Features
Challenges faced by Arts and Humanities Graduates in University System of Sri Lanka
By M. W. Amarasiri de Silva.
(Emeritus Professor, University of Peradeniya and Adjunct Professor,
University of Pittsburgh, and Lecturer, UCSC, USA)
In the university system of Sri Lanka, the Arts and Humanities faculties have a significant presence, comprising the largest student population, surpassing 25% of the total annual intake. However, despite their substantial representation, Arts and Humanities graduates encounter substantial challenges in terms of employability. A staggering 75% of these graduates find themselves unemployed immediately after completing their education. This issue has led to the formation of trade unions specifically catering to the concerns of unemployed Arts and Humanities graduates, which have attracted a sizeable membership.
Arts and Humanities faculties within the Sri Lankan university system have emerged as the largest academic disciplines in terms of student enrolment. This dominance can be attributed to various factors, including historical significance, cultural values, and personal preferences among students.
In the school system, students who sit the GCE A/L examination and those who qualify for university entrance are largely arts and humanities students and mainly female students. The large number of arts and humanities students are coming from rural areas as most rural schools lack facilities for science education.
The arts and humanities graduates are considered not fit for employment in the private sector which value English language and IT skills for employment. The mismatch between the skills acquired during their education and the demands of the job market contributes to this issue. Many Arts and Humanities programmes tend to focus on theoretical and conceptual knowledge, often lacking practical skills and vocational training.
The downfall of the arts and humanities faculties reflects the downfall of the university system. Insufficient funding has been a factor throughout the decades that hindered development of the university system. Minimal facilities for the students, and teaching staff is due to the restrictions on funding provided for the universities. Currently, only 1.9 % of GDP is allocated to higher education in Sri Lanka (World Bank), whereas in India it is.2.9% in 2023. The % of GDP expenditure on education in the world was 14% in 2017 and 12.6% in 2020 (UNESCO Institute for Statistics).
Sri Lanka has tied itself to the United Nations 2030 agenda for SD with the 17 SDGs. The fourth goal of SDGs, “Quality Education” aims to impart inclusive high-quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all by the year 2030. The vision of the Ministry of higher Education is Sri Lanka to be an international Centre of Excellence on Higher Education, with 10 laudable objectives including increasing student intake, making employable graduates.
The world ranking of Sri Lankan universities has deplorably declined. World university ranking of the Colombo University is 2172 and University of Peradeniya is 2249 (Website Department of Education). The world ranking of universities is typically done through a complex process that involves the evaluation of various factors and criteria. One of the most well-known university rankings is the QS World University Rankings, which provides insights into the performance of universities globally.
Generally, ranking organisations gather a wide range of data from universities. This data can include information about academic reputation, faculty qualifications, research output, student-to-faculty ratio, international diversity, citations per faculty, employer reputation, teaching quality, and more. Research output takes a prominent place. The quantity and impact of research publications are assessed. Metrics like citations per faculty member or per paper are used to measure the influence of a university’s research.
Some rankings consider a university’s ability to transfer knowledge and technology to the commercial sector through patents, licenses, and spin-off companies. Once data is collected, a weighted scoring system is often applied to assign numerical values to each criterion. The universities are then ranked based on their total scores. The number of international students and faculty, as well as collaborations with international institutions, are assessed to determine the global reach and impact of a university.
Suggestions to Improve Higher education in Sri Lanka
1.Vice chancellors in the universities should be appointed based on their administrative skills and other qualifications, and the application should be open to all. The system of selecting VCs from within the universities should be withheld. This way, qualified people can be attracted to hold VC positions, which is imperative for running the universities.
2.The transformation and evolution of higher education have become crucial in a globalised world, where universities need to adapt to emerging trends and demands, which are seen as essentials for economic development. One key strategy to foster academic growth and internationalisation is by granting universities greater independence. This can facilitate the forging of global connections, programme linkages with foreign institutions, and the removal of legal barriers to foreign collaboration. Universities should be made independent so that they can forge connections, link programmes with foreign universities. The legal barriers to such collaboration should be avoided.
