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The # 1 Sri Lankan Hotel Company in 2023

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CONFESSIONS OF A GLOBAL GYPSY

Dr. Chandana (Chandi) Jayawardena DPhil
President – Chandi J. Associates Inc. Consulting, Canada
Founder & Administrator – Global Hospitality Forum
chandij@sympatico.ca

Acknowledgement

I thank Mr. Gemunu Goonewardena, Chairman of the Tourist Hotels Classification Committee from 2018 to 2022, and Non-Executive Director of the Board of Aitken Spence Hotel Holding PLC, for his assistance to me in collecting current data.

Hotels Rooms in Sri Lanka in 2023

All types of accommodation are available in Sri Lanka for tourism, including hotels classified by the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA), unclassified accommodation, bungalows etc. The total capacity is now over 48,000 rooms in 3,657 units. This is including the upcoming 2023 opening of the largest hotel in Sri Lanka – the 800-room Cinnamon Life Colombo. With that, the total number of classified hotels (one to five star) rooms in Sri Lanka will soon reach 15,642 in 160 hotels.

In 2023, five hotel companies operated over half of the room stock in Sri Lanka, which are within their 56 (generally, larger) hotels as indicated in the table below. The other half of the rooms are within the balance 104 (generally, smaller) hotels. A small number of rooms in bungalows managed by a few of these companies were not considered for this calculation.

All three top Sri Lankan hotel companies – Cinnamon, Heritance and Jetwing entered the hotel industry around the same period, 50 years ago. With the opening of Life in 2023, in terms of total room capacity, the Cinnamon brand of John Keells Group will surpass Heritance and associated brands (including 500-room RIU partnership) of Aitken Spence Group.

With a successful operation of 10 hotels in three other countries (The Maldives, India and Oman) Aitken Spence Group will continue to compete aggressively in terms of the total number of hotels and rooms operated by a Sri Lankan company. Their main achievements include opening the first five-star resort hotel in Sri Lanka in 1982 – Triton and a decade later opening multi-award-winning, iconic hotel – Kandalama. The company with the largest number of hotels in Sri Lanka – Jetwing operates a chain of 20 hotels with different and interesting themes. The rest of this article focuses on the # 1 Sri Lankan Hotel company — Cinnamon.

Cinnamon Hotel Brand in 2023

Over the last five decades, John Keells Group operated their hotel management company under different names. In 1970s as Walkers Tours Hotels, in 1980s as Hotel Management & Marketing Services Limited, and in 1990s as John Keells Hotels. In the year 2005, they rebranded their hotel chain as Cinnamon. In 2023, Cinnamon is the largest hotel company in Sri Lanka. They also have four hotels in the Maldives.

With the opening of their 16th hotel – Cinnamon Life, the hotel company will have a room stock of 3,288 in Sri Lanka and The Maldives. Both in terms of the quality of the hotels and the quantity of the room stock, Cinnamon is arguably the greatest hotel company in Sri Lanka, today.

Cinnamon Hotel’s most ambitious project – Cinnamon Life Colombo is the first integrated resort in Sri Lanka and the largest private investment in the country. Sri Lankan-British architect, Cecil Balmond designed the resort while Hyundai Engineering & Construction is the main contractor. The construction of the resort began nine years ago. This 47-floor complex, includes 800 five-star hotel rooms, a retail and entertainment complex, large conference venues, a 30-storey office tower and two separate residential towers with 427 luxury apartments. Cinnamon Life Complex promises vibrant, innovative, futuristic and unique elements. It is expected to be an icon that will redefine Colombo’s skyline.

My Connections with Walkers Tours/John Keells from 1973 to 1993

By early 1970s, Walkers Tours & Travels Limited (later rebranded Walkers Tours) became the leading tour operator in Ceylon. It was founded in 1969. Soon, they represented two of the largest European tour operators, from West Germany and Denmark, who were actively promoting tourism in Sri Lanka.

A young lawyer, Sriyantha (Simon) Senaratne was appointed as the Managing Director of Walkers Tours in 1971. When Walkers Tours was acquired by John Keells Group of companies in 1972, he continued in that position for seven more years. As a part of the vision of the Managing Director, Walkers Tours entered the hotel industry in 1973 with a unique project in a remote area — Habarana, and soon became the leader in hotel management in Sri Lanka.

Prior to my departure from Sri Lanka to pursue my global career in early 1994, for the first two decades of this iconic hotel company, I was connected with them in various capacities. My direct and indirect roles with them included serving tourist groups and representatives of Walkers Tours as a waiter, barman, cook, trainee chef, executive chef, food & beverage manager, hotel manager, operations manager of the corporate office of the hotel company, and finally as the general manager of their two largest hotels in the 1980s. In later years, while working for other companies in Sri Lanka such as Le Galadari Meridien and Mount Lavinia Hotel, my teams depended largely on tourist traffic from Walkers Tours.

