Business
Bangladesh – Sri Lanka Preferential Trade Agreement: Gains and policy challenges

By Asanka Wijesinghe and Chathurrdhika Yogarajah
0espite enhanced trade partnerships in South Asia, intra-regional trade is far from reaching its theoretical potential. Similar production patterns and competitive sectors can be the causes. However, bilateral discussions to further lower trade costs continue. The ongoing Bangladesh-Sri Lanka discussions on a preferential trade agreement (PTA) will benefit from knowing the potential gains from reducing bilateral trade costs. In addition, knowledge of products with higher potential for export gains will help optimise the economic benefits from a trade deal.
Bangladesh – Sri Lanka Trade:
The Current Status
In 2018, when discussions on a PTA began to firm up, Sri Lanka’s exports to Bangladesh were USD 133 million, while imports from Bangladesh were USD 37 million. Despite the low trade volume, Sri Lanka’s exports to Bangladesh have grown (Figure 1). In addition, Sri Lanka records a bilateral trade surplus with Bangladesh, which is encouraging given the country’s trade deficit concerns. However, weak growth of exports from Bangladesh to Sri Lanka can be seen from 2001 to 2016 (Figure 1).
The current trade deals between the two countries are still partially restrictive. Both countries keep a sensitive list of products that are not eligible for tariff cuts. Sri Lanka maintains a list of 925 products sanctioned by SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area) while Bangladesh keeps 993 products. Sri Lanka’s sensitive list covers USD 6.2 million or 23.8% of imports from Bangladesh. The sensitive list of Bangladesh covers USD 77.6 million or 62% of imports from Sri Lanka. Thus, the elimination of sensitive lists may benefit Sri Lanka more.
Figure 1: Trade Intensity between Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Source: Authors’ Illustration using Trademap Data.
Theoretically, bilateral alliances deepen trade by removing weaknesses in existing multilateral trade arrangements. A trade deal between Bangladesh and Sri Lanka can simplify trade regulations further. In addition, Bangladesh needs alternative preferential access as graduation from Least Developed Country (LDC) status will take away preferential access to its key markets. For Sri Lanka, increasing bilateral participation in production value chains, especially in the textiles sector, might be an economic motivation. Financial support extended by Bangladesh to manage Sri Lanka’s foreign currency pressures might be a political motivation for a trade deal.
Eliminating sensitive lists can lead to trade creation, although it may not happen due to political and economic reasons. When it comes to tariff cuts, both countries will act defensively as certain products in the sensitive lists are vital for employment and revenue generation. Thus, the success of a trade deal depends on how many products with high export potential are under its purview. In this direction, a group of products with specific characteristics can be identified as an offensive list. For example, Sri Lanka’s offensive list includes products that Bangladesh imports from anywhere in the world, produced by Sri Lanka with a capacity for expansion. Sri Lanka has a comparative advantage in exporting that good, and Bangladesh already has a tariff on the product.
Export Gains from Tariff Elimination
If tariffs on the sensitive lists are eliminated, there will be modest export gains for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in absolute terms. Sri Lanka will gain USD 24.7 to 49.7 million of exports to Bangladesh, while Bangladesh will gain USD 2.1 to 4.5 million of exports to Sri Lanka. Potential export gains are given in a range due to assumptions on elasticity values used in the partial equilibrium model. Elimination of sensitive lists will generate a higher tariff revenue loss to Bangladesh, ranging between USD 13.5 million to USD 19.1 million. By contrast, Sri Lanka’s revenue loss will be slight at USD 1.4 million to USD 1.9 million.
Whatever the arrangement, it is crucial to include the products with high export potential in the offensive lists (See Table 1 for the major products). Out of 39 products in Bangladesh’s offensive list, 21 are intermediate goods, while 18 are consumption goods. Similarly, 75 out of 115 products in Sri Lanka’s offensive list are intermediate goods. Tariff cuts on intermediate products may induce fragmented production between two countries, which would harness country-specific comparative advantages. Major intermediate goods in the offensive lists are dyed cotton fabrics, cartons, boxes, and cases, plain woven fabrics of cotton, denim, natural rubber, and smoked sheets of natural rubber (Table 1).
