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Genetics and the Aryan debate: New light from old bones
The Aryan migration debate is not about whether the ‘steppe people’ migrated into India or not but is a question really about the timing of the steppe migrations and whether Sanskrit and the Rigvedic culture were part of the baggage of these migrants, says a new study.
The study published in the Sawarajya Mag says that the Aryan Migration Theory AMT (the new edition of the older Aryan Invasion Theory AIT) postulates that the Harappans were pre-Aryan with a culture in terminal decline by 1900 BC well before the Aryans entered India.
“The Aryans must also have appeared on the scene well before the onset of the Iron Age around 1200 BC, as attested by their Bronze Age artifacts and by the Rig-Veda, which they are supposed to have composed in India. The Iron Age began earlier in India than elsewhere, and even if the evidence of ferrous metallurgy around 1800 BC remains confined to the Ganga Basin and the South, it is improbable that it did not reach Northern India 600 years later. Thus, the outer limits to the Aryan migration are 1900 BC and 1200 BC.
The attribution of the Rig-Veda to the Aryan immigrants imposes even stricter time-limits.
The Rig Veda is an Indian book. Its geography and ecology are entirely Indian, with rivers, mountains, flora and fauna existent only here, definitely not on the steppes or anywhere along possible routes from the steppes. It could have been composed only after the Aryans were established in India long enough to have quite forgotten any ancestral homeland or alien environment.
Its composition further must have occupied several centuries because its earlier books differ linguistically enough from the later for this evolution to have required a very long time. Since the Rig-Veda must have been completed by 1200 BC, the Aryans must have immigrated at least 300 years earlier. Thus, the Aryan migration must have occurred within the narrow window of time 1900-1500 BC.
The ancient DNA discovered in India proper is limited to that extracted from a single female buried around 2600 BC at Rakhigarhi on the banks of the ancient Drishadvati.
This woman’s DNA resembles that of 11 roughly contemporary individuals disinterred not in India, but well outside, 8 at Shahr-i-Sokhta in Iran and 3 at Gonur in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC).
The geneticists Reich et al speculate that these 11 were travellers from the Indus-Saraswati region and that all 12 represent the genotype of the Harappans. None of the 12 show any traces of steppe lineage; so if they were Harappans, the latter must have differed sharply from the steppe pastoralists.
After the Rakhigarhi woman, the cupboard of ancient Indian DNA is bare for almost another 1500 years. The next bit of DNA harvested is from the Swat valley of Northwesternmost Pakistan where several individuals have been exhumed with radiocarbon burial dates ranging between 1000 BC and 800 BC, a few before 1000 BC and a couple soon after1200 BC.
These reflect the genetic profiles of the 12 supposed Harappans but also elements of a Steppe Pastoralist ancestry. The chronology doesn’t quite fit the interval requirements (1900 BC – 1500 BC) of the AMT.
However, if the steppe people entered the Swat valley between 1900 BC and 1500 BC and interbred with Harappan natives to create a ‘ghost population’ now untraceable, and if a generation is 28 years long, then random recombination of genes within this ghost population over the intervening generations would create a replica of the disinterred Swat valley population at the time it actually lived and died.
Does this allay the discomfort generated by the paucity of ancient DNA from the relevant time and place? Not quite.So the geneticists have marshalled an impressive array of DNA data from thousands of contemporary Indians.
News
Social work must remain people-centred, inclusive, and rights-based, linking social development with environmental responsibility – PM
Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya made these remarks while addressing the inauguration ceremony of the 28th Asia Pacific Social Work Conference 2025, held on 18 November at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH), Colombo.
Organised by the Sri Lanka Association of Professional Social Workers (SLAPSW) and the National Institute of Social Development (NISD), the conference takes place from 18–21 November in Colombo under the theme “Social Work Responses to Climate Change and Other Environmental Issues.”
The Prime Minister further stated:
“Sri Lanka faces coastal erosion, unpredictable monsoons, urban flooding, droughts, and other climate-related challenges that directly affect agriculture, fisheries, and rural communities. These environmental changes also worsen existing social inequalities, disproportionately impacting rural farmers, fisherfolk, plantation communities, and other marginalised groups.
Social workers play a critical role in addressing these challenges. They are often the first responders during disasters, providing immediate assistance, psycho-social support, and long-term rehabilitation. In Sri Lanka, social workers strengthen community resilience, support youth and women’s empowerment, and advocate for environmentally responsible practices.
The government supports these efforts through integrated approaches that combine climate adaptation, social protection, and community empowerment.
