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Recent earth tremors in Sri Lanka

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– a critical review in relation with such activity in Tamil Nadu and the orogenesis of Himalayas based on a new theory of cratons and mobile belts in the Indian peninsular

By DULIP JAYAWARDENA

Former Director Geological Survey Department and retired Economic Affairs Officer, United Nations ESCAP

There were recent reports of earth tremors in the Buttala and Wellawaya areas in Sri Lanka and statements made by local earth scientists failed to give any scientific explanations as regards such activity.

An attempt is made to explain such activity in relation to seismicity in Sri Lanka compared to Tamil Nadu as well as the orogenesis of the Himalayas in relation to a new theory of cratons and fold belts in India and its extrapolation to Sri Lanka.

There was a news item in the local media that if a major earthquake occurs in the Himalayan region there will be tremors felt in Colombo as well as in Jaffna.

Historical seismicity in the Himalayan region has been analysed and its slip potential in the 21 Century recorded (Rodger Bilham roger.bilham@clorado.edu ).

The seismicity of Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu are compared to understand mountain building in the two regions as Sri Lanka resemble crystalline metamorphic rocks of South India.

It is recommended that the theory cratons and mobile belts that has been postulated in India focusing on the Tamil Nadu region be extended to Sri Lanka to explain present earth tremors in Buttala and Wellawaya areas.

COMPARISON OF ALTITUDES AND SEISMIC RECORDS BETWEEN SRI LANKA AND TAMIL NADU

The highest mountains in Sri Lanka are Pidurutalagala (2524 metres msl), Kirigalpotha (2396 metres msl), and Samalakanda – Adam’s Peak (2243 metres msl)

As compared to Sri Lanka the heights of 77 mountains range from 2695 meters msl to 522 metres msl from the Indian Peninsular.

Tamil Nadu, which is a part of Peninsular India, compared to the highest peneplain of Sri Lanka (Wadia 1945), has three mountains namely Anamuda (2395 metres msl ) , Meesapullimala (2640 metres msl) and Kolabetta (2629 metres msl) -Wikipedia.

Accordingly, it is evident that the highest mountains in Sri Lanka can be closely related to those of Tamil Nadu subject to the same orogenesis or mountain building.

SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSES FOR STATE OF TAMIL NADU SOUTH INDIA

A study by G. P. Ganapathy Assistant Professor, Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management VIT University Vellore 632 014 Tamil Nadu India seismigans@yahoo.com and Rajaratnam S. Professor, Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, Anna University Chennai 600 025 Tamil Nadu, India ( drrajarathnam@yahoo.com ) have extensively analyzed seismic potential sources of Tamil Nadu State and are summarised in Table 2 of their paper titled, “Seismic Hazard Analyses for Tamil Nadu State: A Deterministic Approach “and published in the Jour. Engr. Geol. Vol.XXXV1 NO1.4

Tamil Nadu State covers 130 ,058 sq. km approximately twice the size of Sri Lanka which encompasses only 65 000 sq. km. Figure 1 gives a large number of lineaments which are seismic prone and it is interesting to note that such lineaments especially in the South Block may extend to Sri Lanka and Figure 2 indicate identified seismic potential sources in this block.

SEISMIC POTENTIAL SOURCES OF TAMIL NADU

Table 1 of the above research paper analyses seven sources seismic potential sources with lengths varying from 315 km to 42 km with cumulative number of earthquakes ranging from 5 to 1 with magnitudes varying from 6.0 to 5.0 (M) observed from historical /instrumental earthquakes and peak ground acceleration (PGA) in g determined using m varying from 0.212 to 0.078 . It is noted that PGA is high in earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 and low in magnitude 3. Further PGA in Chennai, Coimbatore, Salem, Madurai and Tiruchirappalli cities varies from 0.107g, 0.133g, 0.012g ,0.77g and 0.113 g respectively. It is noted that the southeastern part of the State shows high values because of a high earthquake data for the years 1800 to 2004 It also explains that the southern part of the State which may extend to Sri Lanka shows comparatively low seismic hazards.