I am most thankful to Walkers Tours/John Keells Group for giving me valuable opportunities. They allowed me to experience at a young age, various senior operational positions and leadership tasks during the early years of my career in the hotel industry. My direct and indirect connections with this largest group of companies in Sri Lanka over a period of 20 years, can be summarized as:

1973 – Bentota Beach Hotel

First, I was associated with operational people and tour guides attached to Walkers Tours in 1973 while working as a trainee waiter, barman and cook on one of my Ceylon Hotel School (CHS) internships. It was at what was then the best resort hotel in Sri Lanka – Bentota Beach Hotel. Soon after my graduation from CHS in 1974 I was recruited by Bentota Beach as the Trainee Executive Chef. In that role for a year, I associated with more Walkers Tours groups and Resident Managers and Tour Managers.

Bentota Beach was a popular meeting place for many young hoteliers from over a dozen of new hotels in Bentota and Beruwala. In 1975 at a hotelier’s party, I met Jayantha Silva who had been recruited to manage the first hotel to be operated by Walkers Tours – Hotel Swanee.

1975 – Coral Gardens Hotel

After a year, I was transferred with the promotion of Executive Chef (and Assistant Manager) of the sister hotel of Bentota Beach Hotel – Coral Gardens. There, I took my relationships with Walkers tour leaders to a new level. On most days, we catered for an additional 150 to 200 tourists who visited Coral Gardens Hotel only for lunch during their island-wide round trip with Walkers Tours. In consultation with the tour leaders, I planned standard, three-course lunch menus that could be prepared and served quickly, after their glass-bottom boat excursions to see beautiful coral gardens, Hikkaduwa was famous for.

I met an innovative and ambitious, young hotelier — Bobby Adams for the first time in 1975, two weeks prior to his departure from Coral Gardens, when I succeeded him. Bobby who was the Assistant Manager of Coral Gardens Hotel was joining Walkers Tours to open The Village, Habarana – the first hotel to be built by Walkers Tours. Just before Bobby opened The Village in 1976 as its Manager, Bobby called me from Habarana, “Chandi, why don’t you join me as the Executive Chef at The Village?” he asked. However, at that point, I did not accept his offer. A few years later, I worked for Bobby twice. When I married in 1980, he was my best-man. When I was 27, I became his deputy at John Keells. Bobby was the first Director – Operations for hotels at their corporate office.

1977 – One Week Tour with Walkers Tours

In the summer of 1977, Walkers Tours decided to organize a one-week-long coach tour around Sri Lanka for representatives from all hotels in Sri Lanka providing rooms to their clients. As the Assistant Manager and Executive Chef, I represented Coral Gardens Hotel in this tour. It turned out to be a fun-filled, thank you tour. It was a great, public relations initiative by Walkers Tours with their hotel industry partners.

Most members of the top team of Walkers Tours joined this trip. They included Sri Lankan travel trade legends such as Norman Impett and Nevil Arnolda. They were both Directors of Walkers Tours. I also got to be better acquainted with prominent, younger members of Walkers Tours family, such as Bobby Jordan and Jansi Ponniah, who joined the trip. They both were very friendly, efficient, dynamic and well-connected with the hotel industry.

The highlight of the tour was spending a couple of days at their then flagship hotel – The Village, Habarana. By then, Walkers Tours had a number of hotel management agreements, was managing Hotel Swanee, and was taking over the management of Hotel Ceysands. They were in the early stages of planning a hotel in Kandy which was called Kandy Walkinn (which years later opened as Hotel Citadel). My friend Bobby Adams was very happy to see me again. Both of us sat at the ‘Don Martin’s bar at The Village and had a long chat over a couple of drinks. Bobby was very convincing. “Chandi, you must join Walkers Tours, now!” he insisted.

1977 – Hotel Ceysands

The day after the one-week coach tour with Walkers Tours, Captain D. A Wickramasinghe (Captain Wicks, who later became my father-in-law), the new General Manager of Hotel Ceysands called and met with me. He explained that Walkers Tours had taken over the Hotel Ceysands management from the owners — Ceylinco Group. After a pause, Captain Wicks said, “Chandana, we are expecting 100% occupancy from the first of November, 1977 for six months. We need a good professional like you to join us at least by the first of October, to organize the kitchen, restaurant and bars within a month.”

Soon after that, I joined Walkers Tours as the Food & Beverage Manager and Executive Chef of Hotel Ceysands. At that time, I met Walkers Tours Managing Director – Sriyantha (Simon) Senaratna, and the Finance Director – Priya Edirisinghe, who handled the hotel expansion projects.

