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The Political Economy of Fiscal Policies and Regulations to Promote Healthy Diets in Sri Lanka

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Better Policies for Better Diets:

IPS Policy Insights

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have posed a critical health challenge for Sri Lanka for several decades. Estimated to account for 83 per cent of all deaths in Sri Lanka today, NCDs have serious health and economic consequences for both individuals and the country.1 In 2000 and 2010, the deaths that occurred due to NCDs were estimated as 74 and 76 per cent of the total deaths respectively.2 Unhealthy dietary patterns are one of the main behavioural causes for escalating NCD incidences.3 While 72.5 per cent of the Sri Lankan population eat less than five servings of fruit and/or vegetables on average per day4 only 26.9 per cent of the males and 28.0 per cent of the females consume five or more servings of fruits and/or vegetables per day.5 Further, 26.5 per cent of school children aged 13-17 years reported that they consumed a carbonated soft drink at least once per day.6 This shows how unhealthy dietary patterns are followed in Sri Lanka every day.

Political Economy and NCDs

Fiscal interventions are crucial to correct market failures, create incentives to reduce dietary risk factors for NCDs, and generate government revenue.7 Fiscal policies and regulations are implemented within complex country-specific systems. They are influenced by several contextual factors such as social norms and acceptances, stakeholders, their interests and influences, resource implications, equity and human rights, and feasibility. These factors are collectively recognised as the political economy. A country’s political economy greatly influences policy development, implementation, and realisation. A proper understanding of the political economy can help formulate better policies to meet the NCD challenge and create a healthy food environment.

Sri Lanka has introduced various measures including fiscal policies and regulations to promote healthy dietary patterns. The main objective of this policy brief is to highlight how the political economy of the food environment in the country influences the development of policies on healthy diets. The following findings are based on a political economy analysis conducted by the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS) as a part of the study on ‘Fiscal Policies and Regulations to Promote Healthy Diets in Sri Lanka’. The study examines the following aspects:

Policy framing – recognition of the main policy issue (underlying assumptions, perceptions, and concepts);

Policy contents – recognition of key policy elements; and Policy development – actors, stakeholders, and their interests.

The findings and recommendations are based on a review of policies introduced from the year 2000 onwards.

Key Findings

Policy Framing

Commendably NCDs, nutrition, and the food environment are recognised as important policy issues and framed well in the policy documents prepared by the health sector, mainly by the Ministry of Health.

Policy Contents

Healthy food consumption, production of healthy foods, social marketing and health promotion campaigns, nutrition labelling, nutrition education and retail sales of healthy food are the areas covered relatively well in the policy documents reviewed. However, many of the policy documents do not devote adequate attention to some crucial aspects such as funding sources, governance, gender sensitivity, and stakeholder identification. For example, the National Health Strategic Master Plan 2016-2025 Preventive Services Programme – Food Safety states, “The government of Sri Lanka will take over the responsibility in terms of finances and resource allocation to improve the food safety” as an assumption.8 But it does not either explain or present the financial sources and mechanisms to be used for this purpose. Likewise, in most policy documents, there is no explicit commitment to adopt fiscal measures to achieve the targets specified in those respective policies.

Policy Development

The Ministry of Health plays a central role in developing policies to reduce NCDs, promote healthy diets, and establish a safer food environment in Sri Lanka. Apart from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture has also demonstrated its interest in nutrition and the food environment. Production of healthy foods, marketing and trading, and nutrition education are some of the key areas covered in the policy documents of the agriculture sector. Other than these two ministries, other public sectors have not indicated any noticeable interest in NCDs, nutrition or the food environment.

Additionally, international development partners such as the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), World Food Programme (WFP), and the World Bank (WB) are important stakeholders playing a supportive role in upgrading the nutrition status and food environment and addressing NCDs-related issues.

Recommendations

Continue to focus on policy framing and cover crucial policy elements:

The recognition and attention given to NCDs, nutrition and the food environment are progressive steps that need continuation. This is particularly important given the current NCD burden in Sri Lanka and the increasing trend of NCD-related morbidities and mortalities. However, the review of the policy documents revealed the lack of comprehensive coverage of important policy elements where some of the crucial aspects like governance structures, funding sources, and gender sensitivity are not adequately addressed.

It is essential to comprehensively confer due recognition to all the crucial aspects to implement the policies effectively and to achieve desired outcomes. For example, identifying governance structures is important for the effective implementation of policies. It also indicates the country’s commitment and responsiveness in addressing the issues identified in the policies. Likewise, it is necessary to identify funding sources to implement the proposed actions. No matter how well developed a policy is, it will not achieve its intended impact if the resources to implement the policy are not available.

