Features
Recent earth tremors in Sri Lanka
– a critical review in relation with such activity in Tamil Nadu and the orogenesis of Himalayas based on a new theory of cratons and mobile belts in the Indian peninsular
By DULIP JAYAWARDENA
Former Director Geological Survey Department and retired Economic Affairs Officer, United Nations ESCAP
There were recent reports of earth tremors in the Buttala and Wellawaya areas in Sri Lanka and statements made by local earth scientists failed to give any scientific explanations as regards such activity.
An attempt is made to explain such activity in relation to seismicity in Sri Lanka compared to Tamil Nadu as well as the orogenesis of the Himalayas in relation to a new theory of cratons and fold belts in India and its extrapolation to Sri Lanka.
There was a news item in the local media that if a major earthquake occurs in the Himalayan region there will be tremors felt in Colombo as well as in Jaffna.
Historical seismicity in the Himalayan region has been analysed and its slip potential in the 21 Century recorded (Rodger Bilham roger.bilham@clorado.edu ).
The seismicity of Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu are compared to understand mountain building in the two regions as Sri Lanka resemble crystalline metamorphic rocks of South India.
It is recommended that the theory cratons and mobile belts that has been postulated in India focusing on the Tamil Nadu region be extended to Sri Lanka to explain present earth tremors in Buttala and Wellawaya areas.
COMPARISON OF ALTITUDES AND SEISMIC RECORDS BETWEEN SRI LANKA AND TAMIL NADU
The highest mountains in Sri Lanka are Pidurutalagala (2524 metres msl), Kirigalpotha (2396 metres msl), and Samalakanda – Adam’s Peak (2243 metres msl)
As compared to Sri Lanka the heights of 77 mountains range from 2695 meters msl to 522 metres msl from the Indian Peninsular.
Tamil Nadu, which is a part of Peninsular India, compared to the highest peneplain of Sri Lanka (Wadia 1945), has three mountains namely Anamuda (2395 metres msl ) , Meesapullimala (2640 metres msl) and Kolabetta (2629 metres msl) -Wikipedia.
Accordingly, it is evident that the highest mountains in Sri Lanka can be closely related to those of Tamil Nadu subject to the same orogenesis or mountain building.
SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSES FOR STATE OF TAMIL NADU SOUTH INDIA
A study by G. P. Ganapathy Assistant Professor, Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management VIT University Vellore 632 014 Tamil Nadu India seismigans@yahoo.com and Rajaratnam S. Professor, Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, Anna University Chennai 600 025 Tamil Nadu, India ( drrajarathnam@yahoo.com ) have extensively analyzed seismic potential sources of Tamil Nadu State and are summarised in Table 2 of their paper titled, “Seismic Hazard Analyses for Tamil Nadu State: A Deterministic Approach “and published in the Jour. Engr. Geol. Vol.XXXV1 NO1.4
Tamil Nadu State covers 130 ,058 sq. km approximately twice the size of Sri Lanka which encompasses only 65 000 sq. km. Figure 1 gives a large number of lineaments which are seismic prone and it is interesting to note that such lineaments especially in the South Block may extend to Sri Lanka and Figure 2 indicate identified seismic potential sources in this block.
SEISMIC POTENTIAL SOURCES OF TAMIL NADU
Table 1 of the above research paper analyses seven sources seismic potential sources with lengths varying from 315 km to 42 km with cumulative number of earthquakes ranging from 5 to 1 with magnitudes varying from 6.0 to 5.0 (M) observed from historical /instrumental earthquakes and peak ground acceleration (PGA) in g determined using m varying from 0.212 to 0.078 . It is noted that PGA is high in earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 and low in magnitude 3. Further PGA in Chennai, Coimbatore, Salem, Madurai and Tiruchirappalli cities varies from 0.107g, 0.133g, 0.012g ,0.77g and 0.113 g respectively. It is noted that the southeastern part of the State shows high values because of a high earthquake data for the years 1800 to 2004 It also explains that the southern part of the State which may extend to Sri Lanka shows comparatively low seismic hazards.
