Features
Potato ethics in the land of Paddy
Scottish reflections in the ‘Ceylon Cup of Tea’
by B. Nimal Veerasingham
Years ago, when I was passing through a China Town, which is a standard to almost any major city, I came across a shop that sells specialty teas. China being the mother of all beginnings related to Tea, I went in, and the owner happily explained all varieties on display. When he showed one of the expensive varieties he had, I have to pause and take a deep breath. Lived in a country famous for its ‘Ceylon Tea’ the name ‘Monkey-pick-tea’ didn’t sound real, mostly due to my ignorance. I have heard about monkeys being used/employed to pluck coconuts, but with Tea? Who then manures and does the pruning, questions popped up, and for a moment thought the name of being a genius marketing ploy.
Later only I came to know that the tea bush (Camellia sinensis) without pruning can grow up to 15 feet or more in the wild. In the inaccessible cliffs of Wuyi mountains in China’s Southeast province of Fujian, monkeys were trained to break and throw back tea tree branches during the silk road days. Over time, this term referred to a Chinese tea shop owners ‘best’ or ‘top shelf’ tea.
James Taylor
The story of tea is so close to the psyche of the nation. Tea exports still take the lead of all our collective economic welfare, as opposed to the rapid transformation of many Asian nations away from their traditional export markets to reap the benefits of new technology and knowledge-based economy. A young Scotsman’s name is synonymous with the strong spread that resonated with the branding of ‘Ceylon Tea’. Besides what is been written by others, James Taylor’s continuous letters to his tightly knit family from 1851 in London awaiting passage to Asia at the age of sixteen, till 1891 just before his death offers a fascinating view of multi proportions as to his and history of Tea in Ceylon. The bulk of the correspondence, some 83,000 words in total is preserved in the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh.
Taylor was born in the North-East of Scotland in 1835 to a modest family, father being a wright (carpenter). Typical of countless young Scots who sought their fortunes in the British Empire and beyond as part of their coming of age, Taylor’s destiny was set on the Island of Taprobane from the beginning to the end. In fact, Scots were very much sought by the Imperial investors for their thrift, energy, and resistless determination and most of all having been exposed to the advanced and widespread Agricultural enterprise at home.
Coffee
Scotland though an ancient nation mostly governed by principalities and aristocratic jurisdictions, after 1707 became part of the Political and Economic union. The empire that they become part of is always British and not English. The Ceylon Government census from 1871 to 1901 shows that almost Scots held a quarter percentage of all British subjects in variety of roles but notably in the agriculture sector. Taylor naturally became part of that enterprise as a yet to be proven apprentice by the owners. During that time of ‘Coffee mania’ which came to a peak in 1870, Ceylon exported more than one million hundredweights to the London market. Taylor enthusiastically predicted that coffee is a splendid investment and for the 1858 crop his Lool Kandura estate could produce more than 3,000 hundredweights or about 150 tons and could bring a profit exceeding £ 5,000 to the owners for that season. No one could have guessed however, that less than two decades later the entire Ceylonese coffee industry would have vanished due to the decease ‘coffee rust’ caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix.
Agrarian Capitalism
The Scottish Agrarian enterprise which includes expansion of multiple trades associated with agriculture grew from a semi-subsistence base to a condition of advanced capitalism between 1760 and 1830s that was copied and applied all around the world. It is interesting that ‘Wealth of Nations’ written by Prof. Adam Smith (1723-1790) known as the ‘Father of Economics’ was attached to Glasgow University in Scotland. It was about the doctrine of ‘free enterprise’ creating wealth, leading to today’s libertarian markets ruled by market forces. While the Northern hemisphere was awash with free market philosophies and accumulating wealth more than one need, the Southern hemisphere was basking in a different kind of collective enterprise as being a socially conscious sedentary agrarian society.
‘ChellaThurai’
When I was growing up in the Eastern coastal city of Batticaloa, my father like so many of his compatriots and fellow city folks cultivated paddy across the lagoon in the hinterland. I am not sure whether he could be called a farmer by definition as he had a day job in town and cultivation of paddy was more like a week-end job. In fact, most of the work at paddy field was done or administered by a hired hand from the village called ‘Chellathurai’. Short, wiry, not with ideal hearing and highly stained few teeth that is left due to chewing betel constantly, he visited our house at least monthly on notifying the progress of the field and to replenish food supplies and getting paid. Though he did not come from a sophisticated science and capitalist economy-based agriculture the Scots were familiar with, his views on weather patterns, pests, animals, levees, seedlings, and soil enhancers were very well listened to as it was passed from many generations. After harvest he was given gunnies of rice paddy based on the contract. The rest were shared among our relatives and many months of rice supply was stored for our personal consumption. In essence there was no seriousness in accumulating greater commodity or cash, far exceeding the reasonable need.
