News
Genetics and the Aryan debate: New light from old bones
The Aryan migration debate is not about whether the ‘steppe people’ migrated into India or not but is a question really about the timing of the steppe migrations and whether Sanskrit and the Rigvedic culture were part of the baggage of these migrants, says a new study.
The study published in the Sawarajya Mag says that the Aryan Migration Theory AMT (the new edition of the older Aryan Invasion Theory AIT) postulates that the Harappans were pre-Aryan with a culture in terminal decline by 1900 BC well before the Aryans entered India.
“The Aryans must also have appeared on the scene well before the onset of the Iron Age around 1200 BC, as attested by their Bronze Age artifacts and by the Rig-Veda, which they are supposed to have composed in India. The Iron Age began earlier in India than elsewhere, and even if the evidence of ferrous metallurgy around 1800 BC remains confined to the Ganga Basin and the South, it is improbable that it did not reach Northern India 600 years later. Thus, the outer limits to the Aryan migration are 1900 BC and 1200 BC.
The attribution of the Rig-Veda to the Aryan immigrants imposes even stricter time-limits.
The Rig Veda is an Indian book. Its geography and ecology are entirely Indian, with rivers, mountains, flora and fauna existent only here, definitely not on the steppes or anywhere along possible routes from the steppes. It could have been composed only after the Aryans were established in India long enough to have quite forgotten any ancestral homeland or alien environment.
Its composition further must have occupied several centuries because its earlier books differ linguistically enough from the later for this evolution to have required a very long time. Since the Rig-Veda must have been completed by 1200 BC, the Aryans must have immigrated at least 300 years earlier. Thus, the Aryan migration must have occurred within the narrow window of time 1900-1500 BC.
The ancient DNA discovered in India proper is limited to that extracted from a single female buried around 2600 BC at Rakhigarhi on the banks of the ancient Drishadvati.
This woman’s DNA resembles that of 11 roughly contemporary individuals disinterred not in India, but well outside, 8 at Shahr-i-Sokhta in Iran and 3 at Gonur in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC).
The geneticists Reich et al speculate that these 11 were travellers from the Indus-Saraswati region and that all 12 represent the genotype of the Harappans. None of the 12 show any traces of steppe lineage; so if they were Harappans, the latter must have differed sharply from the steppe pastoralists.
After the Rakhigarhi woman, the cupboard of ancient Indian DNA is bare for almost another 1500 years. The next bit of DNA harvested is from the Swat valley of Northwesternmost Pakistan where several individuals have been exhumed with radiocarbon burial dates ranging between 1000 BC and 800 BC, a few before 1000 BC and a couple soon after1200 BC.
These reflect the genetic profiles of the 12 supposed Harappans but also elements of a Steppe Pastoralist ancestry. The chronology doesn’t quite fit the interval requirements (1900 BC – 1500 BC) of the AMT.
However, if the steppe people entered the Swat valley between 1900 BC and 1500 BC and interbred with Harappan natives to create a ‘ghost population’ now untraceable, and if a generation is 28 years long, then random recombination of genes within this ghost population over the intervening generations would create a replica of the disinterred Swat valley population at the time it actually lived and died.
Does this allay the discomfort generated by the paucity of ancient DNA from the relevant time and place? Not quite.So the geneticists have marshalled an impressive array of DNA data from thousands of contemporary Indians.
News
Banking sector claims its integrity intact despite ‘isolated incidents of fraud’
Sri Lanka’s banking sector has provided a collective and categorical assurance that it remains stable, resilient, and secure despite a few recent isolated incidents of financial fraud, emphasising that these developments do not pose a threat to the safety of customer deposits or the overall integrity of the financial system.
While acknowledging that such incidents have understandably generated some concerns, the industry has reiterated that it is addressing these matters comprehensively and that it is well equipped to manage and mitigate these challenges. This assurance was conveyed in a statement issued to the media by the Sri Lanka Banks’ Association (SLBA), which represents all licensed commercial banks in the country.
Addressing recent reports of financial fraud and cyber-related incidents that have drawn heightened public attention, the Association underscored the strength of the sector’s fundamentals and the effectiveness of ongoing regulatory oversight and risk management frameworks.
“Recent reports of financial fraud and cyber-related incidents have understandably received public attention. Industry leaders and regulators emphasise, however, that the banking sector remains fundamentally strong, resilient, and well equipped to withstand such challenges, without compromising its core stability or the security of customer deposits,” the Chairman of the SLBA Sanath Manatunge stated.
He noted that while many social media posts are either misleading or carry inaccurate information, some recent cases, including electronic fund transfer fraud, have raised important questions about digital security. However, these incidents represent only a very small proportion relative to the substantial institutional capital buffers maintained by banks. Importantly, depositors are assured that customer funds remain secure, with any such losses being absorbed through institutional capital buffers rather than public deposits.
Other cybercrime cases reported in recent months, including phishing-related fraud which are not directly connected to the banking industry and hence do not manifest any vulnerabilities in the system, however underscore the evolving and increasingly sophisticated nature of digital threats faced by financial systems worldwide, the Chairman said, but stressed that these are isolated incidents and do not reflect systemic weaknesses across the banking industry.
Reinforcing this position, the Central Bank of Sri Lanka has confirmed that all licensed banks continue to maintain capital adequacy and liquidity ratios well above minimum regulatory requirements, the Association pointed out. The regulator has also reiterated its readiness to provide temporary liquidity support if required, ensuring the uninterrupted stability of the financial system.
