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Bridging conservation and livelihoods: Addressing the Human-Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka on World Elephant Day

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By Ruwan Samaraweera

Written ahead of World Elephant Day, observed on 12 August 2023.

On World Elephant Day, attention turns to the unique challenges faced by Sri Lanka in the realm of human-elephant conflict (HEC). HEC’s escalating toll paints a stark reality. Human communities endure property damage, crop loss, and tragic fatalities, amplifying poverty and socio-economic instability. In 2022, as per the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), Sri Lanka documented a total of 145 human fatalities resulting from HEC. Simultaneously, elephants face habitat loss, injuries, and mortality due to retaliatory killings and encounters with human settlements. DWC reported a substantial rise in elephant mortality, reaching a peak with a recorded total of 433 deaths in 2022. Therefore, the urgent need for implementing effective solutions to minimise HEC in the country becomes paramount.

Understanding the Conflict

The HEC is one of the widespread environmental issues with severe socio-economic and political implications in Sri Lanka. It arises from numerous reasons, wherein the competition for resources and land between humans and elephants being the most prominent. Rapid urbanisation, encroachment into elephant habitats, conversion of forests for agriculture, and other infrastructure development projects like road infrastructure have disrupted the elephants’ traditional migration patterns and fragmented their habitats. Consequently, elephants often venture into human settlements in search of sustenance, leading to conflicts that endanger both elephants’ and human lives.

Sumanadasa, a farmer in Galgamuwa, shares his experience of frequent elephant raids on their crop lands. He says, “As a farmer, my family depends on the crops we cultivate for our livelihood. However, the constant raids by elephants have taken a toll on our lives. We wake up each morning with anxiety, not knowing if our fields will be destroyed overnight. Our hard work and investment go in vain as elephants trample and devour our crops. It has become a struggle to provide for our family and maintain a sustainable income.”

These heart-wrenching stories highlight the profound impact of the HEC on individuals and communities. Beyond the economic losses, the emotional trauma and loss of human lives are immeasurable. The alarming increase in human and elephant fatalities resulting from HEC in Sri Lanka underscores the gravity of the situation. The average annual human death rate due to HEC increased by approximately 42% from 1992 to 2021, with the 2021 figure reaching 142 deaths. Despite fluctuations, the number of HEC-caused human deaths has consistently exceeded 100 per year over the last three years, resulting in a total of 2,111 human and 5,954 elephant casualties within the last 30 years. Apart from that, as already mentioned, crop damages emerge as a pervasive and severe issue. An IPS study revealed that among the crops grown in HEC-prone areas, paddy is the most vulnerable crop for elephant attacks, following coconut and banana. Furthermore, farmers have altered their cropping seasons due to this wild elephant risk.

Recognising the urgency of addressing the HEC, Sri Lanka has undertaken various policy initiatives and conservation efforts. Some of these are institutionally arranged measures while some are voluntary adjustments by affected communities. The DWC plays a crucial role in mitigating conflicts, implementing institutionally arranged measures such as creating elephant corridors, elephant drives, thunder flashes distribution, habitat enrichments and installing electric fences to reduce human-elephant interactions. Additionally, community-based conservation projects involving local communities in decision-making have shown promising results in promoting peaceful coexistence in some parts of the country. As a multifaceted approach to mitigating HEC, DWC has been implementing the “GajaMituro‟ programme since 2008. Under this, the DWC launched the aforementioned mitigating measures in 58 Divisional Secretariat Divisions (DSD) of 18 Districts. Similarly, residents in affected areas practice numerous voluntary measures to deter problems from elephants. Some examples of voluntary measures include erecting watch huts, creating noise (e.g., firing thunder flashes, shouting), establishing biological fences, and using lighting methods such as fires, kerosene lamps, flares, and flashlights to frighten and chase away the elephants. However, none of the mitigation measures has given a perfect solution due to various limitations. For instance, some elephants develop adaptive behaviours to actions such that thunder flashes, thus making those no longer effective against them.