When visiting my father, like many from his times Chellathurai did not wear shirt but a folded and wrinkled ‘shalvai’ (shawl) over his shoulder and an aged, long worn ‘verti’ from his waist down to his barefoot or folded at his knees. Though the shawl was folded I have seen him using it for multiple purposes, to protect from sun and rain and even use it as a bedlinen when he wants to take a quick nap. Coincidently, the origination of Scottish kilt and its uses are almost identical that of ‘Salvai’. The ‘Plaid’ which is part of the attire was used as bedding and in the case of Shepherds provided protection against all weathers in the highlands. Bishop Leslley commented in 1578 that it was for use and not for ornament, ’drape a length of wool fabric over the body like a shawl and keep it in place pleated by the waist with a belt and buckle.’
Environmental concern
When James Taylor arrived at ‘Lool Kandura’, he was given the first responsibility to clear almost 3,00 acres of virgin forest. He awed that there were enormous trees of 10 – 11 feet in circumference of very hard wood, red coloured like mahogany. As per James Webb, author of the ‘Tropical pioneers’, ‘the extensive removal of rain forest for planting in Ceylon is nowhere carried out to this scale in the entire British empire.’ This widespread deforestation mostly happened between 1840 -1870 resulted in significant ecological change. This transformation resulted in massive loss of topsoil in the middle and upper highlands, which limited the options for later alternative land use. Though the results for the expected mass profits were clearly visible, Webb did not hesitate to side-shift the responsibility on native Kandyan farmers. He blamed the destruction by the ‘slash & burn’ tactics employed in the chena cultivation by the natives did greater harm to the environment than clearing forest for coffee planting. It is obvious that the saga of mass cash crop enterprise owned and operated by the Imperial investors was all about profits and it hardly hold weight in comparing meagre subsistence farming by the natives for self sustainment.
Complaint about natives
Taylor was no different from other Europeans who did see the native population as lazy and inadequate. But again, their own insignificant observation about the natives provides the answer that they were looking for. ‘The Sinhalese would find it offensive to work for others….considered like slavery….they will work hard enough at their own small plots of land … other than felling trees and erecting estate buildings for higher remuneration they would feel offensive to do meagre work like weeding, pruning and harvesting.’ The ‘proceedings of the Planters association’ for 1862 was equally scathing, blaming the native’s refusal resulted in dependency for labour from India.
The European managerial class wanted to see through their own lenses of Agrarian capitalism and rigorous work ethics to accumulate wealth, rather than through the native subsistence agriculture and cycles of labor, limited to the daily needs that upheld collective social security than individual wealth in society.
Tamil migrants
Since the estates were in dire straight to keep pumping profits, a kangany system was put in place where a scout or foreman of the estate would return with migrants recruited from South India. Many argue this sometimes a seasonal and part of a circulatory migration rather than permanent as the numbers fluctuated depending on the season. According to Taylor, they would cross the Palk straight and trek through jungle roads and paths for 1-2 weeks covering almost 150 miles to reach the estates. Many did not make it, becoming victims to disease and animals. Besides record suggest that Kanganys did not spend even a third of the coast advance, resulting hundreds dying of starvation, many were thrown into the sea or left behind by the roadsides.
Unaware, unprepared and not used to the damp cold weather many migrants ran away as per Taylor and many died prematurely long before realising their dreams if any. While the planters lived in stone-built bungalows the estate workers were put into straw and daub lined huts, many without proper doors, at times 10 or more in single rooms. Taylor’s letters describe that ‘these naked fellows cannot take the cold at all. It kills them. I have to pick half dying on roadsides who are refusing western medicine.’ The death rate has been estimated at a quarter of the total labour force on plantations. Taylor repeated his calls for a medical doctor in Hewaheta district and attributed deaths to laziness or apathy of the workers and kangany who did not reveal the sickness on time. The high death rate continued throughout the 19th century and hospital records show that 21 percent of all migrant workers admitted to District-hospitals eventually died.
Recruiting workers from tropical settings and not providing proper clothing and housing but calling them naked and half dead shows that human life was not valued highly under the circumstances then.
Views from authority
Some scholars argue that this inhumanity arose from the influx of estate managers or superintendents from the Caribbean immediately after emancipation where slaves were treated differently, not to mention Britain’s direct involvement with slavery.
Taylor also might have been influenced by the resounding Lowland opinion critical of certain segments of the Gaelic and Celtic culture as being slothful and feckless to become victims during the great potato famine after 1846. It was easier for those who bought that race based evil of corrupt indolence to spread it along with other labour cultures based on traditional pre-capitalist world. It was unfortunate that planters both in Assam and Ceylon held the same conventional view that all their workers were lazy and feckless. This is the workforce that they had complete authority over and whose daily toil of blood and sweat depended on the processing of profitable commodities for sale throughout the empire.