1979 – Swanee

Hotel Swanee wasn’t a well-planned, developed hotel. However, when Walkers Tours took over the hotel in 1975, they wisely invested in major upgrades for the hotel. They hired respected professionals such as Bevis Bawa, to upgrade and maintain the landscaping.

As the first hotel to be managed by Walkers Tours/John Keells, it was also an important learning journey for the group. In 1979 at the age of 25, I was proud to be promoted to be the Manager of Hotel Swanee. John Keells Group Chairman, Mark Bostock was very fond of me and arranged my first overseas training in his country (England) with Trust House Forte.

1980 – An Offer from a new Rival Company

I was surprised when Somaratne Silva invited me to his house in Colombo to discuss the Manger job offer for me to open Sigiriya Village, which was expected to be the main competitor for The Village Habarana. He was such an interesting man.

He talked about his training in the Netherlands, his work experience in hotels there, his recommending Bobby Adams for The Village and his positive observations about my work at Hotel Ceysands and Hotel Swanee. I nearly accepted that job, but eventually decided to continue with John Keells.

1980 – Ambalangoda Rest House

By 1980, Walkers Tours/John Keells was expanding its hospitality business by acquiring some smaller properties with management contracts. The group opened their second hotel in Beruwala — Hotel Bayroo, on a management contract, in the midst of various obstacles created by the village thugs. In addition to managing Hotel Swanee, I was asked to take over the Ambalangoda Rest House, to reorganize and improve its standards and to manage it.

1981 – Hotel Management & Marketing Services Limited

At the beginning of 1981, I was promoted again and was transferred to the John Keells corporate office in Colombo. I was the second in command of Walkers Tours/John Keells’ hotel company — Hotel Management & Marketing Services Limited (HMMS), as the deputy to Bobby Adams.

1981 – Temple Trees

Mainly owing to a personal relationship Bobby Adams had with then Prime Minister, R. Premadasa, the group commenced managing the Prime Minister’s official residence — Temple Trees. I released one of the departmental managers from Hotel Swanee — Fazal Izzadeen to become the Manager of Temple Trees.

1981 – Ceylinco Hotel

In Colombo, we had negotiated to take over the management of Ceylinco Hotel. “Chandi, I would like you to take over the management of Ceylinco Hotel and re-organize it”, Bobby informed me. He knew that I had a personal friendship with the Ceylinco Group Chairman, Lalith Kotalawala, which was useful in taking over Ceylinco Hotel.

1981 – Representing Walkers Tours as the Group Executive Chef in Hong Kong

In the midst of my busy schedule with HMMS, Bobby Adams entrusted me, on short notice, with a special assignment in Hong Kong. He wanted me to quickly plan and organize a large Sri Lankan and Maldivian food festival at the Hotel Furama InterContinental, Hong Kong. It was an important, two-week tourism promotional festival, in partnership with a number of organizations. They were represented by well-known leaders of the tourist industry, such as M. Y. M. Thahir of Walkers Tours, Pani Seneviratne of Ceylon Tourist Board, and Ahamed Didi of Universal Resorts, The Maldives.

1985 – The Village & The Lodge

Soon after my return from England in 1985, upon completing my graduate studies in International Hotel Management, I re-joined John Keells Group. I was appointed as the General Manager of their largest two hotels – The Village and The Lodge. I reported to Bobby Adams, and also worked closely on rates and financial aspects with Vivendra Lintotawela, who later became the Chairman of John Keells Holdings. On a day when all 260 rooms in both hotels were occupied, my management team in Habarana led providing hospitality and meals to 1,000 people — 520 guests, 120 tourist drivers and 360 employees.

In The Village, Somaratna Silva had cleverly created a rustic resort with an open concept with individual rooms appearing like small houses in a remote village. In The Lodge, two young Architects — Pheroze Choksy and Ismeth Rahim — continued the open concept, but with more sophistication. The end result was simply a masterpiece of architecture in two sister hotels, blending beautifully with nature, and the seamless delivery of world class hospitality.

John Keells/Walkers Tours, had created two iconic resorts, which were simply a delight for any hotelier to operate. I was fortunate to get that opportunity.

1985 – Habarana Farm

In addition to managing the two resorts in Habarana, I managed a large farm with the assistance of a qualified farm manager who reported to me. The farm cultivated vegetables and fruits to supply both resorts and used kitchen food waste to feed around 35 pigs raised on the farm.