3.Legal barriers often act as impediments to international collaborations for universities in Sri Lanka. By removing or minimising these barriers, universities can more effectively participate in collaborative research endeavours, facilitate faculty exchanges, and promote student mobility programmes with their foreign counterparts.
Over-reliance on government funding can curtail a university’s potential, underscoring the necessity of diversifying income streams. By securing a portion of their revenue from research grants, universities can channel resources into pioneering research, infrastructure development, and academic initiatives, fostering growth and spurring innovation.
Introducing incentives for professors who successfully secure research grants serve to enhance motivation and stimulate scholarly pursuits. In cases where a professor secures a research grant, a corresponding percentage of the grant should be added to their salary as a motivating factor. Notably, numerous universities in the USA have witnessed professors boosting their salaries by up to 40% through the acquisition of research grants. A percentage of the grant could be integrated into a professor’s salary, acknowledging their role in advancing knowledge and nurturing a research-driven culture.
4.Faculty Recruitment should be transparent. Many Sri Lankan Universities prefer to hire their own graduates, which is not nice. Open applications for faculty positions ensure that the university attracts the most qualified and diverse candidates, both internally and externally. This practice enhances academic rigor and brings fresh perspectives to the institution. Faculty positions should be filled after calling for open applications, so that qualified people outside the university community can apply for the positions.
This way more qualified academics can be attracted. Foreign nationals should also be allowed to apply for academic positions in the universities. Also, foreign scholars of repute should be given sabbatical positions in the departments to teach courses and do research.
5.The faculty promotion scheme’s point system requires a revision to prioritise research and publications better. Although the current promotion criteria commendably assign higher scores for faculty-published books, there exists a notable absence of a robust monitoring and evaluation mechanism. Instances abound where applicants hastily produce a book, printing a limited quantity—around 25 copies, for example—solely to secure 15 points for promotion consideration.
Such individually generated works often bypass evaluation committees composed of subject matter experts in the respective field. To address this, I propose the establishment of discipline-specific committees consisting of seasoned faculty members within the corresponding subject areas. Their role would involve reviewing book proposals before publication, ensuring that only approved proposals proceed to the publishing phase. Furthermore, the university grants commission should allocate research and book publishing grants to faculty members to facilitate the creation of textbooks and research publications in book format.
6.The prevailing trend within the university system is to allocate less time for senior faculty towards teaching, in contrast to junior faculty members who handle a significant teaching workload across multiple courses. These junior faculty members function as teachers and tutors, dedicating approximately 5-7 hours daily to these tasks. However, this system is flawed in several respects. To begin with, the senior staff members, who possess a greater depth of knowledge and experience, should ideally be better equipped to deliver courses of higher quality than their junior counterparts.
Secondly, the current teaching approach displays a marked imbalance, disproportionately favouring the junior faculty. This disparity ought to be rectified. There should be a move towards a more equitable distribution of the teaching workload, ensuring fairness among faculty members.
7.University housing facilities should be improved / set up for foreign nationals to stay, as they bring foreign exchange. Many universities in Europe and the USA have study programs in identified developing countries, as they feel that the students in such universities should get foreign exposure in developing country settings. The program should be given a prominent place in the university system with hostel and housing facilities for foreign nationals. These programs foster cross-cultural understanding.
When I was the head of sociology, a Danish university wanted to send their anthropology/sociology students comprising 30 persons for one semester to get fieldwork exposure in the war-torn areas of Sri Lanka. They were prepared to pay a tuition of $1500 a month per student.
Once the contract is signed, they agreed to send batches of students for training in fieldwork every year. This facility if it happened would have provided $45,000 or Sri Lanka rupees 14,482,350 every year. One of the important requirements was good hostel facilities with air conditioning and good bathroom facilities. As Peradeniya did not have those facilities, we lost that opportunity.