“Sri Lanka’s banking sector collectively manages trillions of rupees in assets, supported by diversified portfolios and robust governance frameworks. This scale, combined with prudent risk management practices, provides a strong foundation for absorbing shocks while maintaining public confidence,” Manatunge said.
At the same time, the industry is actively strengthening its defences against emerging threats. Banks are continuously enhancing cybersecurity frameworks through investments in advanced Fraud Risk Management Systems, more rigorous monitoring protocols, and independent forensic audits. These efforts are complemented by ongoing regulatory and parliamentary initiatives aimed at strengthening governance, accountability, and transparency across the sector.
Recognising that customer awareness is a critical line of defence, banks have also intensified public education initiatives focused on safe digital practices. These include guidance on password security, phishing prevention, and the secure use of QR codes and other digital payment tools.
The SLBA noted that cyber fraud is not unique to Sri Lanka, with similar incidents reported in major economies around the world. In these markets, banking systems have remained stable, supported by strong regulatory oversight and continuous adaptation to emerging risks. Sri Lanka’s banking industry is demonstrating comparable resilience, with swift corrective measures and vigilant supervision reinforcing confidence in the system.
While recent incidents have highlighted certain challenges in the environment, the benefits of digital banking far outweigh such concerns, Manatunge added, reiterating that Sri Lanka’s financial sector remains robust, well-capitalised, and subject to close regulatory oversight. These incidents are isolated in nature and do not indicate systemic failure, and the corrective measures already underway are expected to further strengthen the sector’s resilience against future threats.
The SLBA concluded: “Sri Lanka’s banks continue to stand as pillars of stability, safeguarding customer deposits while supporting the country’s economic progress. We urge customers to remain vigilant in their own digital practices, even as the industry continues to enhance the safeguards that protect them.”
News
Rivers remain mostly normal despite overnight rains; one basin on alert
Most of the country’s major rivers remained at normal levels despite intermittent overnight rainfall, according to the Irrigation Department’s Hydrology and Disaster Management Division early Tuesday.
However, officials warned that the Kuda Ganga at Kalawellawa (Millakanda) had reached the “Alert” level and was showing a rising trend following heavy rainfall in the catchment areas.
Irrigation Department Director of Hydrology and Disaster Management, Eng. L.S. Sooriyabandara, said the department was closely monitoring the situation, particularly in low-lying areas vulnerable to sudden flooding.
“The majority of river basins are still within normal limits, but the Kuda Ganga has shown a notable increase due to rainfall recorded in upstream regions. Residents living near vulnerable riverbanks should remain vigilant,” he told The Island yesterday.
According to the Irrigation Department’s 3.00 a.m. hydrological update, the Kuda Ganga at Kalawellawa recorded a water level of 5.10 metres, above the alert threshold of 5.00 metres, with rainfall of 24.3 mm recorded during the previous 18 hours.
Hydrology officials noted that although several rivers in the south-western wet zone experienced moderate rainfall, water levels in major rivers including the Kelani, Kalu, Gin and Nilwala remained within safe margins.
The Kelani Ganga at Hanwella recorded 3.87 metres, while the Kalu Ganga at Ratnapura stood at 4.58 metres — both remaining well below flood levels.
Meanwhile, the Maguru Ganga at Magura received one of the highest rainfall readings at 56.8 mm, while the Kalu Ganga basin at Ratnapura received 51.8 mm during the 18-hour observation period.
A senior Disaster Management Centre (DMC) official said there was no immediate flood threat in most districts, but local authorities had been advised to remain alert due to the prevailing unstable weather conditions.
“We are coordinating with the Irrigation Department and district disaster management units. At present there is no major flood situation, but people in low-lying and landslide-prone areas should pay attention to weather advisories,” the official said.
The Department of Meteorology has forecast further showers in several parts of the country, particularly in the Western, Sabaragamuwa and Southern provinces.
Officials urged the public to avoid unnecessary travel through flood-prone roads during heavy rain and to stay updated through official weather and disaster management bulletins.
By Ifham Nizam
News
MAC Holdings donates Rs. 5 million to ‘Rebuilding Sri Lanka’ Fund
Leading corporate entity MAC HOLDINGS (PVT) LTD donated Rs. 5 million to the government’s ‘Rebuilding Sri Lanka’ Fund, established to provide relief to communities affected by Cyclone Ditwah.
The cheque was handed over recently at a simple ceremony at the Presidential Secretariat. Managing Director/Chairman of MAC HOLDINGS (PVT) LTD, Andre Fernando, handed over the cheque to Secretary to the President, Dr. Nandika Sanath Kumanayake.
Group Director/Chief Financial Officer Tilak Gunawardena and Management Trainee Anick Fernando were also present.
-
Opinion6 days agoMurder of Ehelepola family, Bogambara Wewa and Sightings of Wangediya
-
Business5 days agoHistoric launch of CCWE Fashion Week & International Summit 2026
-
News6 days agoSteps underway to safeguard Sri Lanka’s maritime heritage
-
News2 days agoPolice probe underway to ascertain links between criminals deported from UAE and local politicians
-
Features3 days agoThe NPP’s pivot to the past
-
News3 days agoAll-New GRAVITE launches at LKR 6.99 Mn
-
Editorial6 days agoA play without its protagonist
-
Opinion5 days agoThe need to reform Buddhist ecclesiastical order