1986 – Keels Food Product Distribution Operation

One day the Managing Director of Walkers Tours, Ken Balendra (later, the first Sri Lankan to be appointed as the Chairman of John Keells Holdings) called me and asked, “Chandana, don’t you have unused cold room facilities at The Lodge?” When I confirmed that we did, he assigned me some additional duties. “Look Chandana, we are commencing a new company – Keells Food Products, initially with mainly meat products. Our vision is to eventually make it the largest such company in Sri Lanka. We would like you to set up the food distribution network for Keells Food Products in the North Central Province.” I immediately hired a Food Distribution Coordinator, bought a large refrigerated van and commenced food distribution.

1986-1989 and 1990-1993

During my three years as the Director of Food & Beverage of the 500-room five-star Le Galadari Meridien Hotel in Colombo from 1986 to 1989, I realized the influence Walkers Tours had with most of the hotels in Sri Lanka. My colleague, Chandra Mohotti, the Director of Room Division of the hotel treated anyone from Walkers Tours as royalty, as their group business was valuable.

During my three years as the General Manager of Mount Lavinia Hotel from 1990 to 1993 we depended heavily on group bookings from Walkers Tours. I enjoyed working with them very closely, especially during the tour group contract negotiations held in Berlin, Milan and London during major travel trade events (ITB, BIT and WTM). After work we all socialized until the early hours in the morning. Those were memorable days.

I left Sri Lanka permanently in early 1994 to focus on my global career. Therefore, I had no direct connections with Walkers Tours/John Keells for nearly 30 years. However, during those three decades, when I visited Sri Lanka over 35 times as a tourist, as a guest of a few of their hotels, I continued to be impressed with the visionary developments, ambitious takeovers, innovative expansions and creative re-branding of the hotel business of Walkers Tours/John Keells.

Many board members and professional hoteliers have contributed to this remarkable journey, having many unprecedented successes. In spite of various macro level challenges such as the 26-year civil war from 1983 to 2009, Walkers Tours/John Keells hotels managed to survive and progress.

How Did Everything Start in 1973?

At the end of the day, it is still important to understand the humble beginnings of this hotel company and appreciate the pioneers who commenced that amazing journey… Continuing next week, with a question-and-answer format with the visionary leader who steered Walkers Tours to enter the hotel industry 50 years ago.



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Celebrating 25 Years of Excellence: The Silver Jubilee of SLIIT – PART I

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The event was graced by distinguished guests, including H.E. Paul Stephens – Australian High Commissioner, Eric Walsh – High Commissioner for Canada in Sri Lanka and the Maldives, Prof. Harlene Hayne – Vice-Chancellor, Curtin University, Australia along with many esteemed industry experts.

SLIIT is a degree-awarding higher education institute authorized and approved by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and Ministry of Higher Education under the University Act of the Government of Sri Lanka. SLIIT is also the first Sri Lankan institute accredited by the Institution of Engineering & Technology, UK. Further, SLIIT is also a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) and the International Association of Universities (IAU).

Founded in 1999, with its main campus in Malabe and multiple centers across the country—including Metro Campus (Colombo), Matara, Kurunegala, Kandy (Pallekele), and Jaffna (Northern Uni)—SLIIT provides state-of-the-art facilities for students, now celebrating 25 years of excellence in 2025.

SLIIT continues to expand its academic, research, and industry connections, ensuring its graduates are well-prepared for global challenges while maintaining high standards of education and innovation.

Since its establishment in 1999, the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology (SLIIT) has played a transformative role in shaping the nation’s technological and educational landscape. Operating as a company limited by guarantee, SLIIT reinvests all surpluses into academic and institutional development, maintaining independence from government ownership and funding since its inception, except for an initial BOI grant and temporary financial support from the Mahapola Trust Fund, which was fully repaid by 2015.

Officially delisted from any government ministry in 2017, SLIIT stands as a fully self-sustaining, non-state higher education institution. Over the years, it has grown from a pioneering IT-focused institute into a multidisciplinary university, offering programs in engineering, business, architecture, and humanities. With a strong emphasis on research, industry collaboration, and global academic partnerships, SLIIT continues to produce highly skilled graduates, reinforcing its reputation as a center of academic excellence and innovation.

Academic Excellence & Global Recognition

*  Ranked Sri Lanka’s No. 1 non-state university and 3rd overall in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2025.

*  Ranked No. 1 in Sri Lanka in the AD Scientific Index World Young University Ranking 2025.

*  Secured 5th place in the 2024 Scimago Institutional Ranking (first quartile).

*  Maintains an active research culture through grants, research integration into curricula, and a dedicated research center.

Programs, Faculty & Employability

*  25,000+ students, 96% employment rate, and an alumni base of over 40,000 graduates.

*  Offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and PhD programs in IT, Engineering, Business, Law, Psychology, Architecture, Quantity Surveying, Nursing, Hospitality & Tourism, Education, and more. Plans to introduce a Medicine program.

*  400+ eminent academics, many with PhDs and international research backgrounds, with a combined 5,000+ years of experience.