Hence, to effectively manage the HEC, innovative solutions are imperative, and the government, academia, and other interested stakeholders continue to actively pursue innovative approaches and optimal strategies to effectively tackle the issue of HEC in Sri Lanka. Technology-driven approaches, including using infrared cameras, drones, sensor-based systems, and satellite imagery to detect habitat monitoring and elephant movements and then using mobile communication systems to alert nearby communities in real-time (early warning system), can help prevent conflicts. Through educational programmes in schools and community outreach initiatives, a sense of responsibility can be instilled while highlighting innovative market-based solutions like insurance. An IPS study found that insurance as a market-based solution can deliver promising results. These solutions can be complemented by agro-ecological practices such as cultivating elephant-resistant crops, bee-fencing and establishing community-managed buffer zones around protected areas.

Conclusion

As World Elephant Day serves as a powerful global platform for raising awareness on elephant conservation, Sri Lanka can capitalise on this occasion to promote understanding, empathy, and conservation values within local communities.

It is crucial to acknowledge that no single solution can entirely address the complexities of the HEC issue, given its regional variations, changes in elephant behaviour, and diverse human activities. Therefore, adopting a holistic approach that combines suitable traditional methods alongside innovative strategies, involving local communities, and considering the conflict’s ecological, economic, and social aspects becomes essential for effective and sustainable HEC mitigation. Collaboration among government agencies, conservation organisations, and local communities becomes paramount in achieving a harmonious coexistence where elephants roam freely, and humans thrive.

By adopting this comprehensive approach, Sri Lanka can strive towards a future where both elephants and humans coexist peacefully, safeguarding the well-being of these majestic creatures for generations to come. World Elephant Day serves as a poignant reminder that collective action and shared responsibility are crucial in preserving the rich biodiversity and cultural heritage that define this island nation.

Link to blog: https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2023/08/10/bridging-conservation-and-livelihoods-addressing-the-human-elephant-conflict-in-sri-lanka-on-world-elephant-day/

Ruwan Samaraweera is a Research Officer at IPS with a background in entrepreneurial agriculture. He holds a Bachelor’s in Export Agriculture from Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka. His research interests are environmental economics, agricultural economics, macroeconomic policy and planning, labour and migration, and poverty and development policy. (Talk to Ruwan – ruwan@ips.lk)



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Historic launch of CCWE Fashion Week & International Summit 2026

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Ayanthi Gurusinghe, President, Ceylon Chamber of Women Entrepreneurs (CCWE), joined by Damith Pallewatte, MD/CEO, HNB, and Sanjay Wijemanne, Senior Executive Vice President/COO, HNB, at the press conference announcing CCWE Fashion Week, powered by HNB, held at HNB Towers.

The Ceylon Chamber of Women Entrepreneurs (CCWE) officially announced the CCWE Fashion Week & International Summit 2026 at a press conference held in Colombo, unveiling a historic national initiative that will mark the first-ever fashion week in Sri Lanka and the South Asian region dedicated exclusively to women entrepreneurs.

Held under the theme “Threads of Inclusion Woven from Every Walk of Life,” the event is scheduled to take place from 16th to 20th July 2026 at Cinnamon Life, Colombo, positioning Sri Lanka at the forefront of inclusive and sustainable fashion while creating a powerful platform for economic and social transformation.

This landmark initiative goes beyond fashion to deliver meaningful value to society by empowering women entrepreneurs across diverse communities, industries, and regions. By bringing together designers, artisans, SMEs, policymakers, investors, and international stakeholders, the event aims to create new market opportunities, strengthen financial inclusion, and promote sustainable livelihoods. It will serve as a catalyst for economic growth by supporting women-led businesses, enhancing export potential, encouraging youth participation in creative industries, and fostering regional collaboration across South Asia.

Supported by a strong network of corporate partners, the initiative is led by HNB as the Title Sponsor, reflecting a collective commitment to empowering women economically and driving more inclusive national progress.