Proactively seek the active
participation of all stakeholders
in policy development:

The efforts of the health sector (i.e., Ministry of Health) to develop policies on NCDs, nutrition and the food environment are commendable. Yet, the lack of involvement and interest by other sectors is a huge deterrent to achieving the expected outcomes of policies aimed at promoting healthy diets in Sri Lanka. Currently, these issues are regarded as “health issues” and other sectors/ministries either do not adequately recognise or completely ignore these concerns when they formulate policies for their respective sectors. The food environment, nutrition and NCDs are complex and interconnected issues.

Thus, policies that intend to address these issues must take a more holistic approach actively involving all the parties concerned. Further, the involvement of the highest level of the government such as the National Nutrition Council chaired by the President is recommended to lead and coordinate these processes, thereby assuring the highest level of political will and commitment.

This policy insight was prepared by IPS researcher Sunimalee Madurawala (sunimalee@ips.lk) based on findings from a study on ‘Fiscal Policies and Regulations to Promote Healthy Diets in Sri Lanka’ funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. For more policy insights from IPS, visit: https://www.ips.lk/publications/policy-insights/.



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GS1 Lanka drives Sri Lanka’s shift to 2D barcodes

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GS1 Lanka marked its 10th Annual General Meeting with a focus on the next stage of product identification in Sri Lanka, as businesses prepare for the wider adoption of 2D barcodes and the growing demand for trusted product information.

Addressing the AGM, GS1 Lanka president Revan Fernando noted that GS1 has been giving Sri Lankan products a globally recognised identity for more than 30 years. He pointed to the shift from traditional barcodes to 2D barcodes as the next major step, particularly as consumers increasingly look beyond a product’s identity to information they can trust about its origin, ingredients, authenticity and use.

GS1 Sunrise 2027 is a global industry initiative aiming to transition retail checkout systems to read 2D barcodes such as QR codes and Data Matrix codes alongside traditional 1D UPC stripes by the end of 2027

Under its Sunrise 2027 initiative, GS1 Lanka is working with the retail and healthcare sectors to prepare businesses for the transition to 2D barcodes. Unlike a conventional barcode used at checkout, a GS1 QR code can also connect consumers to a wider range of product information and support traceability and product verification through GS1 standards.

Fernando also called on brands to get involved in the transition, noting that the change will require businesses to rethink how they use the limited space on product packaging and how they communicate with consumers. GS1 Lanka will also introduce a new retail information platform to help member brands provide richer product information and improve the presentation of their products to consumers.

GS1 Lanka CEO Alikie Perera said the organisation’s work is increasingly focused on helping Sri Lankan businesses keep pace with changes in global supply chains and consumer expectations. The next phase will place greater emphasis on 2D barcodes, GS1 Digital Link, traceability and digital product information, as businesses prepare for a more connected and information-rich marketplace.

At the local level, GS1 Lanka continued its awareness programmes for entrepreneurs, SMEs, manufacturers and exporters, covering product identification, barcode standards, traceability, supply chain efficiency and market access. The organisation has also seen growing adoption of GS1 Activate and Verified by GS1, with more than 5,500 member companies registered on the platforms and over 20,000 product records uploaded.

The AGM concluded with a recognition of the contribution of GS1 Lanka’s members, partners, Board and team, while setting the direction for the organisation’s continued work to bring global standards and new product identification technologies into wider use among Sri Lankan businesses.

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Sri Lanka must rethink plastics before waste crisis deepens, says OUSL Vice Chancellor

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Dignitaries at 3rd ICPIES

By Ifham Nizam

Sri Lanka’s plastic problem can no longer be treated simply as a waste-disposal issue, with the country facing mounting pressure on its coastal environment, fisheries, communities and public health, Vice Chancellor of The Open University of Sri Lanka Senior Professor P. M. C. Thilakerathne said.

The country must move beyond collecting and disposing of plastic waste and fundamentally rethink how plastics are designed, produced, consumed and recovered, Prof. Thilakerathne said, calling for a national shift towards a circular economy.

Addressing the 3rd International Conference on Plastics, Innovations and Environmental Sustainability, he said Sri Lanka’s experience, particularly the environmental fallout from the 2021 X-Press Pearl disaster, demonstrated why plastic pollution required urgent national attention.

The X-Press Pearl disaster resulted in large quantities of plastic pellets being released into Sri Lanka’s coastal waters, with impacts extending to marine biodiversity, fisheries and coastal livelihoods.

For an island nation whose economy and communities are closely connected to the sea, he said, plastic pollution could not be viewed as an environmental issue separate from national development.

” For Sri Lanka, these figures are not abstract,” Prof. Thilakerathne said, pointing to the global growth in plastic production and waste.

The world produces hundreds of millions of tonnes of plastics annually, while only a small proportion of plastic waste is recycled. A substantial amount ends up in landfills or is leaked, dumped or otherwise mismanaged.

The scale of the global problem has direct relevance to Sri Lanka, he said, because waste that is inadequately collected or managed can ultimately find its way into waterways and the ocean.

The Vice Chancellor said Sri Lanka therefore needed to strengthen not only waste collection and recycling but also the systems that determine what products enter the waste stream in the first place.