Industry & Global Partnerships

*  50+ industry partners, providing internships and job placements.

*  Collaborations with leading global universities such as Curtin, Liverpool John Moores, University of Edinburgh, University of Western Australia, and University of Queensland.

Achieving Global Recognition: SLIIT’s World University Ranking

A defining achievement in SLIIT’s journey has been its recognition on the global stage. Today, SLIIT proudly stands as the 3rd highest-ranked university in Sri Lanka among both state and non-state institutions in world university rankings in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2025. Notably, it holds the prestigious position of being the highest-ranked non-state university in the country. This recognition is a testament to SLIIT’s unwavering dedication to academic excellence, research contributions, and strong industry partnerships. By continuously improving its academic framework, research output, and international collaborations, SLIIT has firmly established itself as a leading institution in higher education, both locally and globally.

SLIIT Ranked Sri Lanka’s No. 1 Non-State University, Secures 3rd Place Nationally

SLIIT’s Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Lalith Gamage, expressed pride in the institution’s achievement, emphasizing its commitment to academic quality, research impact, and industry collaboration. Prof. Nimal Rajapakse echoed this sentiment, reaffirming SLIIT’s dedication to institutional excellence and global engagement. Looking forward, SLIIT aims to further strengthen its academic and research capabilities while positioning itself as a top choice for students seeking international-standard education.

Academic Excellence and Research Contributions

SLIIT has consistently maintained high academic standards, fostering an environment that encourages critical thinking, creativity, and technological innovation. Its research contributions in artificial intelligence, data science, cybersecurity, and other emerging fields have significantly impacted the academic and industrial spheres. Collaborations with international universities and institutions have further strengthened its research capabilities, allowing students and faculty to engage in groundbreaking projects that address global challenges.

Industry Partnerships and Global Recognition

One of the hallmarks of SLIIT’s success has been its strong industry partnerships. By working closely with leading corporations, startups, and government agencies, the institution has ensured that its graduates are well-equipped with the skills and knowledge required to excel in the modern workforce. Internship programs, industry-led workshops, and career placement initiatives have solidified SLIIT’s reputation as a premier institution for producing job-ready professionals. The university’s global collaborations have also positioned it as a key player in international education, further enhancing its credibility and influence.

Empowering Future Leaders

SLIIT Vice Chancellor, Professor Lalith Gamage, presents the winners’ trophy

Beyond academics, SLIIT has nurtured a vibrant student community that thrives on extracurricular activities, leadership development, and social responsibility. Student-led clubs, hackathons, entrepreneurship initiatives, and community service projects have created a holistic learning experience, empowering students to become well-rounded individuals and future leaders in their respective fields.

The Future

To be a globally recognized leader in higher education, research, and innovation, driving technological advancements and academic excellence to empower future generations. SLIIT envisions itself as a transformative force in shaping the future of education, fostering a culture of creativity, critical thinking, and industry collaboration to address emerging global challenges.

As SLIIT embarks on its next 25 years, SLIIT is looking forward to:

Expand academic offerings to align with the evolving demands of industry and society, ensuring students are equipped with future-ready skills.

Strengthen research capabilities by fostering innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and real-world impact in fields such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, engineering, and business.

Cultivate a dynamic learning environment that nurtures intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and ethical leadership.

Enhance global partnerships with universities, industries, and research institutions to promote knowledge exchange and technological advancements.

Contribute meaningfully to national and global progress by developing a generation of professionals, entrepreneurs, and researchers who drive sustainable development and innovation.

Winning National and International Competitions

SLIIT has demonstrated excellence not only in academics and sports but also in various national and international competitions. Students and faculty have participated and triumphed in globally recognized contests, including programming competitions, hackathons, robotics championships, and business case challenges. These victories highlight SLIIT’s emphasis on innovation, problem-solving, and technical expertise. The university’s commitment to nurturing talent and providing competitive exposure has enabled students to showcase their capabilities on prestigious global platforms, bringing recognition to both themselves and the institution.

Conclusion

The Silver Jubilee of SLIIT is not just a celebration of its past achievements but also a recognition of its continued commitment to shaping the future of education and technology. As we commemorate this significant milestone, we extend our gratitude to the visionary leaders, dedicated faculty, industrious students, and supportive industry partners who have contributed to SLIIT’s remarkable journey. With a strong foundation and an inspiring vision, SLIIT is poised to achieve even greater heights in the years to come.

