Business
The background to the International Sovereign Bond (ISB) settlement of USD 500 million on January 18, 2022
P.H.O. Chandrawansa, Former Controller of Exchange
The International Sovereign Bond settlement of USD 500 million on January 18, 2022, was routine and Parliament-approved budgeted debt repayment out of a total of approximately USD 7,100 million forex debt-servicing payments and Rs.3,000 billion local debt-servicing payments that were maturing in 2022.
According to published information, that amount of USD 500 million accounted for about 7% of the Government of Sri Lanka (Government) forex debt-servicing and about 2.3% of the total debt-servicing in 2022.
As per Section 113 of the Monetary Law Act, the Central Bank of Sri Lanka via its Public Debt Department (PDD) manages the public debt as the Agent of the Government. It is therefore the responsibility of the Government, and not the CBSL to borrow and to repay the Government Debt.
As the Agent, the Central Bank has to act on the direction and instructions of the Government in relation to public debt management and cannot unilaterally decide to pay or not to pay any debt of the Government. Further, it is the Government that makes funds available for local and foreign debt-servicing from the funds which have been specifically appropriated by Parliament for that purpose.
If, therefore for any reason, the Government were to decide to default on its debt repayments, that would have to be a decision of the Government. If the Government so decides, the Government, through the Ministry of Finance (MOF) must instruct the Central Bank not to re-pay any or all of the Government’s debts. Further, if such a far-reaching and vital decision were to be taken, it will obviously have to be the Government that would have to take the responsibility for the repercussions that would follow such a default as well.
The above position is clearly confirmed by the fact that it was the MOF that announced the new “Interim External Public Debt Servicing Policy” on April 12. 2022. Through the enunciation of that new policy, all forex debt repayments due to be settled by the Government up to that day, were to be stopped immediately, and restructured eventually. That announcement, inter alia, stated: “It shall therefore be the policy of the Sri Lankan Government to suspend normal debt servicing of All Affected debts (as defined below), for an interim period pending an orderly and consensual restructuring of those obligations in a manner consistent with an economic adjustment program supported by the IMF. The policy of the Government as discussed in this memorandum shall apply to amounts of Affected Debts outstanding on April 12, 2022. New credit facilities, and any amounts disbursed under existing credit facilities, after that date are not subject to this policy and shall be serviced normally”. The entire MOF statement is reported by Daily FT at : https://www.ft.lk/top-story/Sri-Lanka-declares-bankruptcy/26-733409
It should therefore be clear that until the above decision to default with effect from April 12, 2022 was taken by the Government, it was the bounden duty and responsibility of the Borrower (i.e, the Government) and its Agent (i.e, the Central Bank) to take all steps to honour the repayments of all Government debts falling due upto that date.
In addition, Finance Minister Basil Rajapaksa had also specifically given a clear re-assurance in Parliament about the repayment of the ISBs when winding up the Budget debate on December 10, 2021 (as reported in the Hansard page 2830) as follows: Translation: “Frankly, we facing a massive economic crisis. We are facing a foreign reserves crisis as well. However, as the Finance Minister, with the permission of the President and the Prime Minister, I must very solemnly confirm in this august assembly that we would pay every dollar that is due to be paid next year. I give that assurance with responsibility. First, we have to pay 500 million dollars in January. Next, we have to pay 1000 million dollars in July. In between, we have to pay other interest and capital repayments in our debt servicing. I hereby confirm to this august assembly that we will pay all that. We have a plan to do that. We will implement that plan”.
As is well known, when sovereign forex loans are not repaid, the credibility of the country will be lost. The country’s international credit rating will be slashed. Foreign direct investments and forex loans will be delayed. The country will probably lose access to international capital markets for many years. Local Banks will find it difficult to open letters of credit and carry out forex transactions. Forex funding of local banks will be curtailed by international lenders. Most forex-funded infrastructure projects will stop. Certain forex creditors will file legal action to recover their dues and the Government will incur huge litigation costs.