Speaking at the press conference, Dr. Ayanthi Gurusinghe, President of CCWE and Chairman of the Fashion Week, stated, “Today we are announcing more than an event—we are introducing a national movement that will transform the way we view women entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka. This platform is designed to open doors for women from every walk of life, enabling them to convert talent into enterprise, gain access to markets, and contribute meaningfully to the economy. Through this initiative, Sri Lanka has the opportunity to lead the region in building a future where inclusion meets opportunity and equality.”

HNB, MD/ CEO, Damith Pallewatte, added, “For over 135 years, HNB has stood as a partner in progress to all Sri Lankans, and supporting women entrepreneurs is central to how we continue that legacy. This initiative creates a platform where women can access markets, build sustainable businesses, and contribute meaningfully to national economic development.

When women are empowered with the right access and support, the impact extends to families, communities, and the broader economy. Our decision to serve as Title Sponsor is driven by our commitment to enabling that access and supporting pathways for long-term growth through financial inclusion and enterprise development.”

Extending regional support, Mrs. Premila Acharya, President of the South Asian Women Development Forum (SAWDF), shared her support online, “The CCWE Fashion Week & International Summit 2026 is a landmark initiative that reflects the strength and potential of women entrepreneurs across our region. It is inspiring to see Sri Lanka take the lead in creating a platform where inclusion, opportunity, and equality come together. SAWDF is proud to stand in partnership with CCWE in empowering women through collaboration and shared progress.”

Highlighting achievements The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Subregional Office for South and South-West (ESCAP-SSWA) as Knowledge Partner Ms. Mikiko Tanaka, Head and Director noted “ESCAP is pleased to serve as a knowledge partner for the CCWE Fashion Week & International Summit 2026. This initiative reflects our shared commitment to enhance women entrepreneurs’ access to markets, finance and digital networks. Connecting women-led businesses to regional networks can further unlock opportunities outside Sri Lanka. We commend CCWE’s leadership in creating an enabling environment for women from diverse backgrounds to innovate, participate and contribute to inclusive and sustainable economic development.”

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Sri Lanka’s capital market gains international recognition for GSS+ Bond issuances

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The Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) announces that Sri Lanka’s capital market has received international recognition for the quality and innovation of its Green, Social, Sustainability and Sustainability-Linked (GSS+) bond issuances at the 2026 Sustainable Debt Awards hosted by Environmental Finance. This milestone reflects the continued strengthening of Sri Lanka’s sustainable finance landscape and its growing alignment with international capital markets.

This achievement builds on a sustained collaboration with the EU-funded Green Recovery Facility, implemented by Expertise France, which has supported the development and international positioning of Sri Lanka’s GSS+ bond market. Advisory and coordination support has been provided in close collaboration with the CSE, alongside technical inputs from the contracted consultancy team Baastel led by Jason Taylor.

Since supporting the operationalisation of Sri Lanka’s Green Bond Framework in 2023, this engagement has evolved into a broader effort to develop the country’s GSS+ bond market. Through strengthened policy alignment, market development, and stakeholder engagement, this partnership has contributed to corporate GSS+ bond issuances aligned with international standards.

Collectively, recent GSS+ bond issuances in Sri Lanka have mobilised approximately LKR 82 billion (around EUR 216 million) across green, blue, social, sustainability, and sustainability-linked instruments, financing priority sectors such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, water and coastal resilience, and inclusive social infrastructure. These issuances have been oversubscribed, reflecting growing investor confidence in Sri Lanka’s sustainable finance framework.

This progress has been supported by the introduction of Sri Lanka’s GSS+ Bonds Regulatory Framework in 2025, aligned with international principles, further strengthening market credibility and investor confidence.