(The writer, a senior Chartered Accountant and professional banker, is Professor at SLIIT University, Malabe. He is also the author of the “Doing Social Research and Publishing Results”, a Springer publication (Singapore), and “Samaja Gaveshakaya (in Sinhala). The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the institution he works for. He can be contacted at saliya.a@slit.lk and www.researcher.com)

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Notes from AKD’s Textbook

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Small State Diplomacy:

There is a vast and increasingly interesting body of literature on the ways in which small and militarily and economically not so powerful countries, such as Sri Lanka, could deal with more powerful countries such as India and China, the United States and Canada and much of Western Europe, with whom Sri Lanka has trade and political links. In general, small state diplomacy is understood in the context of and in opposition to great power diplomacy. Until the Cold War came to an end, small states were generally seen as ‘rule-takers’ or those following diktats set by powerful nations, the ‘rule-makers’. Along the same vein, such small nations were also seen as mere consumers of security products and military alliances rather than initiators of these things.

But in contemporary times, there are many studies that have attempted to explain how and under what conditions it would be possible for the foreign policies of small states and their diplomatic efforts to influence and impact international affairs. Ideally, like more powerful countries, the goals of smaller and less powerful nations should also reflect their own core national interests, including safeguarding territorial integrity, advancing prosperity, and protecting the rights of their citizens beyond their borders. But these interests should be advanced in tandem with broader global concerns, focused on influencing the international environment in general.

It is in this context that Sri Lanka has spectacularly failed as a small state, particularly after the collapse of the Non-Aligned Movement and the abysmal failure of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Sri Lanka’s failure has also resulted from very specific local ruptures directly linked to dismantling democratic practices in the country since the late 1970s. These include the steady politicization and the resultant mediocratization of the country’s Foreign Service and the negative impact of the long lineage of elected but unenlightened political leaders from Presidents to Prime Ministers, Foreign Ministers and others who have undisputedly compromised Sri Lankan foreign policy and global standing. The country has not produced diplomats in a long time who have steadfastly looked after Sri Lanka’s interests in the world without pandering to the diktats of autocratic governments at home, with the assurance that they will be protected in return.

Similarly, Sri Lanka has been very unfortunate to not have leaders at the apex of local power who could intelligently and sensibly speak their mind to global and regional powers with a clear understanding of how international politics work and how the country can protect its national interest within this rubric.

So far, there has been an utter compromise of such interests through personal greed, the lack of preparedness and absence of intelligence. This is the reason Sri Lankan diplomacy and foreign policy have often failed or become very ordinary, even when it comes to crucial elements of the field, such as negotiations. I include in this category both political leaders and weak-willed and unenlightened foreign service officers. This has resulted in Sri Lanka ending up agreeing to be part of woefully inadequate and nationally unprofitable agreements, thereby constantly relegated to being on the proverbial backfoot; the longstanding Human Rights Council resolution in Geneva being a case in point, while the Indo-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement is another problematic example from the region. As a nation, we have shown our incapability in negotiating not only with more powerful countries, but even with private entities from such countries.

Against this backdrop, President Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s state visit to India, in December 2024, can be seen as a breath of fresh air on how one may engage in a more refined foreign policy that will look after local interests at the global level. Given our usual pusillanimity, the stand taken by President Disanayake when India’s Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar called on him, becomes interesting. Of course, Jaishankar is a seasoned career diplomat who has always stood for India’s interests internationally, while Dissanayake is a man without experience in dealing with global leaders. After all, this was his first state visit with a motley crew, equally lacking experience in international relations.

However, by all reports reaching us from the discourse on this visit, Dissanayake did well even though much of this has not been adequately reported in the press, barring the solitary intervention by Minister Sunil Handunnetti in Parliament, in February 2025. President Dissanayake’s success came from his political acumen and extreme confidence emanating from the powerful local mandate he had been given by the Sri Lankan people. He expressed what he had to say without floundering, in clear Sinhala, which was translated into English. At one point, Jaishankar had engaged Dissanayake on the perennial fishermen’s issue involving the two countries. He said it would be good to find a solution that made sense to Sri Lanka, but it also needed to convince the political interests in Tamil Nadu.

In his response, President Dissanayake minced no words, articulating where his responsibility lies, stating that for the first time people from northern Sri Lanka showed confidence in a political party from the south, which he represented, and it was essential to build on this trust and safeguard their rights, livelihood and security. In other words, he resisted the usual official Indian refrain and raised without reservations the issue of Indian poaching in Sri Lankan waters. Sri Lanka’s firm position on this controversial issue was thus elucidated very clearly by President Dissanayake to Dr Jaishankar.

For me, used to seeing nationally counter-productive positions and agreements shoved down Sri Lanka’s throat by powerful nations and organizatipns at international meetings, this was a refreshing textbook example of how a small country should conduct its foreign relations with a powerful neighbour with a reasonable degree of self-respect and core national interest at heart. But this is merely one example of Dissanayake’s numerous successful engagements with Jaishankar. It is understood that other such instances include Dissanayake’s stand on India’s interest in constructing a land bridge between the two countries and its persistent pressure on the 13th Amendment to Sri Lanka’s Constitution.