Some creditors may call for the re-structure of local debt, which, if done, could lead to serious socio-economic consequences. Thousands of small and medium sized businesses and entrepreneurs will face the risk of collapse. Hundreds of thousands of livelihoods will be in jeopardy. Inflation will escalate. Interest rates will rise sharply. Issue of Treasury Bills to the Central Bank (money printing) may increase significantly. The local currency will lose value. The Government’s local currency payments, including salary and pension payments, will be stressed.
It must therefore be appreciated that defaulting sovereign debt is a very complicated matter with grave consequences. It must also be understood that settling or not settling the country’s sovereign debt or a specific part of it, is not a matter where a single individual or even the CBSL can arbitrarily decide. Nevertheless, there have been claims by various persons and even some opposition MPs that the settlement of the maturing ISB of USD 500 million on January 18, 2022 was done at the behest of, and/or the sole discretion of then CBSL Governor Ajith Nivard Cabraal, in order to enable certain unspecified investors to make undue profits, ignoring the advice of various so called “experts”.
Ironically, when it was initially believed that the Sri Lankan Government may default on the January 2022 ISB, most of those so-called experts had previously warned about the grave consequences of default However, when it was subsequently known that the Government had secured the funds to settle the ISB, the same persons robustly and publicly advised sovereign default, and inexplicably found fault with the then Governor when their new amended “advice” to default was not heeded.
In that context, the bonafides of some of those persons would need to be questioned since they would have very well been aware that, as per the Offering Circular for the ISB of USD 500 million dated July 11, 2016, the Sri Lankan Government had solemnly assured all prospective investors of that Bond that, “the full faith and credit of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka will be pledged for the due and punctual payment of the principal of, and interest on, the Bonds.” Further the same persons would have also been aware that it is not possible to have selective defaults of particular sovereign loans, since many loan agreements with international creditors have “cross-default” clauses which are far-reaching.
In any event, at the time in question (January 2022), the official Government policy was to pay its sovereign debt, which policy, the MOF and the CBSL (as Agent) had followed faithfully and diligently, since independence. Needless to say, such deep-rooted policy could not, and should not have been unilaterally abrogated by the Governor and the Monetary Board of the CBSL on January 18, 2022, as lobbied by certain persons and politicians. It is therefore fortunate that the then Governor and Monetary Board did not listen to the unsolicited advice from those private individuals and politicians (who may have even been driven by various dubious agendas), as such advice should never have been acted upon by responsible state officials without a formal direction or official decision from the Government (the Borrower).
In fact, for argument’s sake, if the Governor and Monetary Board had, for some reason, not carried out the Government policy and defaulted on the payment of the ISB in January 2022, the same persons who are today vociferously finding fault with the former Governor for the payment of the ISB by the Government, would have probably castigated him and held him responsible for the calamitous outcomes that usually follow a sovereign debt default.
Accordingly, the Governors preceding the present Governor together the relevant CBSL staff must be commended for diligently following government policy and assisting the Government and MOF to settle its forex debt repayments during a highly stressful period. By doing so, they had assisted the Government to avoid irrevocable, permanent and catastrophic damage being inflicted upon the Sri Lankan economy.
Business
‘Tap expertise, not just capital’: A practical path for Sri Lanka’s economy
By Ifham Nizam
At a time when Sri Lanka continues to grapple with limited fiscal space and structural economic constraints, Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne, a renowned naturalist who works in finance, is urging a shift in thinking—one that moves away from capital-heavy models and toward the strategic use of global expertise. Keeping his observations deliberately broad, de Silva Wijeyeratne frames Sri Lanka’s challenge in simple but candid terms: the country cannot afford to develop in the same way as wealthier nations, but it can still accelerate progress—if it learns how to access and use knowledge effectively.
“One of the big-picture things we need to do is improve how we find and use expertise,” he said. “If you look at countries like the United Arab Emirates and Singapore, they developed very quickly by buying in expertise and accelerating their progress. They didn’t develop everything on their own.” However, he is quick to point out the key difference. “They had the money to do it. They could afford to go out and buy expertise,” he said plainly. “But Sri Lanka doesn’t have that spending power.” This reality, de Silva Wijeyeratne notes, should not be seen purely as a limitation—but as a reason to think differently.