SEISMIC RECORDS AND POTENTIAL OF SRI LANKA

It is reported that Sri Lanka had no seismic records up to 1800. However from the period 1615 to 1800 earthquakes were reported close to Sri Lanka in the northern Indian Ocean and Coimbatore- Nilgiri Hills. (Seneviratne H.N et al ( DOI :http://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v53i2.7412)

Newspaper reports are available in the National Archives, Sri Lanka in 1882 ,1924, 1938 and 1944(Ceylon Observer) on earthquakes that had occurred during these years. However no deaths have been reported although there was damage to property (Gunasekera K.W (2000) Sunday Observer ,p34)

Seismic records from 1909 to 1992 were from a seismograph installed in 1909. However, no data are available since 1992 as it was not fully functional.

It is reported that from the year 1823 to 2010 earth tremors and earthquakes in Sri Lanka varied from 5.9 to 3.7 on the Richter Scale and most of such tremors were recorded in the Comorin Ridge Failed Mannar Rift Zone (Seneviratne et.al).

Sri Lanka has been identified as a Mid Plate Platelet lying between Antarctica -India -Africa and Madagascar ( Curry 1984 adopted by Crawford (1974 )and Katz (1978).

In 1823 there was an earthquake of 5.8 Magnitude at Mandawela , in close proximity of Colombo with coordinates 7deg. Lat. and 80 deg. Long. There were no deaths but damage to property were recorded. There was also an earthquake of 5.9 Magnitude at Lat. N 6.5 and Long 79 E close to Kurunegala.

It is interesting to note that Sri Lanka within a latitude of 7.8731 deg. North and 80.7718 East had 18 earthquakes or tremors between the period 1823 to 2010 a period of 187 years. However, the number of tremors of insignificant nature during this period was 670.

SEISMIC RECORDS IN SRI LANKA AFTER 1992

The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) commissioned three seismometers, one at Pallekelle in year 2000 (PALK) connected to the Global Seismic Network (GSN)and the others in 2010 Mahakandarawa (MALK) connected to GEOFON) Network and Hakmana (HALK)connected to GEOFON (Geo-Network operated by Germany).

It is of importance that a network of seismometers be established in Colombo and the Western Province and a network of seismometers covering the entire Island to establish relationship between earthquakes and development activity accelerated recently in Sri Lanka. (Senaviratne H.N. et. al. 2020)

It has also been revealed that an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 (475-year return period) along the Mannar Rift Zone identified earlier in this report.

SRI LANKA HAS THE LOWEST GRAVITY RECORDED IN THE WORLD

The European Space Agency (ESA) carried out a four-and-a-half-year Gravity Field and Steady – State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission to learn what constitutes the surface beneath the Earth and discovered that the lowest negative gravity was south of Sri Lanka.

A geoid is the equipotential surface that coincides over the oceans with the same sea level. It is noted that the earth becomes flattened around the equator and the distance from equatorial areas to the center of the Earth is more than from the poles to the center. (Roar media Sachith Mendis (https://roar.media/english/life/reports/sri-lanka-least-earth-place-world )

It is also revealed that launching of space satellites will be much cheaper due the low gravity and due to no land surface directly south of Sri Lanka.

EARTHQUAKE OF 1615 IN SRI LANKA

An earthquake of magnitude 8 or 9 on the Richter scale was reported on 14 April 1615 evening offshore that caused extensive damage in western part of the Island. The worst hit area was Colombo and 2 per cent of Colombo Fort was destroyed. It has been reported that nearly 200 houses were destroyed with nearly 2000 casualties. Accordingly, moderate sized earthquakes cannot be ruled out in Sri Lanka. (Muhandiram P. M. S. S. B. <https: loes18.wildapricot.org/article _earthquakes-text= According to this document2 % of Colombo Fort got destroyed.

GRAVITY MAP OF SRI LANKA

A Gravity Map of Sri Lanka was compiled and produced in 1975 by the Geological Survey Department (present GSMB) on the scale of 1: 1. 000,000 by T. Hatherton, D. B. Pattiarachchi and V. V. C. Ranasinghe with an appendix by R.B. Evans.

A total of 1,170 points were established covering the whole Island in respect to 19 base stations and about 87 per cent of observations where in areas less than 150 meters msl.

The horizontal distance and heights of the 1971 gravity observations were from 1 -inch topographic maps covering Sri Lanka.

Most of these gravity stations were tied up with the trigonometrical survey stations of the Survey Department. When these stations were opened it was revealed that there was movement due to upliftment.