The ex-ante estimates predict modest gains for Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in absolute terms, even after completely removing the sensitive list. But complete removal is politically challenging for both countries. Moreover, Bangladesh as an LDC may expect special and differential (S&D) treatment. Thus, the outcome can be a limited PTA in line with weaknesses in existing trade agreements governing South Asian trade. The impact on trade of regional trade agreements in force is negative primarily due to stringent general regulatory measures, including rules of origin (ROO), sensitive lists, and prolonged phasing-in. Given that the estimated modest economic gains of a Bangladesh-Sri Lanka PTA do not justify a trade deal that requires substantial resources for negotiations,the PTA should have fewer regulatory measures and tariff concessions for the products on the offensive lists to maximise the economic benefits of a PTA between the two countries.
Link to the full Talking Economics blog: https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2022/01/20/bangladesh-sri-lanka-preferential-trade-agreement-gains-and-policy-challenges/
Asanka Wijesinghe is a Research Economist at IPS with research interests in macroeconomic policy, international trade, labour and health economics. He holds a BSc in Agricultural Technology and Management from the University of Peradeniya, an MS in Agribusiness and Applied Economics from North Dakota State University, and an MS and PhD in Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics from The Ohio State University. (Talk with Asanka – asanka@ips.lk)
Chathurrdhika Yogarajah is a Research Assistant at IPS with research interests in macroeconomics and trade policy. She holds a BSc (Hons) in Agricultural Technology and Management, specialised in Applied Economics and Business Management from the University of Peradeniya with First Class Honours. She is currently reading for her Master’s in Agricultural Economics at the Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, Peradeniya. (Talk with Chathurrdhika: chathurrdhika@ips.lk)
Business
Russell’s Tea partners with Sri Lanka’s indigenous community

Allocates 4% of global sales for their socio-economic empowerment
Sri Lankan tea exporter Russell’s Tea (Pvt) Ltd achieved a historic milestone by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to allocate 4% of its international sales revenue from ‘Russell’s Ceylon Ancestral Herbal Infusions’ toward the sustainable development of Sri Lanka’s indigenous community.
The company simultaneously launched five premium tea ranges—Ceylon Health and Wellness Teas, Ceylon Ancestral Herbal Infusions, Ceylon Fine Teas, Ceylon Organic Specialty Teas, and Ceylon Artisan Teas—to the global market, beginning with the UAE.
The MOU, formalizing the 4% revenue pledge, was signed by Russell’s Tea Director Jehan Perera and Vedda leader Uruwarige Wannila Aththo during a ceremony at Colombo’s Amari Hotel on Saturday. This agreement marks the first time the indigenous community will receive dollar-denominated compensation for sharing their ancestral knowledge of herbal remedies, which contributed to the development of Russell’s Ceylon Ancestral Herbal Infusions.
“Our R&D team drew significant inspiration from the Vedda community’s traditional wisdom on natural health benefits,” said Jehan Perera. “We believe it is our responsibility to reciprocate by supporting their socio-economic growth through this initiative.”
He added that the company plans to export the Community’s goods like wild honey in the future, further integrating the community into global markets.
Russell’s Tea has already secured partnerships with major UAE retailers, including the Lulu supermarket chain, with plans to expand across Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and Europe. All products, targeting luxury and tourism sectors, will be available in leading supermarkets by late June.
Celebrating its 38th anniversary, Russell’s Tea founder Russell Perera reflected on the company’s evolution: “From pioneering Sri Lanka’s corporate outdoor catering service to becoming a forex-earning exporter, this global launch symbolizes our commitment to innovation and national progress,” he said.
By Hiran Senewiratne
Business
Shyam takes helm at Sunshine Holdings as nephew succeeds uncle Vish in leadership transition

Under a Colombo sunset at the Taj Samudra, laughter, applause, and celebratory toasts recently marked the farewell of Vish Govindasamy, who stepped down from his executive role at Sunshine Holdings PLC after 28 years of transformative leadership.
The event, attended by business leaders, Sunshine’s senior team, and industry stakeholders, honoured his legacy as he transitioned to the Non-Executive Deputy Chairman role, while his nephew, Shyam Sathasivam, assumed the Group CEO position—a testament to the family bond steering this corporate evolution.
Sunshine Holdings announced that Govindasamy would continue in advisory capacity to ensure strategic continuity.
