News
Genetics and the Aryan debate: New light from old bones
The Aryan migration debate is not about whether the ‘steppe people’ migrated into India or not but is a question really about the timing of the steppe migrations and whether Sanskrit and the Rigvedic culture were part of the baggage of these migrants, says a new study.
The study published in the Sawarajya Mag says that the Aryan Migration Theory AMT (the new edition of the older Aryan Invasion Theory AIT) postulates that the Harappans were pre-Aryan with a culture in terminal decline by 1900 BC well before the Aryans entered India.
“The Aryans must also have appeared on the scene well before the onset of the Iron Age around 1200 BC, as attested by their Bronze Age artifacts and by the Rig-Veda, which they are supposed to have composed in India. The Iron Age began earlier in India than elsewhere, and even if the evidence of ferrous metallurgy around 1800 BC remains confined to the Ganga Basin and the South, it is improbable that it did not reach Northern India 600 years later. Thus, the outer limits to the Aryan migration are 1900 BC and 1200 BC.
The attribution of the Rig-Veda to the Aryan immigrants imposes even stricter time-limits.
The Rig Veda is an Indian book. Its geography and ecology are entirely Indian, with rivers, mountains, flora and fauna existent only here, definitely not on the steppes or anywhere along possible routes from the steppes. It could have been composed only after the Aryans were established in India long enough to have quite forgotten any ancestral homeland or alien environment.
Its composition further must have occupied several centuries because its earlier books differ linguistically enough from the later for this evolution to have required a very long time. Since the Rig-Veda must have been completed by 1200 BC, the Aryans must have immigrated at least 300 years earlier. Thus, the Aryan migration must have occurred within the narrow window of time 1900-1500 BC.
The ancient DNA discovered in India proper is limited to that extracted from a single female buried around 2600 BC at Rakhigarhi on the banks of the ancient Drishadvati.
This woman’s DNA resembles that of 11 roughly contemporary individuals disinterred not in India, but well outside, 8 at Shahr-i-Sokhta in Iran and 3 at Gonur in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC).
The geneticists Reich et al speculate that these 11 were travellers from the Indus-Saraswati region and that all 12 represent the genotype of the Harappans. None of the 12 show any traces of steppe lineage; so if they were Harappans, the latter must have differed sharply from the steppe pastoralists.
After the Rakhigarhi woman, the cupboard of ancient Indian DNA is bare for almost another 1500 years. The next bit of DNA harvested is from the Swat valley of Northwesternmost Pakistan where several individuals have been exhumed with radiocarbon burial dates ranging between 1000 BC and 800 BC, a few before 1000 BC and a couple soon after1200 BC.
These reflect the genetic profiles of the 12 supposed Harappans but also elements of a Steppe Pastoralist ancestry. The chronology doesn’t quite fit the interval requirements (1900 BC – 1500 BC) of the AMT.
However, if the steppe people entered the Swat valley between 1900 BC and 1500 BC and interbred with Harappan natives to create a ‘ghost population’ now untraceable, and if a generation is 28 years long, then random recombination of genes within this ghost population over the intervening generations would create a replica of the disinterred Swat valley population at the time it actually lived and died.
Does this allay the discomfort generated by the paucity of ancient DNA from the relevant time and place? Not quite.So the geneticists have marshalled an impressive array of DNA data from thousands of contemporary Indians.
News
Low-quality coal causes power cuts: Ex-LECO Chief
By Shamindra Ferdinando
The use of low quality coal, over a period of time, had led to the developing crisis at the Lakvijaya Coal Power Plant (LVPP) at Norochcholai that compelled the boastful NPP government to implement power cuts, former Lanka Electricity Company (Private) Limited (LECO) Chairman Bandula Chandrasekera said yesterday.
The government imposed one-hour countrywide power cuts on 19 Oct.
Chandrasekera, now a consumer rights activist, warned that though the government declared the power cuts would be limited to three days, the situation could take a turn for the worse.
The top United Republican Front (URF) activist said so in response to the government’s claim that Saturday’s sudden drop in electricity generation at the country’s only coal-fired power plant hadn’t been caused by the quality issue of coal.
The former LEOCO Chief emphasised that the country was paying a very heavy price for the controversial procurement of low-quality coal for the 2025/2026 season.
“Procurement of low quality coal is not an allegation. It has been accepted by a seven-member committee, headed by K. L. R. C. Wijayasinghe, Additional Secretary, Energy Ministry, appointed by Parliament,” Chandrasekera said, pointing out that the government was trying to mislead the public into believing that the use of coal supplied by Trident Chemphar wasn’t the cause of the current power crisis.