Sri Lanka’s economic condition makes it difficult to spend on paid foreign consultants, technical specialists, and large-scale advisory services. But according to de Silva Wijeyeratne, the global workscape has changed in ways that make expertise far more accessible than before.
He told The Island Financial Review: “We are in a world now where you can access some areas of expertise without necessarily paying for it in the traditional sense,” he said. “There are people who genuinely enjoy sharing knowledge and contributing, if you create the right work environment. We have to ensure that people who are willing to share their expertise can arrive in the country with their intentions clearly stated up-front and with an appropriate visa obtained quickly and easily so that they know that their visit is legitimate and one which is welcomed.’’
He referenced his article ‘A visa for bringing in expertise and expanding tourism’ published in The Island on Friday 23 May 2025. In this he proposes a special visa to address four strands, volunteering, internships, academic exchange and short term study. The idea is that the visa should be as easy as to obtain an online tourist visa, but the visitor can now apply for a longer term visa for a declared purpose such as volunteering. He was careful to emphasize that the proposed visa is not for paid work and does not give the visitor special rights and any relevant permits and permission need be obtained by the local partner. He suggests that Sri Lanka should begin to see itself less as a capital-constrained economy and more as a platform—one that can attract knowledge flows. “You don’t always need heavy investment upfront. You design a system that people want to engage with, and then value starts to build.” Countries like the United Arab Emirates and Singapore continue to use financial strength to import expertise. De Silva Wijeyeratne notes that Sri Lanka can use an un-paid model to attract expertise using a special visa as proposed to attract people who will be attracted to volunteer or work in Sri Lanka for free due to other reasons. In areas like biodiversity exploration and other nature-based academic work, foreign academics would love to partner with local academics if there was a simple and straightforward way for them to obtain a visa to do so and to arrive for periods for anything from 3 months to a year. As they will be on salaries paid by their academic employer overseas, it will not drain money out of Sri Lanka. On the contrary they will be long staying visitors who are bringing in money like any other tourist but additionally will also bring in knowledge. There are also many retired conservationists who are on a stable retirement income in G20 countries who would be happy to volunteer in projects in Sri Lanka. He notes that countries like India already have a visa for volunteering. “We can make Sri Lanka the go to country for people with expertise in nature who want to work in Sri Lanka on an unpaid basis because they are here to volunteer or work in partnership with local academics” he said. De Silva Wijeyeratne notes that this model will only work in sectors such as the academia or nature conservation where the day job is also a person’s passion. ‘”This will not work in every sector. We will not find a senior city person in finance, working in a voluntary role in a Sri Lankan financial institution. But in many nature-based areas of work, whether is to explore and discover new species of fungi or mosses or to train local naturalists who work in tourism, a special visa that facilitates this and can be obtained within a few minutes will enable Sri Lanka to tap into foreign expertise for free. The interaction with foreign collaborators will also open doors for Sri Lankan counterparts to be invited abroad to jointly present their work at conferences.
For Sri Lanka, the lesson is not to replicate any one model, but to adapt principles that fit its own constraints. “We need to recognise where we are and design accordingly,” he said. “We cannot copy-paste another country’s path. The proposed special visa idea which will also enable foreign interns to come to Sri Lanka for internships will also help grow the economy. For example, we have many large IT companies that develop software for companies in G20 economies. Foreign interns work in Sri Lanka will at a future date be middle or senior managers who may outsource work to Sri Lanka because they have the connections and trust the quality of work coming out of Sri Lanka. He also notes that when local companies engage with foreign interns through their universities, they may find themselves in a more structured programme which will make it easier for companies to also create places for local interns.
De Silva Wijeyeratne’s central argument is straightforward: Sri Lanka must focus on building systems that make it easy—and worthwhile—for experts to engage. “At the moment, we don’t have a clear way of connecting with global expertise,” he said. “Even when people are willing to help, there isn’t a structured mechanism to bring them in and make use of what they offer.”