SEISMIC RECORDS AND POTENTIAL OF SRI LANKA
It is reported that Sri Lanka had no seismic records up to 1800. However from the period 1615 to 1800 earthquakes were reported close to Sri Lanka in the northern Indian Ocean and Coimbatore- Nilgiri Hills. (Seneviratne H.N et al ( DOI :http://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v53i2.7412)
Newspaper reports are available in the National Archives, Sri Lanka in 1882 ,1924, 1938 and 1944(Ceylon Observer) on earthquakes that had occurred during these years. However no deaths have been reported although there was damage to property (Gunasekera K.W (2000) Sunday Observer ,p34)
Seismic records from 1909 to 1992 were from a seismograph installed in 1909. However, no data are available since 1992 as it was not fully functional.
It is reported that from the year 1823 to 2010 earth tremors and earthquakes in Sri Lanka varied from 5.9 to 3.7 on the Richter Scale and most of such tremors were recorded in the Comorin Ridge Failed Mannar Rift Zone (Seneviratne et.al).
Sri Lanka has been identified as a Mid Plate Platelet lying between Antarctica -India -Africa and Madagascar ( Curry 1984 adopted by Crawford (1974 )and Katz (1978).
In 1823 there was an earthquake of 5.8 Magnitude at Mandawela , in close proximity of Colombo with coordinates 7deg. Lat. and 80 deg. Long. There were no deaths but damage to property were recorded. There was also an earthquake of 5.9 Magnitude at Lat. N 6.5 and Long 79 E close to Kurunegala.
It is interesting to note that Sri Lanka within a latitude of 7.8731 deg. North and 80.7718 East had 18 earthquakes or tremors between the period 1823 to 2010 a period of 187 years. However, the number of tremors of insignificant nature during this period was 670.
SEISMIC RECORDS IN SRI LANKA AFTER 1992
- Fig. 1. Schematic geological map of Sri Lanka, after Kroner et al 2013
- Fig. 2. Map of Vijyana Complex with locations of sampling, edited after Kroner et al 2013. The tectonic mixed zone between the Highland Complex and the Vijayan Complex is highlighted as light-grey in colour.
The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) commissioned three seismometers, one at Pallekelle in year 2000 (PALK) connected to the Global Seismic Network (GSN)and the others in 2010 Mahakandarawa (MALK) connected to GEOFON) Network and Hakmana (HALK)connected to GEOFON (Geo-Network operated by Germany).
It is of importance that a network of seismometers be established in Colombo and the Western Province and a network of seismometers covering the entire Island to establish relationship between earthquakes and development activity accelerated recently in Sri Lanka. (Senaviratne H.N. et. al. 2020)
It has also been revealed that an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 (475-year return period) along the Mannar Rift Zone identified earlier in this report.
SRI LANKA HAS THE LOWEST GRAVITY RECORDED IN THE WORLD
The European Space Agency (ESA) carried out a four-and-a-half-year Gravity Field and Steady – State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission to learn what constitutes the surface beneath the Earth and discovered that the lowest negative gravity was south of Sri Lanka.
A geoid is the equipotential surface that coincides over the oceans with the same sea level. It is noted that the earth becomes flattened around the equator and the distance from equatorial areas to the center of the Earth is more than from the poles to the center. (Roar media Sachith Mendis (https://roar.media/english/life/reports/sri-lanka-least-earth-place-world )
It is also revealed that launching of space satellites will be much cheaper due the low gravity and due to no land surface directly south of Sri Lanka.
EARTHQUAKE OF 1615 IN SRI LANKA
An earthquake of magnitude 8 or 9 on the Richter scale was reported on 14 April 1615 evening offshore that caused extensive damage in western part of the Island. The worst hit area was Colombo and 2 per cent of Colombo Fort was destroyed. It has been reported that nearly 200 houses were destroyed with nearly 2000 casualties. Accordingly, moderate sized earthquakes cannot be ruled out in Sri Lanka. (Muhandiram P. M. S. S. B. <https: loes18.wildapricot.org/article _earthquakes-text= According to this document2 % of Colombo Fort got destroyed.