A contour map of complete Bouguer (gravity anomaly corrected to the height of its measurement) anomalies with the locations of gravity observations was produced.

The gravity map has revealed a negative gravity low on the Highland -Vijayan boundary in the east of Sri Lanka.

(To be concluded)



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Features

Cricket and the National Interest

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The appointment of former minister Eran Wickremaratne to chair the Sri Lanka Cricket Transformation Committee is significant for more than the future of cricket. It signals a possible shift in the culture of governance even as it offers Sri Lankan cricket a fighting possibility to get out of the doldrums of failure. There have been glorious patches for the national cricket team since the epochal 1996 World Cup triumph. But these patches of brightness have been few and far between and virtually non-existent over the past decade. At the centre of this disaster has been the failures of governance within Sri Lanka Cricket which are not unlike the larger failures of governance within the country itself. The appointment of a new reform oriented committee therefore carries significance beyond cricket. It reflects the wider challenge facing the country which is to restore trust in public institutions for better management.

The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne brings a professional administrator with a proven track record into the cricket arena. He has several strengths that many of his immediate predecessors lacked. Before the ascent of the present government leadership to positions of power, Eran Wickremaratne was among the handful of government ministers who did not have allegations of corruption attached to their names. His reputation for financial professionalism and integrity has remained intact over many years in public life. With him in the Cricket Transformation Committee are also respected former cricketers Kumar Sangakkara, Roshan Mahanama and Sidath Wettimuny together with professionals from legal and business backgrounds. They have been tasked with introducing structural reforms and improving transparency and accountability within cricket administration.

A second reason for this appointment to be significant is that this is possibly the first occasion on which the NPP government has reached out to someone associated with the opposition to obtain assistance in an area of national importance. The commitment to bipartisanship has been a constant demand from politically non-partisan civic groups and political analysts. They have voiced the opinion that the government needs to be more inclusive in its choice of appointments to decision making authorities. The NPP government’s practice so far has largely been to limit appointments to those within the ruling party or those considered loyalists even at the cost of proven expertise. The government’s decision in this case therefore marks a potentially important departure.

National Interest

There are areas of public life where national interest should transcend party divisions and cricket, beloved of the people, is one of them. Sri Lanka cannot afford to continue treating every institution as an arena for political competition when institutions themselves are in crisis and public confidence has become fragile. It is therefore unfortunate that when the government has moved positively in the direction of drawing on expertise from outside its own ranks there should be a negative response from sections of the opposition. This is indicative of the absence of a culture of bipartisanship even on issues that concern the national interest. The SJB, of which the newly appointed cricket committee chairman was a member objected on the grounds that politicians should not hold positions in sports administration and asked him to resign from the party. There is a need to recognise the distinction between partisan political control and the temporary use of experienced administrators to carry out reform and institutional restructuring. In other countries those in politics often join academia and civil society on a temporary basis and vice versa.

More disturbing has been the insidious campaign carried out against the new cricket committee and its chairman on the grounds of religious affiliation. This is an unacceptable denial of the reality that Sri Lanka is a plural, multi ethnic and multi religious society. The interim committee reflects this diversity to a reasonable extent. The country’s long history of ethnic conflict should have taught all political actors the dangers of mobilising communal prejudice for short term political gain. Sri Lanka paid a very heavy price for decades of mistrust and division. It would be tragic if even cricket administration became another arena for communal suspicion and hostility. The present government represents an important departure from the sectarian rhetoric that was employed by previous governments. They have repeatedly pledged to protect the equal rights of all citizens and not permit discrimination or extremism in any form.

The recent international peace march in Sri Lanka led by the Venerable Bhikkhu Thich Paññākāra from Vietnam with its message of loving kindness and mindfulness to all resonated strongly with the masses of people as seen by the crowds who thronged the roadsides to obtain blessings and show respect. This message stands in contrast to the sectarian resentment manifested by those who seek to use the cricket appointments as a weapon to attack the government at the present time. The challenges before the Sri Lanka Cricket Transformation Committee parallel the larger challenges before the government in developing the national economy and respecting ethnic and religious diversity. Plugging the leaks and restoring systems will take time and effort. It cannot be done overnight and it cannot succeed without public patience and support.

