove barriers to trade. She said that 30 percent of the types of goods Thailand already exports were not subjected to any tariffs.

“This means about 3,000 goods Thailand imports are already not taxed. These goods amount to 56 percent of total imports to Thailand. So, we already have duty-free access to over 150 billion dollars in the market, but we export miniscule amounts,” she said.

Abeysinghe said Sri Lanka had not been able to attract FDIs in manufacturing export-oriented products. Sri Lankan policymakers believed that the country would be able to attract such FDIs, if investors saw that Sri Lanka could export goods to many destinations without tariffs.

There was speculation that once the FTA with Thailand was signed, Sri Lanka would be able to attract Thai tourists, especially Buddhist tourists, she said, adding that Sri Lanka had the potential to develop Buddhist tourism.

“However, Thai tourists already have access to on-arrival visa facilities. Given that, I am not sure whether we can attract Thai tourists through an FTA. We can make things easier for tourists by changing the laws and regulations in the country. We don’t need an FTA for that,” she said.

Abeysinghe said Sri Lanka had an FTA with Singapore, a country that already had very low trade barriers. However, Thailand had trade barriers. For example, Sri Lankan garments face a 25 percent tariff when they enter the Thai market, she said.

She said in all trade agreements there was a “negative list,” a list of items that were not subjected to tariffs. Here, both Sri Lanka and Thailand have not relaxed duty on about 15 percent of imports.

“When we look at the FTA with Thailand, both sides have relaxed about 50 percent of the items that are traded. This is also divided into two categories, i.e., goods that are already not subjected to trade barriers and newly relaxed items. As we said earlier, already 30 percent of our exports are not subjected to barriers in Thailand. So, Thailand has only relaxed trade barriers on 20 percent of our exports. On the other hand, only 18 percent of Thai exports are bereft of trade barriers in Sri Lanka now. Here, we must contrast this agreement with the FTAs with India and Pakistan. We speak only about customs duties in the FTAs with India and Pakistan. However, with regard to FTAs with both Singapore and Thailand, we speak about all import duties,” Abysinghe said.

There is a 20 percent customs duty when one imports goods to Sri Lanka. Moreover, there is also a 10 percent Ports and Airports Levy (PAL) and sometimes a 40 percent cess. Thus, the total tax is about 70 percent, she said.

 “So, we have agreed to remove all 70 percent, not only customs duties,” she said.

When one looked at the FTA with Thailand, one could say Sri Lanka can export 5,000 items without any barriers, Abeysinghe said, adding that people tended to confuse product coverage and trade coverage.

“There are a lot of items here, but Sri Lanka produced very little. When we look at our export profile, 100 goods account for 80 percent of our exports. We have to see how many of these 100 items have been allowed into Thailand. When we look at the FTA, Thais have lifted barriers only on about 25 percent of those goods,” she said.

Abeysinghe said Thailand produced a large array of goods, and about 49 percent of their trade was covered by the FTA. The problem here was that, compared to Thailand, Sri Lanka did not produce diverse products at a competitive rate, she said.

“This is our Achilles’ heel. I am not sure whether the signing of an FTA will be a solution for this,” he said.

Abeysinghe said Sri Lanka was still heavily dependent on Western markets for its exports and relied on a few items like garments, tea, coconut and rubber.

“The fact that we have not been able to shift to Asian markets and most of our major exports are agricultural goods is a problem. ASEAN countries, on the other hand, are linked to global supply chains. Unlike them, electronics, machinery and components make up less than five percent of our exports. Thais import a lot of such goods. But they hardly import any garments. There is a big mismatch here,” she said.