He stresses that the issue is not a lack of goodwill or global interest, but a lack of organisation. “There is no shortage of people who are willing to contribute,” he said. “The problem is that we haven’t created the channels to absorb that contribution. De Silva Wijeyeratne also highlights the importance of creating a broader ecosystem where expertise translates into economic activity. “It’s not just about getting advice,” he said. “It’s about creating a market environment where that knowledge can lead to real outcomes—business opportunities, innovation, and growth.”
In his view, Sri Lanka must become more open to collaboration and more willing to act on external input. “If you create a system that works, people will come,” he said. “And when they come, they will add value.” While the idea of accessing free or low-cost expertise may sound idealistic, de Silva Wijeyeratne insists it is grounded in reality. “This is not theory,” he said. “We’ve already seen it happen in different sectors. People are willing to contribute, especially when they feel their input will make a difference.” At the same time, he acknowledges that Sri Lanka must improve its own internal capacity to benefit from such engagement.
Business
Medical camp sponsored by AAC
Automobile Association of Ceylon (AAC) sponsored an Annual Medical Camp which was organized by the Uva Wellassa Sansadaya for over 2500 people in the area of Hewana Kumbura Poorwarama Temple in Welimada, Badulla District.
35 doctors including 15 specialists from the Peradeniya & Kandy General Hospitals attended to the patients who needed assistance.
The Association was represented by Dhammika Attygalle President, P B Kulatunga Sectional Chairman Staff Welfare & Kandy Branch Office Management & Dampiya Banagala, Executive Committee Member.
It was a useful and much needed event for the people of the area and they look for this day yearly.
Business
NDB’s GSS+ bond issuance breaks new ground with record LKR. 16 Bn raised
National Development Bank PLC (NDB) commemorated raising LKR. 16 bn with its first ever issuance of BASEL III compliant GSS+ (Green, Social, Sustainable & Sustainability Linked) bonds and the country’s largest issuance of GSS+ bonds to date by way of a market opening ceremony conducted on the trading floor of the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) .
Subscriptions were opened on 10th March 2026, with an initial issuance of 120mn BASEL III compliant tier 2, listed, rated, unsecured, subordinated, redeemable GSS+ bonds with a non-viability conversion of five & seven years, at a par value of LKR 100 each. The issue was rapidly oversubscribed within the same day, allowing NDB to issue a further 40mn bonds, thus issuing a total of 16mn bonds by days end. The bonds, whose issuance was managed by NDB Investment Bank Ltd, constitutes the largest issuance of GSS+ bonds in Sri Lanka to date.
The GSS+ bonds form a part of a series of sustainability debt instruments that CSE offers with the bond issuance commemorated at the ceremony falling under the special BASEL III compliant category. NDB, which has an early entry into renewable energy funding beginning in 2004, will utilize the proceeds from the bonds to finance SMEs (Small-to-medium enterprises), women’s empowerment, and green and blue initiatives.
. Kelum Edirisinghe, Director and Chief Executive Officer of NDB, and keynote speaker at the ceremony remarked upon NDBs history, stating “NDB has long played a pioneering role in advancing environmental and social progress, as a trusted development financier to individuals, businesses, and key sectors of the Sri Lankan economy. Since our inception in 1979, we have channelled capital toward national development priorities. Today, this GSS+ bond represents the evolution of that legacy, where decades of expertise in development financing are being actively aligned with emerging sustainability imperatives and innovative capital market instruments.”
Delivering her welcome address at the event, Ms. Nilupa Perera, Chief Regulatory Officer of CSE, remarked upon NDBs success as a statement on the effectiveness of sustainable debt instruments stating: “The success of NDBs BASEL III compliant GSS+ bonds reflects investors’ interest in equitable and green investments. CSE offers listed companies an innovative means of long-term value creation through the capital market that addresses the pressing need for sustainable and equitable economic prosperity.”
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