8.Introducing a community studies program, specifically within the sociology and anthropology programs at universities in Sri Lanka, entails engaging arts and humanities students in an exploration of the challenges faced by rural communities. This initiative involves a participatory approach that actively involves the communities themselves. By doing so, the program can leverage the distinct perspectives and innovative solutions the village residents possess concerning their issues. In the United States, universities have established enduring Community Studies programmes within their arts and humanities departments.
These programes adopt a social justice perspective and concentrate on addressing societal problems by integrating classroom learning and extensive field studies. Enrolled students collaborate closely with both non-governmental and governmental organisations, actively contributing to resolving community-centric issues.
Consequently, these initiatives have effectively addressed the identified challenges and generated employment avenues for graduates in social sciences. By embracing a similar strategy in Sri Lanka, the proposed community studies programme has the potential to cultivate a more comprehensive and solution-driven approach to prevailing societal predicaments. This approach would prove advantageous for the students and the communities they engage with, promoting mutual growth and development.
9.Introduction of a Programme to Engage High School Students in GCE A/L Classes with Hands-On University Experience: In an endeavour to foster a stronger connection between high school students enrolled in GCE A/L classes and the university environment, a pioneering initiative need to be introduced. Drawing inspiration from the acclaimed Science Internship Program (SIP) at UCSC in the USA, this endeavour aims to not only entice students but also bridge the educational representation gap within society.
The SIP, a dynamic science internship programme, serves as a model for attracting students from less represented segments of society to pursue higher education. This program extends an invitation to high school students, encouraging them to partake in a comprehensive 10-week programme facilitated by esteemed professors and subject specialists. The core focus lies in imparting research skills, ultimately guiding participants to undertake research projects.
These research projects, nurtured under the guidance of seasoned experts, culminate in a noteworthy conference presentation. Impressively, some students seize this opportunity to showcase their talents, yielding exceptional projects that have the potential to result in publishable papers. These papers often find their way into student journals or esteemed academic publications.
This initiative is not solely about nurturing academic growth; it’s about nurturing the spark of curiosity and igniting the flame of interest in university-level education and research. By immersing themselves in a hands-on university experience, these high school students not only gain a taste of the academic realm but also cultivate a genuine interest in furthering their education within a university setting.
This innovative programme envisions a future where the minds of school students are captivated by the allure of university education and the world of research. Through internships that stimulate their academic potential, these students gradually develop a profound inclination to pursue higher education and contribute to the realms of research and academia. The UGC ought to earmark funds for a SIP or STEM + Arts and Humanities programme with comparable characteristics, encompassing all universities in Sri Lanka, to rekindle the widespread enthusiasm for university education.
10. It is a widely recognised reality that students hailing from rural areas often encounter educational setbacks. The disparity in educational opportunities between rural and urban regions can be largely attributed to the absence of high-quality schools and competent teachers in rural locales. There exists a prevailing inclination among teachers to seek employment in urban settings. Addressing this issue necessitates a multifaceted approach, encompassing both the enhancement of rural schools and the comprehensive training of educators through teacher’s colleges strategically established in rural areas.
Furthermore, alongside these endeavours, it is imperative to identify promising students from rural backgrounds and offer them support by enrolling them in well-established schools. This support could be extended through a bursary programme akin to the Mahapola programme, which caters to the needs of rural students. This multifaceted approach is instrumental in not only narrowing the educational gap between rural and urban areas but also providing deserving students with the opportunities they rightfully deserve.I trust that both the Minister of Higher Education and the Minister of Education (schools) will attentively consider the recommendations presented in this article.
Features
Cricket and the National Interest
The appointment of former minister Eran Wickremaratne to chair the Sri Lanka Cricket Transformation Committee is significant for more than the future of cricket. It signals a possible shift in the culture of governance even as it offers Sri Lankan cricket a fighting possibility to get out of the doldrums of failure. There have been glorious patches for the national cricket team since the epochal 1996 World Cup triumph. But these patches of brightness have been few and far between and virtually non-existent over the past decade. At the centre of this disaster has been the failures of governance within Sri Lanka Cricket which are not unlike the larger failures of governance within the country itself. The appointment of a new reform oriented committee therefore carries significance beyond cricket. It reflects the wider challenge facing the country which is to restore trust in public institutions for better management.