Tea
When coffee was almost through the exit door by the mid 1880s the Scot ingenuity explored initially growing Cinchona (to obtain Malaria prevention bark) as a cash crop and later Tea, as the soil and climate perfectly matched. Never in the history of agriculture such extraordinary supersession and development was set within a knowledge economy than that of tea taking the place of coffee and Cinchona in Ceylon. With these developments Ceylon overtook China as the prime exporter with 35% of the share to the British market by 1896. Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the steamship revolution aided lower cost and bigger profits for the Investors. The mechanisation with considerable engineering skills by Taylor to roll (crush) the leaves gave decisive advantage against the hand rolling practices of China.
The Colonial government which consisted by many from the landed proprietor class encouraged many of its civil servants and military officers to invest in Ceylon plantation economy directly than from overseas, and relaxed rules for land ownership, having an eye to expand its coffers. The infrastructure developments demanded by the Investors came to pass with the improvement of roadways and the opening of the Colombo=Kandy railway in 1867. This significantly reduced the transportation costs from the plantations to the Colombo docks by almost 60-75 percent, which the Indian planters hardly had and benefitted.
Clash of values
Though numerous advanced techniques in planting, building, surveying, and engineering learnt in Scotland were applied to improve the production, the bottom line of the colonial investors were profits. The cross-drains to improve the roads, the stone walls built without mortar and using spouts and iron pins to fetch water from faraway streams showcased James Taylor’s innovation and resourcefulness. Unlike other Europeans who preferred meat, vegetables and potatoes, Taylor preferred ‘Rice & Curry’ for all three meals, probably unable to resist the confluence of spices and coconut milk the same soil produced.
Eastern value system that was not always conducive to Western free market theories can learn aspects from the West’s perseverance, individual responsibility, innovation to accumulate wealth and competitiveness in a knowledge-based economy. Potato economy is not the best for a better world compared to paddy economy, but we cannot run against the world economic stream and live in the past to be left behind. As the Scottish professor Adam Smith said, only self-interest and extra productivity would bring surplus wealth to fund social welfare.
Final journey
The Ceylon press of July 1892 reported that the owners of the Lool Kandura estates, ‘Oriental bank Estates Company’ sought Taylor’s leave of absence due to lethargy of being resident of the estate too long. Taylor’s refusal to take leave resulted in the dispense of his services. An ultimate showcase of the Free Market/Potato economy falling victim for the same when the goals are not met, or services not needed.
Almost a year after dismissal, Taylor died on 2nd May 1892, almost spending 40 years at the estate. Reputedly a group of 24 estate workers carried his large body (said to have weighed 246 pounds) alternating all the way to Mahaiyawa cemetery near Kandy, about 18 miles away. That was the ultimate show of affection and bereavement by Eastern traditionalism Taylor sometimes showed indifference to. ‘Sami Dorai’ (Master of the highest) resting on the shoulders of ordinary workers in his final journey. The native soil that allowed Tea to flourish will now embrace the Master who had never set foot to his native soil after arrival.
The Empire
The heritage of James Taylor would be on display in a few months at the upcoming crowning of a new King in the United Kingdom as Queen mother’s lineage belongs to the Scottish Royals. At a time, the ‘Ceylon Tea’, once crowned by the Colonial-rulers marking its 156th anniversary in the Island, the empire of the past simply been remembered by a grand ceilidh (Big party in Gaelic). World leaders would be in their best, many from the former colonies in their national costumes. Scottish tartans spangled ceremonial and military attires would adorn Bag-pipe parades.
Away from the glitzy glamour, sings and praises, gun salutes and jet flyovers, the occasion for me would bring memories of ‘Chellathurai’ and his wrinkled and discoloured ‘salvai’ (shawl) over his bare shoulder – symbol of the paddy culture, to say the least.
Features
Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka
World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future
by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?
These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.
World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.
We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.
Making more of what we already have
Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.
Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.
The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.
Stop wasting the food we produce
Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.
Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.
Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.
Nutrition and food safety come first
Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.
Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.
Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.
A food system that can cope with climate change
Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.
Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.
Give young people a bigger role
Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.
A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.
A pathway designed for Sri Lanka
We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.
The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.
The choices we make today
The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.
So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?
The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.
A better food future begins with the choices we make today.
Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna
Features
20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried
By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan
The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.
It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.
By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.
I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.
When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.
The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.
The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.
Features
‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’
Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24
I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.
The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.
The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.
After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.
The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.
Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.
Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.
He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.
Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.
Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.
Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.
Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.
So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.
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