The awards recognise the following Sri Lankan institutions:

DFCC Bank – Award for Innovation: Use of Proceeds (Green Bond, APAC)

Bank of Ceylon – Award for Innovation: Sustainability Bond Structure (APAC)

Commercial Bank of Ceylon – Green Bond of the Year (Financial Institution, APAC)

Thimal Perera, Director/Chief Executive Officer, DFCC Bank PLC said, “This recognition reflects the progress Sri Lanka’s capital markets are making in aligning with international sustainable finance standards and strengthening credibility with global investors. We are honoured to receive recognition in the area of innovation in use of proceeds, which highlights the growing ability of Sri Lankan institutions to structure financing solutions with transparency, measurable impact, and long-term relevance. We remain grateful to the regulators, market participants, technical partners, and investors whose continued support is helping advance Sri Lanka’s sustainable finance ecosystem.”

“We are honoured to receive the Environmental Finance’s Sustainable Debt Award for Innovation – Sustainability Bond Structure (APAC) for the Bank of Ceylon’s inaugural LKR 20 billion Basel III compliant Tier 2 Sustainability Bond – the largest sustainability bond issuance in Sri Lanka and the first of its kind. This alignment addressed both BOC’s capital adequacy requirements and commitment to aligning sustainable finance with national development priorities while advancing resilient and inclusive economic growth in Sri Lanka. As the first Sri Lankan bank to secure this prestigious global award, we wish to thank the Colombo Stock Exchange for their proactive coordination and encouragement. We also extend our sincere appreciation to all stakeholders who partnered with us in this trailblazing endeavor.” said Mr. G. A. Jayashantha, Acting Senior Deputy General Manager/ Head of Global Markets, Bank of Ceylon.

Remarking upon the award Sanath Manatunge, Managing Director / Chief Executive Officer of Commercial Bank of Ceylon said “Winning the ‘Green Bond of the Year’ award is a significant milestone for Commercial Bank and a strong endorsement of our commitment to sustainable finance and responsible banking. As the largest private bank in Sri Lanka, we recognise our responsibility to support investments that drive long-term environmental and economic resilience, particularly in the renewable energy sector. This recognition reflects the Bank’s strategic focus on advancing sustainable financing solutions that contribute meaningfully to the country’s climate goals and broader sustainable development agenda.”

These recognitions are particularly significant in the context of Sri Lanka’s ongoing economic recovery and debt restructuring process. As the country works to restore macroeconomic stability and rebuild investor confidence, the ability of Sri Lankan financial institutions to successfully issue GSS+ bonds aligned with rigorous international standards sends a strong signal to global capital markets.

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Uber introduces Hybrid Subscriptions for Moto and Tuk Drivers

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Uber, Sri Lanka’s most loved ridesharing platform, today announced the launch of Hybrid Subscriptions for Moto and Tuk drivers in the country. This includes a new ‘earn first, pay later’ model that gives drivers greater flexibility by allowing them to start earning on the platform without upfront payments. Drivers will continue to benefit from 0% commission on trips, allowing them to keep all of their earnings while paying a subscription fee separately.

With hybrid subscriptions, drivers can choose a model that works best for their driving patterns, making it easier for both full-time and part-time drivers to access trips and earn on Uber. The launch is aimed at improving the overall experience for drivers while continuing to offer reliable mobility for riders.

Flexibility and earning potential remain key priorities for drivers across Sri Lanka’s two- and three-wheeler ecosystem. The new model addresses this by giving drivers more control over how they engage with the platform and how they structure their earnings. By offering both time-based and earning-based subscription options, Uber provides drivers greater flexibility. While time-based subscriptions are ideal for full-time drivers, earning-based subscriptions work well for part-time drivers.

Commenting on the launch, Kaushalya Gunaratne, Country Manager – Mobility, Uber Sri Lanka, said, “”Drivers are at the heart of everything we do. We were among the first to introduce subscription models for Moto and Tuk drivers in Sri Lanka, and with hybrid subscriptions, we’re taking it further – giving drivers the benefits of zero commissions and the flexibility to choose what works best for them.”

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