The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne brings a professional administrator with a proven track record into the cricket arena. He has several strengths that many of his immediate predecessors lacked. Before the ascent of the present government leadership to positions of power, Eran Wickremaratne was among the handful of government ministers who did not have allegations of corruption attached to their names. His reputation for financial professionalism and integrity has remained intact over many years in public life. With him in the Cricket Transformation Committee are also respected former cricketers Kumar Sangakkara, Roshan Mahanama and Sidath Wettimuny together with professionals from legal and business backgrounds. They have been tasked with introducing structural reforms and improving transparency and accountability within cricket administration.
A second reason for this appointment to be significant is that this is possibly the first occasion on which the NPP government has reached out to someone associated with the opposition to obtain assistance in an area of national importance. The commitment to bipartisanship has been a constant demand from politically non-partisan civic groups and political analysts. They have voiced the opinion that the government needs to be more inclusive in its choice of appointments to decision making authorities. The NPP government’s practice so far has largely been to limit appointments to those within the ruling party or those considered loyalists even at the cost of proven expertise. The government’s decision in this case therefore marks a potentially important departure.
National Interest
There are areas of public life where national interest should transcend party divisions and cricket, beloved of the people, is one of them. Sri Lanka cannot afford to continue treating every institution as an arena for political competition when institutions themselves are in crisis and public confidence has become fragile. It is therefore unfortunate that when the government has moved positively in the direction of drawing on expertise from outside its own ranks there should be a negative response from sections of the opposition. This is indicative of the absence of a culture of bipartisanship even on issues that concern the national interest. The SJB, of which the newly appointed cricket committee chairman was a member objected on the grounds that politicians should not hold positions in sports administration and asked him to resign from the party. There is a need to recognise the distinction between partisan political control and the temporary use of experienced administrators to carry out reform and institutional restructuring. In other countries those in politics often join academia and civil society on a temporary basis and vice versa.
More disturbing has been the insidious campaign carried out against the new cricket committee and its chairman on the grounds of religious affiliation. This is an unacceptable denial of the reality that Sri Lanka is a plural, multi ethnic and multi religious society. The interim committee reflects this diversity to a reasonable extent. The country’s long history of ethnic conflict should have taught all political actors the dangers of mobilising communal prejudice for short term political gain. Sri Lanka paid a very heavy price for decades of mistrust and division. It would be tragic if even cricket administration became another arena for communal suspicion and hostility. The present government represents an important departure from the sectarian rhetoric that was employed by previous governments. They have repeatedly pledged to protect the equal rights of all citizens and not permit discrimination or extremism in any form.
The recent international peace march in Sri Lanka led by the Venerable Bhikkhu Thich Paññākāra from Vietnam with its message of loving kindness and mindfulness to all resonated strongly with the masses of people as seen by the crowds who thronged the roadsides to obtain blessings and show respect. This message stands in contrast to the sectarian resentment manifested by those who seek to use the cricket appointments as a weapon to attack the government at the present time. The challenges before the Sri Lanka Cricket Transformation Committee parallel the larger challenges before the government in developing the national economy and respecting ethnic and religious diversity. Plugging the leaks and restoring systems will take time and effort. It cannot be done overnight and it cannot succeed without public patience and support.
New Recognition
There is also a need for realism. The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne and the new committee does not guarantee success. Reforming deeply flawed institutions is always difficult. Besides, Sri Lanka is a small country with a relatively small population compared to many other cricket playing nations. It is also a country still recovering from the economic breakdown of 2022 which pushed the majority of people into hardship and severely weakened public institutions. The country continues to face unprecedented challenges including the damage caused by Cyclone Ditwah and the wider global economic uncertainties linked to conflict in the Middle East. Under these difficult circumstances Sri Lanka has fewer resources than many larger countries to devote to both cricket and economic development.