This brings to my mind a comparatively different example from the Yahapalanaya era. In 2015, while preparing to meet the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala with a small group of academics and friends, I was informed by one of his staff members that he longed to visit the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, at least once in his life, the only significant Buddhist temple connected directly to the life of the Buddha he had not been able visit. The reason being he would not be given a visa by the Sri Lankan government due to its needless deference to the Chinese government. This had become an unquestioned and established practice of Sri Lankan foreign policy with regard to the Dalai Lama. The irony is that this is a highly respected global personality who continues to be welcomed openly by countries which have robust trade and political relations with China. I took it upon myself to write to President Maithirpala Sirisena and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe that Sri Lanka should allow the Dalai Lama to visit and expounded on why this would not dent our relations with China. I never heard from them. I was also told by Sri Lankan diplomats at the time both in Delhi and Colombo this would never happen.

This is a telling example of the mediocrity and non-independence of our foreign policy, even at a fundamental level. It is, and not only in this instance, often dictated by what other nations might think, or how they may feel or react, rather than what Sri Lanka wants to do in keeping with its convictions, and that, too, without properly evaluating the merits of each case. Consecutive post-Independence Sri Lankan governments have not issued a visa to the Dalai Lama. Juxtapose this to the instance when in 2014, the Mahinda Rajapaksa government allowed the violent Burmese Buddhist monk, Ashin Wirathu, who once identified himself as ‘the Burmese bin Laden’ to visit Sri Lanka to attend a public meeting in Colombo.

This needs to be considered in terms of realpolitik. That is, would the Chinese want to lose out on the far greater advantages of their considerable investments and structures of influence by withdrawing from Sri Lanka, because the Sri Lankan government allowed the elderly Dalai Lama a deeply personal spiritual visit? At most, they would issue an irate statement conveying their displeasure as they have done consistently on all such occasions involving other countries. But on the Sri Lankan government’s part, depriving a visit to the Dalai Lama to the Temple of the Tooth located in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Kandy no less, is utterly un-Buddhist for a state that accords the foremost place to Buddhism in its constitution. I do hope President Dissanayake would be able to see the frivolity of the reasoning of his successors and advance the possibilities in his newfound textbook on small state diplomacy.

But, in the long term, this new textbook approach will be successful only if more concrete work is put into the process. A visit by the Dalai Lama would be one aspect that can send a much needed signal to the world that finally our foreign policy is standing on its own feet without compromising the country’s relations with other nations. More can be done when Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits Sri Lanka on 5th April 2025. One hopes that Dissanayake will engage with his foreign visitor to make clear what the national interests are.

After all, the land bridge idea consistently pushed by India is vehemently opposed by both the country’ powerful Buddhist clergy and many ordinary Sri Lankans who happen to have brought President Dissanayake and his party to power. The 13th Amendment, forced into the Sri Lankan Constitution with direct Indian intervention, albeit under an Indian National Congress (INC) government, should never be part of any future constitution. After all, President Dissanayake’s own party, the JVP, has consistently opposed the 13th Amendment. This does not mean, however, that regional socio-political interests within the island should not be addressed in a future constitution-making process within a local paradigm; they certainly should be.

On the other hand, while we should be open to Indian investments and any others in keeping with the laws of the land, allowing backdoor and illegal entry of projects of the kind that Adani attempted, should be out of the question. This can be part of the conversation during the upcoming visit of Mr Modi. It would behoove the Sri Lankan government to be mindful that Indian foreign policy in the region has in recent times run into spectacular failures as exemplified by the cases of Bangladesh, Nepal and the Maldives as well as India’s general inability to counter Chinese influence in the region.

One hopes that President Dissanayake will continue to engage with his visitor and others like him in times to come in the manner he has already established during his 2024 state visit to India.

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Removing obstacles to development

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President Dissanayake

Six months into the term of office of the new government, the main positive achievements continue to remain economic and political stability and the reduction of waste and corruption. The absence of these in the past contributed to a significant degree to the lack of development of the country. The fact that the government is making a serious bid to ensure them is the best prognosis for a better future for the country. There is still a distance to go. The promised improvements that would directly benefit those who are at the bottom of the economic pyramid, and the quarter of the population who live below the poverty line, have yet to materialise. Prices of essential goods have not come down and some have seen sharp increases such as rice and coconuts. There are no mega projects in the pipeline that would give people the hope that rapid development is around the corner.