New Recognition

There is also a need for realism. The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne and the new committee does not guarantee success. Reforming deeply flawed institutions is always difficult. Besides, Sri Lanka is a small country with a relatively small population compared to many other cricket playing nations. It is also a country still recovering from the economic breakdown of 2022 which pushed the majority of people into hardship and severely weakened public institutions. The country continues to face unprecedented challenges including the damage caused by Cyclone Ditwah and the wider global economic uncertainties linked to conflict in the Middle East. Under these difficult circumstances Sri Lanka has fewer resources than many larger countries to devote to both cricket and economic development.

When resources are scarce they cannot be wasted through corruption or incompetence. Drawing upon the strengths of all those who are competent for the tasks at hand regardless of party affiliation or ethnic or religious identity is necessary if improvement is to come sooner rather than later. The burden of rebuilding the country cannot rest only on the government. The crisis facing the country is too deep for any single party or government to solve alone. National recovery requires capable individuals from across society and from different sectors such as business and civil society to work together in areas where the national interest transcends party politics. There is also a responsibility on opposition political parties to support initiatives that are politically neutral and genuinely in the national interest. Not every issue needs to become a partisan battle.

Sri Lanka cricket occupies a special place in the national consciousness. At its best it once united the country and gave Sri Lankans a sense of pride and international recognition. Restoring integrity and professionalism to cricket administration can therefore become part of the larger task of national renewal. The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne and the new committee, while it does not guarantee success, is a sign that the political leadership and people of the country may be beginning to mature in their approach to governance. In recognising the need for competence, integrity and bipartisan cooperation and extending it beyond cricket into other areas of national life, Sri Lanka may find the way towards more stable and successful governance..

by Jehan Perera

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Features

From Dhaka to Sri Lanka, three wheels that drive our economies

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Court vacation this year came with an unexpected lesson, not from a courtroom but from the streets of Dhaka — a city that moves, quite literally, on three wheels.

Above the traffic, a modern metro line glides past concrete pillars and crowded rooftops. It is efficient, clean and frequently cited as a symbol of progress in Bangladesh. For a visitor from Sri Lanka, it inevitably brings to mind our own abandoned light rail plans — a project debated, politicised and ultimately set aside.

But Dhaka’s real story is not in the air. It is on the ground.

Beneath the elevated tracks, the streets belong to three-wheelers. Known locally as CNGs, they cluster at junctions, line the edges of markets and pour into narrow roads that larger vehicles avoid. Even with a functioning rail system, these three-wheelers remain the city’s most dependable form of everyday transport.

Within hours of arriving, their importance becomes obvious. The train may take you across the city, but the journey does not end there. The last mile — often the most complicated part — belongs entirely to the three-wheeler. It is the vehicle that gets you home, to a meeting or simply through streets that no bus route properly serves.

There is a rhythm to using them. A destination is mentioned, a price is suggested and a brief negotiation follows. Then the ride begins, edging into traffic that feels permanently compressed. Drivers move with instinct, adjusting routes and squeezing through gaps with a confidence built over years.

It is not polished. But it works.

And that is where the comparison with Sri Lanka becomes less about what we lack and more about what we already have.

Back home, the three-wheeler has long been part of daily life — so familiar that it is often discussed only in terms of its problems. There are frequent complaints about fares, refusals or the absence of meters. More recently, the industry itself has become entangled in politics — from fuel subsidies to regulatory debates, from election-time promises to periodic crackdowns.

In that process, the conversation has shifted. The three-wheeler is often treated as a problem to be managed, rather than a service to be strengthened.

Yet, seen through the experience of Dhaka, Sri Lanka’s system begins to look far more settled — and, in many ways, ahead.

There is a growing structure in place. Meters, while not perfect, are widely recognised. Ride-hailing apps have added transparency and reduced uncertainty for passengers. There are clearer expectations on both sides — driver and commuter alike. Even small details, such as designated parking areas in parts of Colombo or the increasing standard of vehicles, point to an industry slowly moving towards professionalism.

Just as importantly, there is a human element that remains intact.

In Sri Lanka, a three-wheeler ride is rarely just a transaction. Drivers talk. They offer directions, comment on the day’s news, or share local knowledge. The ride becomes part of the social fabric, not just a means of getting from one point to another.

