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Crunch time just about to descend upon Sri Lanka

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Repaying foreign debt or financing essential imports?

The available foreign reserves of the country can be used to either repay foreign creditors or to finance imports of essential goods and services required by its citizens. This is the dilemma facing Sri Lanka today.

Repaying the full value of the bond using the limited foreign reserves available would provide a windfall gain to those currently holding these bonds.1 But it will be at great cost to the citizens of the country who will face shortages of essentials like food, medicine, and fuel.

In these circumstances, it is in the best interest of all its citizens, for the government to defer payment of the US dollar 500 million International Sovereign Bonds

(ISB) coming due on 18 January 2022, until the economy can fully recover and rebuild.

Just as an individual with co-morbidities is more vulnerable to develop severe illness if infected with COVID-19 and more to likely require hospitalisation and even treatment in an ICU, Sri Lanka was vulnerable to economic shocks long before COVID-19 struck. The country was already facing several macroeconomic challenges. Muted economic growth. An untenable fiscal position. Although a tough consolidation programme was put in place to bring government finances to a more sustainable path, sweeping tax changes implemented at the end of 2019 reversed this process, with adverse consequences to government revenue collection. Weak external sector due to high foreign debt repayments and inadequate foreign reserves to service these debts.

COVID-19 only exacerbated these macroeconomic challenges. And like a patient who gets over the worst of COVID-19 has a long road to recovery; the economy of Sri Lanka faces many challenges to get back on track.

The onset of COVID-19 in early 2020, only worsened an already grim macroeconomic situation. The country lost the confidence of international markets, and the ability of the sovereign to rollover its external debt became difficult if not impossible. In these circumstances, there was a solid argument for a sovereign debt restructuring. But the response from the government and the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) was a firm “No”.

The argument was that Sri Lanka never defaulted on its debt and it was not going to do so now. The official position was also that the government had a ‘plan’ to repay its debt and hence there was no reason to engage in a debt restructuring exercise. However, Sri Lanka faced high debt sustainability risks: the debt to GDP ratio at 110% was one of the highest historically and interest payments to government revenue at over 70% was one of the highest in the world.

Fast forward to 2022. The country’s foreign reserves declined to US $ 3.1 billion.2 Useable reserves are much lower. CBSL has sold over US $ 200 million of the country’s gold reserves to meet its debt obligations. In the first week of 2022, CBSL announced further swap facilities and its commitment to repay the International Sovereign Bond (ISB) of US $ 500 million due in January.

According to statistics from the Central Bank, in addition to the ISB payment, there are pre-determined outflows from foreign reserves amounting to US $ 1.3 billion in the first two months of 2022. Further, based on trade data for the last 5 years, the country on average has a trade deficit of around US $ 2 billion to finance during the first quarter of the year (see Table 1). With expected inflows from tourism under threat with the onset of the Omicron variant and continuing decline in worker remittances, financing this external current account deficit will add further pressure on available foreign reserves. India which accounted for around 20% of recent tourist arrivals is now requiring returnees to the country to quarantine. This will likely further dampen tourist arrivals.

In this context, the country faces a trade-off between using its limited foreign reserves to repay its debt or utilising it to finance essential imports. US $ 500 million is sufficient to finance imports of fuel for five months; or pharmaceuticals for one year; or dairy products for one and a half years of; or fertilizer for two years.

See table 1: Summary of External Sector Performance Q1 – 2017 to 2021 (US $ mn)

Therefore, it is in the best interest of the country and its citizens for the government to defer payment on its debt and use its limited foreign reserves to ensure uninterrupted supply of essential imports. But this requires a plan. To minimise the cost to the economy, the government must immediately engage its creditors in a debt restructuring exercise. This will require a debt sustainability analysis (DSA) by a credible agency to identify the resources required for debt relief and the economic adjustment needed to put the country back on a sustainable path.3 This will be critical to bring creditors to the negotiating table and provide them comfort that the country is able and willing to repay its debt obligations in the future.

The cost of not restructuring is much higher. A non-negotiated default (if and when the country runs out of options to service its debt) would lead to a greater loss of output, loss of access to financing or high cost of future borrowing for the sovereign. It could even spill over to the domestic banking sector, triggering a banking or financial crisis.

The consequences are clear. What will we choose?

Dr. Roshan Perera is a Senior Research Fellow at the Advocata Institute and the former Director of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka

Dr. Sarath Rajapatirana is the Chair of the Academic Programme at Advocata Institute and the former Economic Adviser at the World Bank. He was the Director and the main author of the 1987 World Development Report on Trade and Industrialisation.