GRAVITY MAP OF SRI LANKA
A Gravity Map of Sri Lanka was compiled and produced in 1975 by the Geological Survey Department (present GSMB) on the scale of 1: 1. 000,000 by T. Hatherton, D. B. Pattiarachchi and V. V. C. Ranasinghe with an appendix by R.B. Evans.
A total of 1,170 points were established covering the whole Island in respect to 19 base stations and about 87 per cent of observations where in areas less than 150 meters msl.
The horizontal distance and heights of the 1971 gravity observations were from 1 -inch topographic maps covering Sri Lanka.
Most of these gravity stations were tied up with the trigonometrical survey stations of the Survey Department. When these stations were opened it was revealed that there was movement due to upliftment.
A contour map of complete Bouguer (gravity anomaly corrected to the height of its measurement) anomalies with the locations of gravity observations was produced.
The gravity map has revealed a negative gravity low on the Highland -Vijayan boundary in the east of Sri Lanka.
(To be concluded)
Features
Sections of US media looking power straight in the eye
Some fundamental freedoms seen to be at the heart of democracy in the US – religion, speech, the press, assembly and the right to petition the government – are at risk of being undermined at present by the country’s Executive President. However, the latter is being legally challenged on this score by some sections of the US media and the citizenry of the country could take heart from this notable defense of media freedom.
In fact this is good news for the world of democracy. The push back is coming from organizations such as CNN, ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC who constitute the nucleus as it were of the US media and their solidarity no less than their resourcefulness calls for commendation.
Following a recent White House decision to suspend CNN from what was referred to as ‘participation in presidential pool coverages’, the other media organizations mentioned refused to replace it in the pool. Their position was that the public had a right to receive ‘accurate and independent information about the government.’
Earlier, the White House decided to bar MS NOW and Politico from entering its premises following the restrictions imposed on CNN. The organizations were accused of publishing “FAKE NEWS’ , ‘Fiction’ and ‘lies’ in respect of the administration. These organizations lost no time in initiating a federal lawsuit accusing the central administration of violating their rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.
However, the latter litigating organizations could now consider themselves as having been vindicated because the federal court hearing their case has ordered the Trump administration to temporarily restore White House press access to journalists from the mentioned media institutions. Notably, the court has declared that the ban is ‘likely unconstitutional’. The case is proceeding.
The mass media of the most vibrant democracies of the West ought to be no strangers to such inspirational acts of solidarity and exemplifications of independence but there are lessons here for the democracies of the South that could stand them in good stead. Minus the right of a people to be informed, the rest of fundamental rights featuring in Southern Bills of Rights and legislation of the kind are bereft of substance and meaning.
It is informed decision-making on the part of a citizenry that makes for democratic vibrancy and on this score many a Southern democracy fails. While Southern publics generally demand of their governments continuous economic well being and substantive material benefits they are not equally desirous of being informed and knowledgeable.
This lacuna in the consciousness of many Southern publics enables their governments ‘to get off the hook’, so to speak and govern, or more often misgovern, their countries with impunity. Among other factors, this species of mass ignorance makes it possible for governments to dismantle democracy and rule in perpetuity.
Accordingly, an educated and constantly informed public is an essential precondition for the flourishing of democracy and independent media are integral to this process. Minus an independent mass media sector that meets the knowledge needs of the people responsibly, democracy is as good as dead.
Needless to say, those sections of the US media that are currently taking the Trump administration to task over its media curbs are acutely aware of the cruciality of these fundamental knowledge requirements.
The hope of democratic opinion worldwide and locally is likely to be that media independence would thrive in the manner in which it is flourishing in the most vibrant and accountable democracies of the West.
Southern countries such as Sri Lanka that lay claim to democratic credentials, but are democracy-deficient in many ways, need to be particularly cognizant of these requirements. The publics of these countries need to go the extra mile to ensure the thriving of an independent but responsible mass media sector.
In fact it is veritably a matter of life and death. It is only an independent media sector that could, while ensuring the existence of an informed public, impress on the latter the need to protect and perpetuate its fundamental rights. In the absence of these campaigns, such publics could be eventually having on their hands governments that boast of ruling in perpetuity.