When resources are scarce they cannot be wasted through corruption or incompetence. Drawing upon the strengths of all those who are competent for the tasks at hand regardless of party affiliation or ethnic or religious identity is necessary if improvement is to come sooner rather than later. The burden of rebuilding the country cannot rest only on the government. The crisis facing the country is too deep for any single party or government to solve alone. National recovery requires capable individuals from across society and from different sectors such as business and civil society to work together in areas where the national interest transcends party politics. There is also a responsibility on opposition political parties to support initiatives that are politically neutral and genuinely in the national interest. Not every issue needs to become a partisan battle.
Sri Lanka cricket occupies a special place in the national consciousness. At its best it once united the country and gave Sri Lankans a sense of pride and international recognition. Restoring integrity and professionalism to cricket administration can therefore become part of the larger task of national renewal. The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne and the new committee, while it does not guarantee success, is a sign that the political leadership and people of the country may be beginning to mature in their approach to governance. In recognising the need for competence, integrity and bipartisan cooperation and extending it beyond cricket into other areas of national life, Sri Lanka may find the way towards more stable and successful governance..
by Jehan Perera
Features
From Dhaka to Sri Lanka, three wheels that drive our economies
Court vacation this year came with an unexpected lesson, not from a courtroom but from the streets of Dhaka — a city that moves, quite literally, on three wheels.
Above the traffic, a modern metro line glides past concrete pillars and crowded rooftops. It is efficient, clean and frequently cited as a symbol of progress in Bangladesh. For a visitor from Sri Lanka, it inevitably brings to mind our own abandoned light rail plans — a project debated, politicised and ultimately set aside.
But Dhaka’s real story is not in the air. It is on the ground.
Beneath the elevated tracks, the streets belong to three-wheelers. Known locally as CNGs, they cluster at junctions, line the edges of markets and pour into narrow roads that larger vehicles avoid. Even with a functioning rail system, these three-wheelers remain the city’s most dependable form of everyday transport.
Within hours of arriving, their importance becomes obvious. The train may take you across the city, but the journey does not end there. The last mile — often the most complicated part — belongs entirely to the three-wheeler. It is the vehicle that gets you home, to a meeting or simply through streets that no bus route properly serves.
There is a rhythm to using them. A destination is mentioned, a price is suggested and a brief negotiation follows. Then the ride begins, edging into traffic that feels permanently compressed. Drivers move with instinct, adjusting routes and squeezing through gaps with a confidence built over years.
It is not polished. But it works.
And that is where the comparison with Sri Lanka becomes less about what we lack and more about what we already have.
Back home, the three-wheeler has long been part of daily life — so familiar that it is often discussed only in terms of its problems. There are frequent complaints about fares, refusals or the absence of meters. More recently, the industry itself has become entangled in politics — from fuel subsidies to regulatory debates, from election-time promises to periodic crackdowns.
In that process, the conversation has shifted. The three-wheeler is often treated as a problem to be managed, rather than a service to be strengthened.
Yet, seen through the experience of Dhaka, Sri Lanka’s system begins to look far more settled — and, in many ways, ahead.
There is a growing structure in place. Meters, while not perfect, are widely recognised. Ride-hailing apps have added transparency and reduced uncertainty for passengers. There are clearer expectations on both sides — driver and commuter alike. Even small details, such as designated parking areas in parts of Colombo or the increasing standard of vehicles, point to an industry slowly moving towards professionalism.
Just as importantly, there is a human element that remains intact.
In Sri Lanka, a three-wheeler ride is rarely just a transaction. Drivers talk. They offer directions, comment on the day’s news, or share local knowledge. The ride becomes part of the social fabric, not just a means of getting from one point to another.
In Dhaka, the scale of the city leaves less room for that. The interaction is quicker, more direct, shaped by urgency. The service is essential, but it is under constant pressure.
What stands out, across both countries, is that the three-wheeler is not a temporary or outdated mode of transport. It is a necessity in dense, fast-growing Asian cities — one that fills gaps no rail or bus system can fully address.