The expert committee that investigated the coal scam had disclosed losses caused by substandard coal, Chandrasekera said, adding that the total losses/damages could be as much as Rs 20 bn.
Trouble erupted in Dec, 2025 when LVPP began using coal purchased from the new supplier, whose selection was challenged by the Auditor General in a special report submitted to Parliament, in April this year, he said.
Since the government entered into a deal with the Indian company, LVPP has so far received 19 ship loads of coal. An investigation conducted on the orders of the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) revealed that the use of low-quality coal had had a detrimental impact on the LVPP.
The Frontline Socialist Party (FSP) exposed the corrupt deal in Sept. 2025. The NPP run Parliament ignored the disclosure made by the JVP breakaway faction.
Chandrasekera said that the Committee asserted that it would cost approximately Rs 80 mn to restore the LVPP to the previous status. Responding to The Island queries, Chandrasekera emphasised the country couldn’t meet the power requirement unless the LVPP operates without hindrance. Those who had been, for whatever reason, switched to South African coal provided by the Indian supplier should be held accountable and punished, Chandrasekera said, recalling how the NPP parliamentary group defeated the no-confidence motion moved against the then Power Minister Kumara Jayakody, who later quit, as the enormity of the scam and its repercussions shook the government.
Chandrasekera said that the government couldn’t maintain services though the powers that be intended to meet the power deficit with the help of hydropower generated by the Victoria power station. The ex-official underscored the need to inquire into the failure of the authorities to implement the backup plan last Saturday. Had Victoria met the requirement, last Saturday’s countrywide power failure, that lasted from 11.43 am to 11 pm could have been averted, Chandrasekera said.
He also questioned the controversial government decision to disconnect solar power over the weekend as the absence of solar generation obviously aggravated the problem. Chandrasekera emphasised that the latest countrywide power outage exposed the government whose basic strategy was to blame everything on the Opposition.
“We sincerely hope the Presidential Commission inquiring into the coal scams also looks into the situation developing at LVPP due to the use of substandard coal. According to him, the loss caused by the recent outage was estimated to be around Rs 16 bn and the crisis could not be addressed by propaganda campaigns, especially on social media. But, if other factors, including the expenditure on hydro and thermal generation were taken into consideration, the losses could be as much as Rs 20 bn.
News
Power cuts continue
Power cuts continued across the country yesterday and are expected to continue today following the shutdown of all three generating units at the Lakvijaya Power Plant in Norochcholai.
The Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) said approval had been granted on Monday (19) following a request by the National System Operator (NSO) to impose scheduled power cuts.
Accordingly, one-hour power cuts were scheduled between 4.30 p.m. and 9.00 p.m., with the country divided into four zones. Hospitals and locations providing essential services were exempted.
The three Norochcholai generating units remain out of operation following the countrywide power failure last Saturday, prompting the NSO to introduce daily power cuts to manage the available electricity supply.
NSO Chief Executive Officer Buddhika Samarasekara said the power cuts would be necessary yesterday and today (21).
News
GL stresses importance of post-war Shangri-La investment after CIABOC questions him
By Shamindra Ferdinando
Prof. G. L. Peiris yesterday said he had not been concerned at all about being arrested when the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption (CIABOC) summoned him to record a statement regarding an ongoing investigation.
Addressing the media outside the CIABOC, the former External Affairs Minister emphasised that his family had never taken anything from people but contributed to their welfare. The internationally renowned academic said that he didn’t accept lucrative opportunities abroad but remained committed to do whatever possible for the public here.
The CIABOC questioned Prof. Peiris on the launch of the Shangri-La Hotel project here. The Convener of the Janathawadi Joint Opposition said that when the top management of the hotel got in touch with
him, he had brought the matter to the notice of the then President Mahinda Rajapaksa, who promptly gave the go ahead.
Shangri-La was opened in Nov. 2017 with the participation of the then President Maithripala Sirisena and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe.
Prof. Peiris said that he had been appointed External Affairs Minister nearly a year after the successful conclusion of the war against the LTTE in May 2009. Shangri-La, which owned over 100 hotels at that time, was keen to explore the possibility of opening a hotel here and the government had swiftly grabbed the opportunity. Referring to the opening of ITC Ratnadeepa, in late April 2024, Prof. Peiris explained the importance of foreign investment, particularly after the end of the 30-year war that caused massive devastation.
Responding to media queries, Prof. Peiris said that he strongly opposed efforts to silence political opponents but accepted the need to investigate waste, corruption and irregularities. “People shouldn’t be targeted over their political stand,” the ex-lawmaker said, adding that he as the Minister tasked with attracting such special investments worked in line with the overall government policy.
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