The Advocata Institute is an Independent Public Policy Think Tank. Learn more about Advocata’s work at www.advocata.org.



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SEC, CSE and CA Sri Lanka sign MOU to advance XBRL-based digital reporting for listed companies

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The signing ceremony at SEC from Left to right: Ms. Manuri Weerasinghe| Director Corporate Affairs, SEC, Tushara Jayaratne | Acting Director General, SEC, Ms. Nilupa Perera | Chief Regulatory Officer, CSE, Rajeeva Bandaranaike | Chief Executive Officer CSE, Senior Prof. D.B.P.H. Dissabandara,| Chairman, SEC, Tishan Subasinghe | President, CA Sri Lanka, Ms. Anoji de Silva | Vice President, CA Sri Lanka, Neranjith Gamage | Commission Member, SEC, Ms. Lakmali Priyangika | Chief Executive Officer, CA Sri Lanka, Ms. Rishdha Zarook Ishaq | Director Legal and Enforcement, SEC , Ms. Kumuduni Maduwanthi |Senior Manager Legal, CA Sri Lanka.

The Securities and Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka (SEC), Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE), and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (CA Sri Lanka) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to collaborate on the implementation of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) based reporting for companies listed on the CSE.

The agreement marks a significant milestone in Sri Lanka’s efforts to modernise corporate reporting and strengthen the digital infrastructure of the capital market. The initiative aims to streamline the submission of both financial and non-financial information by listed entities, enhancing transparency, accessibility and investor confidence.

The MoU formalises the partnership, following the establishment of a joint SEC-CSE committee tasked with driving the initiative. With the in-principle approval of the SEC, the committee has been working closely with CA Sri Lanka to develop the framework required for the successful rollout.

XBRL is the internationally recognised standard for digital business reporting, developed and maintained by XBRL International, a global non-profit consortium. The standard enables financial and business information to be reported in a structured, machine-readable format, facilitating more efficient analysis, comparison and interpretation of corporate disclosures by regulators, investors, analysts and other stakeholders.

The introduction of XBRL reporting is expected to deliver several key benefits for both listed companies and users of financial information. These include reducing reliance on manual data processing, improving the accuracy and consistency of reported information, supporting more advanced data analysis, and lowering long-term reporting costs. The flexibility of the XBRL framework also allows organisations to tailor taxonomies to meet specific reporting requirements. In addition, XBRL adoption will enhance market transparency and efficiency by enabling quicker access to comparable corporate information. It will also align Sri Lanka’s reporting framework with global standards, making the country’s capital market more accessible and attractive to international investors familiar with XBRL-based financial reporting.

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LOLC Insurance and Seylan Bank celebrate Bancassurance Excellence through “League of Greatness” 2025

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The Achievers of the Night

LOLC Insurance recently hosted the “LOLC Insurance – Seylan Bancassurance Felicitation Night 2025” under the theme “League of Greatness,” celebrating the success of its longstanding bancassurance partnership with Seylan Bank. The event marked another milestone in a strategic collaboration that has continued to grow since 2013.

The felicitation ceremony brought together senior management, sales leadership, branch representatives, and top-performing teams from both organisations to recognise excellence, appreciate contributions, and reaffirm the enduring partnership between LOLC Insurance and Seylan Bank. The collaboration currently spans 104 Seylan Bank branches across Sri Lanka, delivering accessible life and general insurance solutions islandwide.

Speaking at the event, Ramesh Jayasekara, Director/Chief Executive Officer, Seylan Bank PLC, stated, “Our partnership with LOLC Insurance continues to create meaningful value for customers while further strengthening the bancassurance proposition within the banking sector. The dedication and collaborative spirit demonstrated by both teams have been instrumental in achieving these milestones and sustaining the growth of this partnership. We look forward to enhancing our collaboration and delivering greater value to customers in the years ahead.”

Sharing insights during the event, Eugene Seneviratne, Deputy General Manager – Retail Banking, Seylan Bank, added, “The professionalism and operational efficiency demonstrated by the bancassurance teams have been instrumental in consolidating this partnership. Our branch teams continue to seamlessly manage day-to-day bancassurance functions with minimal operational escalations, reflecting the strength of a well-structured and highly efficient framework. This has contributed to a smooth and mutually beneficial working relationship, enabling the partnership to enhance coordination, execution, and overall performance.”