Taking a leaf from the sections of the US media referred to independent media organizations in Southern states need to act in solidarity as well. They would need to act on the basis of the principle that acts of victimization suffered by members in their fold at the hands of governments, for instance, are in fact inimical acts directed at their collectivity and which call for united remedial action. In short, no independent mass media institution could see itself as ‘an island’.
Besides some general guidance on the importance of media independence and solidarity, the message coming from the US with regard to media praxis is that power must be stood-up to unblinkingly. The mentioned sections of the US media are primarily in a struggle to ward off encroachments on their independence in the areas of policy and practice by the political executive, that is the President.
The latter would ride rough-shod over the media in the absence of robust opposition by the media itself to inimical executive action of this kind.
While media independence needs to be seen as crucial to democratic development, an obligation is cast on the media to ensure that it uses such independence responsibly and constructively.
The worst that could afflict a media sector is for it to fall prey to the clichetic ‘freedom of the wild ass’. In fact recurring irresponsibility on the part of the media could lend credence to the perception that a tightly regulated media is best for a country. It is a short step from this misguided view to the position that political authoritarianism is best for a state. That turn of events would be of course catastrophic for a democracy.
The issues discussed thus far point to the need for a broad discourse among Southern democracies in particular on what is best for them in this connection. Given the risks underscored earlier for Southern countries in particular a broad discussion on the matters at hand, which includes the public, emerges as a must for Sri Lanka. Besides, media solidarity within democratic countries and internationally is a must.
Features
What lessons can be learned to improve quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus
by Prof. M. W. Amarasiri de Silva
Following public controversy over an inappropriate web link found in an English study module, the Sri Lankan government formally deferred the full rollout of the Grade 6 curriculum reforms to January 2027. In the interim, state schools will maintain the existing syllabus, reverting to standard eight-period daily timetables and previous textbooks to ensure uninterrupted instruction. Prime Minister and Minister of Education Dr. Harini Amarasuriya emphasized that this temporary pause allows the Education Ministry to thoroughly review all instructional materials, fix editorial flaws, and conduct scientific impact assessments across pilot schools prior to nation-wide implementation.
To address the oversight, an expert committee evaluated the flawed materials, completed necessary amendments, and finalised discussions to resubmit corrected modules for printing. Beyond revising written texts, the Ministry established a broader preparation roadmap—allocating funds for extensive teacher training programs set to begin mid-year, alongside scheduled informational briefings for parents, teachers, and students. Prime Minister Amarasuriya reaffirmed that none of the valid first-term modules were completely discarded or scrapped, preserving state resources while systematically rebuilding public trust and strengthening quality assurance protocols.
In this respect, this article reviews the current grade 6 syllabus comparing it with similar syllabi of India and the USA, with a view to make recommendations for the upcoming grade 6 syllabus revision.
Architecture of nation’s future
Education is the quiet architecture of a nation’s future. It is the unseen scaffolding upon which generations build their character, their intellect, and their capacity to contribute meaningfully to society. In Sri Lanka, the Grade 6 syllabus occupies a particularly important place in this architecture. It is the bridge between primary learning and the more demanding intellectual terrain of secondary education. It is the moment when children begin to move from learning basic facts to understanding concepts, from memorising information to applying knowledge, and from passive reception to active engagement. Yet, despite its importance, the Grade 6 curriculum in Sri Lanka has long struggled with issues of breadth, depth, relevance, and pedagogy. As global education systems evolve, Sri Lanka must examine what lessons can be learned from international models—particularly India and the United States—to strengthen its own curriculum and prepare students for a rapidly changing world.
The first lesson Sri Lanka can learn is the value of conceptual clarity. India’s NCERT curriculum, especially in Mathematics and Science, is globally respected for its logical progression and conceptual depth. Indian students are introduced early to the idea that mathematics is not merely a set of procedures but a language of reasoning. They learn why a ratio works, not just how to compute one. They understand the structure of an equation, not merely the steps to solve it. In Science, they explore the properties of materials, the structure of plants, and the principles of motion with a clarity that encourages curiosity rather than rote memorisation.
Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus, while competency-based, often leans heavily toward content coverage. Students are expected to learn many topics, but the time allocated for each is limited, and the teaching culture often emphasizes memorisation over understanding. If Sri Lanka wishes to improve the quality of its syllabus, it must embrace the idea that fewer topics taught well are better than many topics taught superficially. Conceptual mastery builds confidence, and confidence builds lifelong learners.
Lesson from the US
A second lesson comes from the United States, where the curriculum is built around skills rather than content. American students in Grade 6 are expected to read complex texts, analyse arguments, write essays supported by evidence, conduct experiments, and engage in collaborative projects. The emphasis is not on how much they know but on what they can do with what they know. This skills-based approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and independence—qualities essential for success in the modern world.
Sri Lanka’s syllabus, by contrast, often rewards students for reproducing information rather than interpreting it. The exam culture reinforces this tendency, as students are assessed primarily through written tests that measure recall. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must integrate more opportunities for students to think, question, debate, and create. The classroom should become a space where students learn to solve problems, not just memorize solutions.
Another important lesson comes from the breadth of Sri Lanka’s own curriculum. One of the strengths of the Sri Lankan system is its inclusion of cultural and religious education. Subjects such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity provide moral grounding and cultural identity. Art, Music, Drama, and Health contribute to holistic development. These subjects remind students that education is not merely about academic achievement but about becoming a balanced human being. However, breadth without depth can become burdensome. Grade 6 students in Sri Lanka often juggle more than ten subjects, each with its own textbook, competencies, and assessments. This creates pressure not only for students but also for teachers, who must rush through content to meet syllabus requirements. The lesson here is not to reduce cultural subjects but to integrate them more meaningfully. Religious education can be taught through ethical discussions, community projects, and reflective writing. Art and Music can be connected to history, literature, and social studies. Health can be linked to science and physical education. Integration reduces overload while enriching learning.
Another lesson from India
India offers another valuable lesson in the form of standardised textbooks. NCERT books are used across the country, ensuring consistency in quality and content. They are written by subject experts, reviewed rigorously, and updated periodically. Sri Lanka’s textbooks, while generally well-structured, vary in quality and often lag behind modern pedagogical standards. Some are dense, text-heavy, and lacking in visual aids or real-world examples. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must invest in high-quality textbooks that are engaging, accessible, and aligned with contemporary educational research. Textbooks should not merely transmit information; they should inspire curiosity. They should include stories, diagrams, experiments, and activities that make learning enjoyable and meaningful.
The United States provides a lesson in inquiry-based science education. American students conduct experiments, build models, observe natural phenomena, and engage in engineering design challenges. They learn science not as a set of facts but as a process of discovery. Sri Lanka’s science curriculum includes experiments, but many schools lack the resources, laboratory facilities, or teacher training to implement them effectively. Improving the syllabus requires improving the ecosystem around it. Schools need laboratories, equipment, and teacher development programs that empower educators to teach science through inquiry. A syllabus is only as strong as the environment in which it is taught. ***
International models
Another area where Sri Lanka can learn from international models is language education. In India, students often learn three languages—English, Hindi, and Sanskrit or Urdu. This heavy language load has its challenges, but it also produces students with strong linguistic skills. In the United States, English Language Arts emphasises reading complex texts, writing arguments, and analysing literature. Sri Lanka’s English curriculum, while improving, still struggles with uneven implementation across schools. Many students reach secondary school without adequate proficiency in English, limiting their access to global knowledge. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must strengthen English instruction through better teacher training, more reading opportunities, and a shift from grammar-heavy teaching to communication-focused learning. At the same time, Sinhala and Tamil instruction should be modernised to include creative writing, literature appreciation, and critical reading.
Social Studies is another area ripe for improvement. Sri Lanka’s curriculum includes History, Geography, and Civics, but the teaching often emphasises memorization of dates, definitions, and facts. India’s Social Science curriculum, while also content-heavy, provides clearer conceptual frameworks. The United States, however, excels in teaching civics and citizenship. American students learn how governments function, how laws are made, how communities solve problems, and how citizens participate in democracy. Sri Lanka can strengthen its Civics curriculum by incorporating more discussions on governance, rights, responsibilities, and community engagement. Students should learn not only the structure of government but also the values that sustain it—justice, equality, and participation.