“Much of the waste problem is decided at the drawing board,” he said.

Products should be designed for reuse, recycling and disassembly, while businesses should be encouraged to adopt models based on refill, repair and reuse rather than continued dependence on single-use plastics.

He said Sri Lanka also had an opportunity to develop locally appropriate alternatives using renewable resources and agricultural residues.

The country’s coconut industry and other agricultural resources could support research into alternative materials, he said, but scientists must ensure that such substitutes were genuinely environmentally sustainable and did not simply shift the environmental burden elsewhere.

For Sri Lanka, the challenge is particularly important because plastic pollution intersects with several economic sectors.

Fishing communities depend directly on healthy marine ecosystems, while tourism depends heavily on the country’s beaches, coastal areas and natural environment.

Plastic pollution can therefore translate into economic and livelihood pressures in addition to its ecological consequences, Prof. Thilakerathne said.

He also warned that the problem extended beyond visible plastic waste.

Microplastics and nanoplastics have been detected in drinking water, food and air, while research into their potential effects on human health is continuing.

The longer-term public-health implications represented an important area for scientific research, he said.

Prof. Thilakerathne called for stronger cooperation between universities, government institutions, industry and local communities to develop solutions suited to Sri Lanka rather than relying solely on technologies or approaches developed elsewhere.

Universities, he said, had a responsibility to generate the evidence needed for national policy and to ensure that research reached the communities and industries expected to implement it.

This is where OUSL could make a particular contribution, given its nationwide network and large population of students, including working adults, teachers, professionals and learners from rural communities.

The university plans to strengthen environmental sustainability and circular-economy principles across its curriculum, expand professional education on waste management and sustainable materials, develop international research partnerships and improve sustainable practices within its own campuses and centres, he said.

Prof. Thilakerathne also called attention to the thousands of people who earn a living through informal waste collection and recycling.

Any national strategy, he said, must recognise the contribution of these workers and ensure that the transition towards a circular economy does not leave them economically vulnerable.

Sri Lanka has already introduced restrictions on a number of single-use plastic products, but the Vice Chancellor said regulations must be accompanied by enforcement, investment in recovery infrastructure, industry participation and changes in consumer behaviour.

At the international level, he said, Sri Lanka also needed to contribute actively to efforts to address plastic pollution, backed by credible national scientific research.

The global nature of the plastics trade and pollution meant that action by individual countries alone would not be sufficient.

The conference therefore provided an opportunity for Sri Lankan researchers to connect local environmental challenges with international research and technological developments, he said.

Addressing young researchers and students, Prof. Thilakerathne urged them to measure the value of their work not only by academic publications but also by its ability to produce practical change.

He encouraged researchers to work across disciplines, engage with policymakers and industry, and remain connected to communities affected by the problems they study.

“The most meaningful research is that which changes practice,” he said.

He said Sri Lanka’s plastic crisis ultimately required a change in the country’s approach to materials, consumption and waste.

“Our task is not to abandon the material that shaped the modern world but to make it compatible with the sustainable one,” Prof. Thilakerathne said.

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The internationally acclaimed play ‘Every Brilliant Thing’ comes to Sri Lanka

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Theruni Indrapala

Prepare for a theatrical experience that brings people together and celebrates life. The Peterite Arts Foundation, in proud association with World Vision Lanka, announces the showing of an amateur production arranged with Casarotto Ramsay & Associates Ltd. Every Brilliant Thing, the acclaimed solo play by Duncan Macmillan and Jonny Donahoe. Directed by Theruni Indrapala, the play’s lead is played by former Peterite Mario de Soyza. This uplifting, interactive production will run at Kamatha Studio, BMICH, Colombo, from 05 to 08 November 2026.

Every Brilliant Thing tells a deeply moving yet joyful story. At seven, the narrator begins listing everything worth living for, from ‘ice cream’ and ‘things with stripes’ to ‘rollercoasters’, hoping to help his mother through depression. Over time, the list grows to more than a million entries and becomes a lifelong source of comfort for the narrator.

What began as a short monologue in 2006 has grown into a global phenomenon, performed in more than 80 countries across five continents. Its hopeful message has reached audiences in extraordinary settings, including aboard the USS George H.W. Bush aircraft carrier. The play has also been translated into 44 languages, including Arabic and Greek, with a special Chinese adaptation titled Every Brilliant Little Thing.

The play’s need for emotional intelligence, openness and a strong connection with the audience attracted a distinguished line-up of performers. Following a successful West End run featuring Sue Perkins and Minnie Driver, the play made its Broadway debut at the Hudson Theatre, where it ran from 21 February to 9 August 2026. Tony Award winner Daniel Radcliffe opened the Broadway production, receiving critical acclaim and a Tony nomination for Best Lead Actor in a Play. Law & Order: SVU icon Mariska Hargitay then made her official Broadway debut in the role, followed by Golden Globe winner Tracee Ellis Ross, who closed the run.

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