Large infrastructure projects, like light rail, are important. They bring efficiency and long-term capacity. But they cannot replace the flexibility of a three-wheeler. They cannot reach into narrow streets, respond instantly to demand or provide that crucial last-mile connection.
That is why, even in a city that has invested heavily in modern rail, Dhaka still runs on three wheels.
For Sri Lanka, the lesson is not simply about what could have been built, but about what should be better managed and valued.
The three-wheeler industry does not need to be politicised at every turn. It needs steady regulation — clear fare systems, proper licensing, safety standards — alongside encouragement and recognition. It needs to be seen as part of the solution to urban transport, not as a side issue.
Because for thousands of drivers, it is a livelihood. And for millions of passengers, it is the most immediate and reliable form of mobility.
The tuk-tuk may not feature in grand policy speeches or infrastructure blueprints. It does not run on elevated tracks or attract international attention. But on the ground, where daily life unfolds, it continues to do what larger systems often struggle to do — show up, adapt and keep moving.
And after watching Dhaka’s streets — crowded, relentless, yet functioning — that small, three-wheeled vehicle feels less like something to argue over and more like something to get right.
(The writer is an Attorney-at-Law with over a decade of experience specialising in civil law, a former Board Member of the Office of Missing Persons and a former Legal Director of the Central Cultural Fund. He holds an LLM in International Business Law)
by Sampath Perera recently in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Features
Dubai scene … opening up
According to reports coming my way, the entertainment scene, in Dubai, is very much opening up, and buzzing again!
After a quieter few months, May is packed with entertainment and the whole scene, they say, is shifting back into full swing.
The Seven Notes band, made up of Sri Lankans, based in Dubai, are back in the spotlight, after a short hiatus, due to the ongoing Middle East problems.
On 18th April they did Legends Night at Mercure Hotel Dubai Barsha Heights; on Thursday, 9th May, they will be at the Sports Bar of the Mercure Hotel for 70s/80s Retro Night; on 6th June, they will be at Al Jadaf Dubai to provide the music for Sandun Perera live in concert … and with more dates to follow.
These events are expected to showcase the band’s evolving sound, tighter stage coordination, and stronger audience engagement.
With each performance, the band aims to refine its identity and build a loyal following within Dubai’s vibrant nightlife and event scene.

Pasindu Umayanga: The group’s new vocalist
What makes Seven Notes standout is their versatility which has made the band a dynamic and promising act.
With a growing performance calendar, new talent integration, and international ambitions, the band is definitely entering a defining phase of its journey.
Dubai’s music industry, I’m told, thrives on diversity, energy, and audience connection, with live bands playing a crucial role in elevating events—from corporate shows to private concerts. Against this backdrop, Seven Notes is positioning itself not just as another band, but as a performance-driven musical unit focused on consistency and growth.
Adding fresh momentum to the group is Pasindu Umayanga who joins Seven Notes as their new vocalist. This move signals a strategic upgrade—not just filling a role, but strengthening the band’s front-line presence.
Looking beyond local stages, Seven Notes is preparing for an international tour, to Korea, in July.

Bassist Niluk Uswaththa: Spokesperson for Seven Notes
According to bassist Niluk Uswaththa, taking a band abroad means: Your sound must hold up against unfamiliar audiences, your performance must translate beyond language, and your discipline must be at a professional level.
“If executed well, this tour could redefine Seven Notes from a local band into an emerging international act,” added Niluk.
He went on to say that Dubai is not an easy market. It’s saturated with highly experienced, multi-genre bands that can adapt instantly to any crowd.
“To stand out consistently you need to have tight rehearsal discipline, unique sound identity (not just covers), strong stage chemistry, audience retention – not just applause.”
No doubt, Seven Notes is entering a critical growth phase—new member, multiple shows, and an international tour on the horizon. The opportunity is real, but so is the pressure.
However, there is talk that Seven Notes will soon be a recognised name in the regional music scene.
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