Our youth are making an important contribution to climate action and sustainability. Across Sri Lanka, students participate in school-based climate clubs, lead awareness campaigns, and organise community clean-up drives. Young people, through school clubs and the National Youth Services Council, are driving large-scale tree-planting and reforestation initiatives that restore degraded landscapes and protect vulnerable communities.
Technology and innovation, including digital disaster monitoring and climate-smart agriculture are helping communities respond effectively. The 2026 national budget reinforces this vision, prioritising national research and innovation through the establishment of a National Research and Development Institute and Council to ensure evidence-based solutions to environmental and social challenges.
It strengthens the Clean Sri Lanka initiative, expands support for children with disabilities from low-income families, and improves accessible public infrastructure. The budget also addresses the housing needs of vulnerable communities, including those living in landslide-prone areas and internally displaced families. Social protection reforms are being advanced through the Integrated Social Protection Registry and the People’s Income Support Programme, alongside measures to increase wages for estate workers and dedicated support for women’s empowerment.
In addition, the budget emphasises environmental research and strategies to mitigate human–wildlife conflict, supported by targeted infrastructure investments. No state can achieve environmental justice alone; collaboration is essential. This conference provides a platform to share experiences, research, and solutions, strengthening regional capacity and solidarity. Sri Lanka calls upon our partners to join us in building resilient communities, effective social work institutions, and inclusive policies that respond to climate challenges.”
The event was attended by the Minister of Rural Development, Social Security and Community Empowerment, Dr. Upali Pannilage, Prof. Machiko Ohara, President of the International Federation of Social Work Asia-Pacific, and other distinguished guests.

[Prime Minister’s Media Division]
News
CP asks whether MoU with US a precursor to SOFA
The Communist Party of Sri Lanka (CPSL) has asked whether the NPP entered into a military agreement with the US as a condition for reduction of tariffs and precursor to signing SOFA (Status of Forces Agreement).
CPSL Leader Dr. G. Weerasinghe told The Island that the US had almost succeeded in finalising SOFA during the Yahapalana administration (2015-2019). On behalf of the party, Dr. Weerasinghe yesterday (18) issued the following statement: “We strongly condemn the NPP government for entering into a new military Memorandum of Understanding with the United States National Guard under the so-called State Partnership Programme (SPP). This agreement between the Sri Lankan Armed Forces and the Montana National Guard represents another step in the militarisation of the ‘Indo-Pacific’ and the erosion of Sri Lanka’s sovereignty.
The new US–Sri Lanka MoU formalises cooperation on a wide range of military activities: joint training, maritime surveillance, air operations, and disaster-response integration between the US National Guard and the Sri Lankan Armed Forces. The agreement should be seen as a pretext for embedding US military structures within Sri Lanka.
This MoU has been signed in a context of heightened US militarism, including Washington’s open threats of aggression against Venezuela and complicity in the Israeli genocide in Gaza. Moreover, this is the second military agreement reached by the NPP government, following the earlier India–Sri Lanka defence MoU whose contents remain entirely concealed from the public.
There are critical questions that every Sri Lankan must ask:
Was signing this agreement a political condition for the reduction in tariffs?
Is this MoU a precursor to signing a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) with the United States?
Will Sri Lanka’s military, naval and air force infrastructure facilities, as well as Sri Lanka’s ports and airports, be placed at the disposal of the US war machine?
Is Sri Lanka to be a pawn in US military aggression in Asia?
The CPSL reaffirms that Sri Lanka must be a non-aligned, sovereign country. We call on the NPP government to immediately disclose the content of all military agreements it has entered into, halt further defence cooperation with foreign powers, and place national security decisions under democratic scrutiny.
Further, we call upon all anti-imperialist and patriotic forces to come forward to protect the non-aligned status and sovereignty of the country.”
News
NPP going ahead with move to abolish MPs pensions
The Attorney General has cleared the draft of a Bill seeking to abolish pension entitlements granted to MPs and their spouses.
The Cabinet of Ministers at a meeting chaired by President Anura Kumara Dissanayake has given the go ahead to repeal the Parliamentary Pensions Act No. 1 of 1971.
The Legal Draftsman has prepared the Bill aimed at abolishing the pension entitlements granted to Members of Parliament and their spouses.
Government sources said that the proposal, presented by the Minister of Justice and National Integration to publish the Bill in the Government Gazette and submit it to Parliament, for approval had received the Cabinet endorsement.
Earlier some ex-MPs opposed the move. A group, styling itself as ex-MPs Collective, declared that it was contemplating legal action in case the government moved to do away with MPs’ pension scheme.
Minister and Cabinet spokesman Dr. Nalinda Jayatissa is on record as having said that if any ex-MP found it difficult, he or she could, like any other citizen, seek assistance through government welfare programmes, such as Aswesuma.
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