Govindasamy’s tenure which began in 1997 as CEO of Watawala Plantations, saw the Group expand into healthcare, consumer goods, renewable energy and dairy, while launching iconic brands such as Zesta, Watawala Tea, and Ran Kahata as well as Healthguard Pharmacy. Under his stewardship, Sunshine forged partnerships with global giants such as Wilmar and SBI Japan, earned recognition among Asia’s Best Workplaces, and championed social impact through the Sunshine Foundation for Good.
Shyam Sathasivam, Govindasamy’s nephew and successor, joined Sunshine in 2005 and has been integral to its recent growth. Having collaborated closely with his uncle for nearly two decades, Shyam emphasised his commitment to upholding the Group’s purpose-driven ethos: “Mr. Govindasamy nurtured a vision that blends business with heart. I am honored to build on this legacy, ensuring we continue to care for all stakeholders,” he stated at the farewell event.
During his address, Govindasamy observed attendees dispersed across the room and humorously underscored his attention to detail by remarking, “I kindly request everyone to assemble closer to the stage—such nuances catch my eye, a testament to my micro-management tendencies.” The lighthearted comment drew laughter while reflecting his reputed dedication to organizational precision.
Then shifting to the matter at hand and reflecting on his journey, Govindasamy acknowledged the Group’s resilience through Sri Lanka’s civil war and economic crises, expressing confidence in his nephew’s leadership: “Sunshine’s future is bright under Shyam. Our shared values and his forward-thinking approach will drive new heights,” he said.
The transition underscores a unique fusion of family trust and corporate strategy, positioning Sunshine Holdings for its next chapter.
By Sanath Nanayakkare
Business
Union Assurance is redefining financial literacy in Sri Lanka

‘Blog It Symposium’
The ‘Blog It Symposium’ hosted by Union Assurance on March 27 at the BMICH, had drawn writers, students and professionals alongside literary giants like Ashok Ferrey. The event was less a corporate gathering and more a cultural movement, symbolising a quiet revolution in Sri Lanka’s journey toward financial empowerment.
Financial literacy, often confined to jargon-filled pamphlets or intimidating technical writeups, has found an unexpected ally in storytelling with Union Assurance’s Blog It initiative, launched years prior, which recognises a universal truth: people connect with stories, not statistics. By inviting bloggers and writers to explore themes like life insurance, savings, and generational wealth through personal narratives, the initiative transforms complex concepts into relatable tales. A mother’s account of securing her child’s education amid economic uncertainty, a young entrepreneur’s journey from debt to stability, or a retiree’s challenges in the rest of his or her life were the seeds of stories that resonated deeply with the writers in the audience especially because they are writing for a society whose financial planning is often overshadowed by day-to-day struggles.
Ashok Ferrey, the keynote speaker asked the audience,” Why do we write? “We write,” he suggested, “to express ourselves in ways that evade the rigid pathways of ordinary consciousness.” Imagine, he said, slipping into a disguise to go to a fancy dress party; that lets you be someone else. Writing, in Ferrey’s vision, operates similarly—it is a costume party for the psyche. “When we write, we shed the constraints of our daylight selves. The keyboard or pen becomes a mirror that reflects not who we are, but who we might invent,” he said.
“These aren’t just blogs,” remarked Lal Medawattegedara, novelist and symposium panelist. “They’re survival guides written in the language of the people.”
Rather than lecturing, Union Assurance has created a platform for dialogue. Winning entries, published in newspapers and shared across social media, turns anonymous writers into local influencers. A gem merchant from Ratnapura, whose blog on gem buying and selling would go viral, encouraging young people in the area to follow suit. A Colombo college student’s poem about her family’s medical debt would inspire a community savings drive. “Financial literacy isn’t about telling people what to do,” said Union Assurance CMO Mahen Gunarathna. “It’s about giving them the tools to write their own futures.”
As the 2025 symposium concluded, the message was clear: financial literacy is not a solo journey but a shared narrative.
In a world where money talks, Union Assurance has mastered a profound lesson: sometimes, the most powerful currency is a story well told. Sri Lankans are not just learning about finances—they’re rewriting their financial destinies with the support of Union Assurance.
By Sanath Nanayakkare
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