One of the most important lessons Sri Lanka can learn is the value of reducing exam pressure. In both India and Sri Lanka, exams dominate the educational landscape. Students are judged primarily by their ability to perform on written tests. The United States, while not free from assessment challenges, uses a wider range of evaluation methods—projects, presentations, portfolios, and continuous assessment. These methods allow students to demonstrate learning in diverse ways. Sri Lanka should consider adopting a more balanced assessment system that values creativity, collaboration, and practical skills alongside academic knowledge.
Technology integration is another area where Sri Lanka can improve. The United States incorporates digital literacy, coding, online research, and digital citizenship into the curriculum. Sri Lanka’s ICT syllabus is well-structured, but implementation varies widely. Many schools lack computers, internet access, or trained ICT teachers. Improving the syllabus requires improving infrastructure. Students must learn to navigate the digital world safely and effectively. They must learn coding not as a luxury but as a basic skill. They must learn to evaluate online information critically, a skill essential in an era of misinformation.
Teacher training
Teacher training is perhaps the most critical lesson of all. A syllabus is only as effective as the teachers who deliver it. India invests heavily in teacher training through national programs, workshops, and online platforms. The United States emphasises professional development, peer collaboration, and instructional coaching. Sri Lanka must strengthen its teacher training programmes, ensuring that educators understand not only what to teach but how to teach it. Teachers should be trained in inquiry-based learning, differentiated instruction, formative assessment, and classroom management. They should be empowered to adapt the syllabus to the needs of their students rather than follow it mechanically.
Sri Lanka must learn the lesson of relevance. A syllabus must prepare students not only for exams but for life. It must teach them how to think, how to communicate, how to solve problems, and how to work with others. It must prepare them for a world where knowledge is abundant, but wisdom is scarce. It must help them navigate a future shaped by technology, globalisation, environmental challenges, and social change. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must ask: What kind of citizens do we want to produce? What kind of thinkers? What kind of leaders? The answers to these questions should shape the curriculum.
Lastly, improving the quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus requires learning from both international models and local strengths. From India, Sri Lanka can learn the value of conceptual clarity and standardised textbooks. From the United States, it can learn the importance of skills, inquiry, and creativity. From its own traditions, it can preserve cultural education, moral development, and holistic learning. The goal is not to copy another country’s system but to build a uniquely Sri Lankan curriculum that is modern, relevant, and empowering. A curriculum that honours the past while preparing students for the future. A curriculum that nurtures thinkers, creators, and compassionate citizens. A curriculum worthy of a nation with immense potential and a proud educational heritage. If Sri Lanka embraces these lessons, the Grade 6 syllabus can become not just a bridge to secondary education but a foundation for national progress.
Features
Three magical nights at Colombo Fashion Week
Melloney Dassanayaka is certainly a familiar name here, and abroad, as well, having represented Sri Lanka at the Miss Universe 2024 pageant, held in Mexico.
A former National Basketball player, she is also involved in several projects, beneficial to the community, including financial literacy for single women-headed families in the country.
A banker by profession, Melloney hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration.

Melloney with Asanka de Mel of Lovi Sri Lanka
This extremely talented old girl of Holy Family Convent, Bambalapitiya, was in the limelight, once more, when she was seen on the ramp at Colombo Fashion Week.
It was her very first experience, at this prestigious event, and she loved every minute of it, she said, and, what’s more, she was featured on three consecutive days.
According to the itinerary, on day 01 she walked for Lovi Sri Lanka; day 02 Rizwan Beyg (Pakistan designer), Arsath Furkhan (Indian designer), Haoyi Yan (Chinese designer) and Samant Chauhan (Indian designer); and on day 03 Vaishali Shandangule (Indian designer).
In today’s edition of The Island SceneAround, we spotlight Melloney, on the ramp, at Colombo Fashion Week.
Melloney will also participate at Miss Grand All Stars to be held later in the year, in Thailand, as Miss Universe Sri Lanka 2024.
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