In Dhaka, the scale of the city leaves less room for that. The interaction is quicker, more direct, shaped by urgency. The service is essential, but it is under constant pressure.

What stands out, across both countries, is that the three-wheeler is not a temporary or outdated mode of transport. It is a necessity in dense, fast-growing Asian cities — one that fills gaps no rail or bus system can fully address.

Large infrastructure projects, like light rail, are important. They bring efficiency and long-term capacity. But they cannot replace the flexibility of a three-wheeler. They cannot reach into narrow streets, respond instantly to demand or provide that crucial last-mile connection.

That is why, even in a city that has invested heavily in modern rail, Dhaka still runs on three wheels.

For Sri Lanka, the lesson is not simply about what could have been built, but about what should be better managed and valued.

The three-wheeler industry does not need to be politicised at every turn. It needs steady regulation — clear fare systems, proper licensing, safety standards — alongside encouragement and recognition. It needs to be seen as part of the solution to urban transport, not as a side issue.

Because for thousands of drivers, it is a livelihood. And for millions of passengers, it is the most immediate and reliable form of mobility.

The tuk-tuk may not feature in grand policy speeches or infrastructure blueprints. It does not run on elevated tracks or attract international attention. But on the ground, where daily life unfolds, it continues to do what larger systems often struggle to do — show up, adapt and keep moving.

And after watching Dhaka’s streets — crowded, relentless, yet functioning — that small, three-wheeled vehicle feels less like something to argue over and more like something to get right.

(The writer is an Attorney-at-Law with over a decade of experience specialising in civil law, a former Board Member of the Office of Missing Persons and a former Legal Director of the Central Cultural Fund. He holds an LLM in International Business Law)

 

by Sampath Perera recently in Dhaka, Bangladesh 

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Dubai scene … opening up

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Seven Notes: Operating in Dubai

According to reports coming my way, the entertainment scene, in Dubai, is very much opening up, and buzzing again!

After a quieter few months, May is packed with entertainment and the whole scene, they say, is shifting back into full swing.

The Seven Notes band, made up of Sri Lankans, based in Dubai, are back in the spotlight, after a short hiatus, due to the ongoing Middle East problems.

On 18th April they did Legends Night at Mercure Hotel Dubai Barsha Heights; on Thursday, 9th May, they will be at the Sports Bar of the Mercure Hotel for 70s/80s Retro Night; on 6th June, they will be at Al Jadaf Dubai to provide the music for Sandun Perera live in concert … and with more dates to follow.

These events are expected to showcase the band’s evolving sound, tighter stage coordination, and stronger audience engagement.

With each performance, the band aims to refine its identity and build a loyal following within Dubai’s vibrant nightlife and event scene.

Pasindu Umayanga: The group’s new vocalist

What makes Seven Notes standout is their versatility which has made the band a dynamic and promising act.

With a growing performance calendar, new talent integration, and international ambitions, the band is definitely entering a defining phase of its journey.

Dubai’s music industry, I’m told, thrives on diversity, energy, and audience connection, with live bands playing a crucial role in elevating events—from corporate shows to private concerts. Against this backdrop, Seven Notes is positioning itself not just as another band, but as a performance-driven musical unit focused on consistency and growth.

Adding fresh momentum to the group is Pasindu Umayanga who joins Seven Notes as their new vocalist. This move signals a strategic upgrade—not just filling a role, but strengthening the band’s front-line presence.

Looking beyond local stages, Seven Notes is preparing for an international tour, to Korea, in July.

Bassist Niluk Uswaththa: Spokesperson for Seven Notes

According to bassist Niluk Uswaththa, taking a band abroad means: Your sound must hold up against unfamiliar audiences, your performance must translate beyond language, and your discipline must be at a professional level.

“If executed well, this tour could redefine Seven Notes from a local band into an emerging international act,” added Niluk.

He went on to say that Dubai is not an easy market. It’s saturated with highly experienced, multi-genre bands that can adapt instantly to any crowd.

“To stand out consistently you need to have tight rehearsal discipline, unique sound identity (not just covers), strong stage chemistry, audience retention – not just applause.”

No doubt, Seven Notes is entering a critical growth phase—new member, multiple shows, and an international tour on the horizon. The opportunity is real, but so is the pressure.

However, there is talk that Seven Notes will soon be a recognised name in the regional music scene.

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