Addressing the gathering, Kithsiri Gunawardena, Chairman/Principal Officer of LOLC General Insurance and Director of LOLC Life Assurance, stated, “Successful partnerships are built on trust, shared values, and a common vision. The strength and longevity of this collaboration reflect the commitment of both organisations to delivering meaningful impact to customers while advancing the country’s bancassurance sector. The positive feedback and appreciation consistently received from Seylan Bank regarding the quality of service delivered and the steadfast support extended by the teams stand as a testament to the professionalism and service excellence upheld throughout the partnership.”

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The bill nobody budgets for: Healthcare and the retirement gap in Sri Lanka

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Dhiranjan Canagasabey

Most people, when they think about retirement, think about income. Will there be enough to cover food, utilities, and the basics of daily life? That question is important. But there is a second question that sits right behind it, quieter and far more expensive, and most people do not ask it until it is already upon them. What happens when you get sick?

Healthcare in retirement is not an occasional inconvenience. For most Sri Lankans, it becomes one of the largest and most unpredictable expenses of the post-work years. It arrives gradually at first, and then all at once. A routine check-up becomes a specialist referral. A specialist referral leads to investigations. Investigations lead to a diagnosis. A diagnosis leads to medication that never stops. And running alongside all of it, quietly compounding, is an inflation rate for healthcare that outpaces most other costs a retiree faces.

This is the retirement expense that most financial plans either underestimate or ignore entirely. It is a gap that Ceylinco Life, Sri Lanka’s life insurance market leader for 22 consecutive years, has observed widen steadily across the communities it serves and the thousands of policyholders whose retirement journeys it has accompanied over three decades.

“Healthcare is the cost that most people acknowledge in the abstract but do not plan for in practice. We have seen, over many years and across many thousands of policyholders, that the single biggest financial shock in retirement is rarely a collapse in savings. It is an illness, or a prolonged condition, that was never budgeted for. Sri Lanka’s public health system has served this country well, but it was not built for an ageing population managing multiple chronic conditions over decades. The responsibility to bridge that gap sits with each individual, and the earlier that planning begins, the more manageable that gap becomes,” says Dhiranjan Canagasabey, Senior Assistant General Manager/Head of Marketing, Ceylinco Life.

A country that is ageing faster than its health system is preparing for

Sri Lanka is in the middle of a demographic shift that has no historical precedent in this country. By 2042, one in four Sri Lankans will be above the age of 60. Life expectancy, according to United Nations World Population Prospects 2024, now stands at approximately 77.67 years nationally. That means the average retiree is looking at roughly 17 years of post-work life, with health needs that become more intensive, and more expensive, with every passing year.

Non-communicable diseases are at the centre of that picture. According to research published in 2025 in the Journal of Clinical Medicine, NCD deaths in Sri Lanka have risen substantially over two decades, with total deaths due to diabetes alone rising by 169% between 2004 and 2020. Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and cancer all carry long-term treatment costs that can run for years or decades before they become fatal. These are not short-term medical events. They are sustained financial obligations.

Sri Lanka allocates approximately 4.4% of GDP to total health expenditure, well below the global average of 6.74%, according to World Bank data updated in December 2025. Government public health spending accounts for only around 8 to 9% of general government expenditure. The gap between what the public system offers and what the ageing population will need is already visible. It is going to widen considerably.

What free healthcare actually means for a retiree

Sri Lanka has long been proud of its free public healthcare system, and rightly so. It has delivered health outcomes well above what the country’s income level would typically produce. But pride in the system should not obscure what it cannot do, and increasingly, what it is struggling to do consistently.

According to the Institute of Policy Studies, access to primary healthcare fell from 95% of the population in 2019 to 82% in 2022 and 2023, with rural areas bearing the steepest decline. Household healthcare costs, in the same period, rose by 48% in a single year between 2020 and 2021. Medicine shortages, long queues, and limited specialist services in provincial hospitals are not new complaints. But for an elderly person managing a chronic condition, they translate directly into out-of-pocket spending that was never planned for.

On average, more than 60% of Sri Lankan households already incur private healthcare costs, according to a study published in the journal Health Policy. For households that include elderly members with chronic conditions, that proportion is higher, and the burden is heavier. The combination of a free system under strain and rising private costs is not a future risk. It is already the daily reality for many retirees.

The quiet toll of chronic illness

A 65-year-old managing type 2 diabetes, which is increasingly common in Sri Lanka, does not face a single large medical expense. They face a continuous one. Monthly medication. Quarterly blood tests. Periodic specialist consultations at a private facility, because the waiting list at the government hospital is too long or the specialist they need is unavailable locally. Annual check-ups. Occasional hospitalisation when blood sugar levels become difficult to control. Each item is manageable on its own. Together, across a fifteen-year retirement, they represent a substantial sum.

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