There were times in the past when governments succeeded in giving the people big hopes for the future as soon as they came to power. Perhaps the biggest hope came with the government’s move towards the liberalisation of the economy that took place after the election of 1977. President J R Jayewardene and his team succeeded in raising generous international assistance, most of it coming in the form of grants, that helped to accelerate the envisaged 30 year Mahaweli Development project to just six years. In 1992 President Ranasinghe Premadasa thought on a macro scale when his government established 200 garment factories throughout the country to develop the rural economy and to help alleviate poverty. These large scale projects brought immediate hope to the lives of people.

More recently the Hambantota Port project, Mattala Airport and the Colombo Port City project promised mega development that excited the popular imagination at the time they commenced, though neither of them has lived up to their envisaged potential. These projects were driven by political interests and commission agents rather than economic viability leading to debt burden and underutilisation. The NPP government would need to be cautious about bringing in similar mega projects that could offer the people the hope of rapid economic growth. During his visits to India and China, President Anura Kumara Dissanayake signed a large number of agreements with the governments of those countries but the results remain unclear. The USD 1 billion Adani project to generate wind power with Indian collaboration appears to be stalled. The USD 3.7 billion Chinese proposal to build an oil refinery also appears to be stalled.

RENEWED GROWTH

The absence of high profile investments or projects to generate income and thereby take the country to a higher level of development is a lacuna in the development plans of the government. It has opened the door to invidious comparisons to be drawn between the new government’s ability to effect change and develop the economy in relation to those in the opposition political parties who have traditionally been in the seats of power. However, recently published statistics of the economic growth during the past year indicates that the economy is doing better than anticipated under the NPP government. Sri Lanka’s economy grew by 5 percent in the year 2024, reversing two years of contraction with the growth rate for the year of 2023 being estimated at negative 2.3 percent. What was particularly creditable was the growth rate for the fourth quarter of 2024 (after the new government took over) being 5.4 percent. The growth figures for the present quarter are also likely to see a continuation of the present trend.

Sri Lanka’s failure in the past has been to sustain its economic growth rates. Even though the country started with high growth rates under different governments, it soon ran into problems of waste and corruption that eroded those gains. During the initial period of President J R Jayawardene’s government in the late 1970s, the economy registered near 8 percent growth with the support of its mega projects, but this could not be sustained. Violent conflict, waste and corruption came to the centre stage which led to the economy getting undermined. With more and more money being spent on the security forces to battle those who had become insurgents against the state, and with waste and corruption skyrocketing there was not much left over for economic development.

The government’s commitment to cut down on waste and corruption so that resources can be saved and added to enable economic growth can be seen in the strict discipline it has been following where expenditures on its members are concerned. The government has restricted the cabinet to 25 ministers, when in the past the figure was often double. The government has also made provision to reduce the perks of office, including medical insurance to parliamentarians. The value of this latter measure is that the parliamentarians will now have an incentive to upgrade the health system that serves the general public, instead of running it down as previous governments did. With their reduced levels of insurance coverage they will need to utilise the public health facilities rather than go to the private ones.

COMMITTED GOVERNMENT

The most positive feature of the present time is that the government is making a serious effort to root out corruption. This is to be seen in the invigoration of previously dormant institutions of accountability, such as the Bribery and Corruption Commission, and the willingness of the Attorney General’s Department to pursue those who were previously regarded as being beyond the reach of the law due to their connections to those in the seats of power. The fact that the Inspector General of Police, who heads the police force, is behind bars on a judicial order is an indication that the rule of law is beginning to be taken seriously. By cost cutting, eliminating corruption and abiding by the rule of law the government is removing the obstacles to development. In the past, the mega development projects failed to deliver their full benefits because they got lost in corrupt and wasteful practices including violent conflict.

There is a need, however, for new and innovative development projects that require knowledge and expertise that is not necessarily within the government. So far it appears that the government is restricting its selection of key decision makers to those it knows, has worked with and trusts due to long association. Two of the committees that the government has recently appointed, the Clean Lanka task force and the Tourism advisory committee are composed of nearly all men from the majority community. If Sri Lanka is to leverage its full potential, the government must embrace a more inclusive approach that incorporates women and diverse perspectives from across the country’s multiethnic and multireligious population, including representation from the north and east. For development that includes all, and is accepted by all, it needs to tap into the larger resources that lie outside itself.

By ensuring that women and ethnic minorities have representation in decision making bodies of the government, the government can harness a broader range of skills, experiences, and perspectives, ultimately leading to more effective and sustainable development policies. Sustainable development is not merely about economic growth; it is about inclusivity and partnership. A government that prioritises diversity in its leadership will be better equipped to address the challenges that can arise unexpectedly. By widening its advisory base and integrating a broader array of voices, the government can create policies that are not only effective but also equitable. Through inclusive governance, responsible economic management, and innovative development strategies the government will surely lead the country towards a future that benefits all its people.

by Jehan Perera

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