Features
Universities and liberal arts education – II
by Usvatte-aratchi
(First part of this article appeared in The Island of 23 July 2024)
Let us be clear about liberal arts. They are not confined to language and literature studies. Recall, Francis Bacon (author of Novum Organon): ‘Nature is an open book but to read it you need the language of mathematics’. In addition to what Professor Amarakirthi deals with, liberal arts include mathematics, natural sciences and moral sciences (social studies). An education in liberal arts does not train a student for any profession. The leading liberal arts colleges in Us (Barnard, Harvard, Princeton, Swarthmore, Pomona, Dartmouth and others) all teach these subjects. Some of them (Swarthmore) teach engineering. Princeton University does not have any professional schools (business, law or medicine) as a part of it. The two old universities in England took a long time to start any professional schools. There is no evidence to maintain that learning in mathematics, science, economics, politics and history has dulled the wit of scholars who studied them. On the contrary. Some of the sharpest criticisms of society have come from mathematicians, scientists, economists, historians and students of politics. The pathology must lie somewhere else.
IN many universities, the world over, students begin studies relating to professions after high school. In Sri Lanka, students begin medical, engineering or business studies, directly after completing high school. In India, students can enter IITs directly after high school. Mathematics and basic sciences are learnt before training in the professions begins. In Germany, there are Technische Hochschulen. In US and many European universities, students need a first degree to pursue professional studies. In France, there are Polytechniques where professions are taught. Teachers and researchers have shifted their interest from liberal arts to professional courses. Chintaka Ranasinghe of Kelaniya, in a recent address to Samskrti, informed that students who came to study Sinhala in our universities were those in remote villages who were handicapped by a lack of options, which forced them to take Sinhala and related subjects against their better judgment. There is a report today (13/07/24) that at the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan (third in rank) ‘no student had accepted places in the history department for next year (2025)’. This is a threat that liberal arts departments in universities worldwide face. Language and literature departments in many universities (I recall the instance in the university of Verginia) have contracted in size and sometimes integrated with some social studies departments.
A few words on the method (methodology for those who like long words) of treating the subject by Professor Amarakirthi. He quotes, at length, the opinions of celebrated writers and scholars who support his contentions. These are not substitutes for analytical studies of institutions, including their functioning.
Problems of financing higher education and the consequences of different methods used have given rise to many issues including closing opportunities to those in lower income categories. They are entirely missing from the book. Two books of interest in this area are Henry Rosovsky, University: an owner’s manual (1990) and Richard V. Reeves, Dreams Hoarders (2017). Methods of financing and cultural factors have tended to perpetuate and engender lasting inequalities in access to university education. One also should re-consider the usefulness of the lengthy digression on Gardener’ celebrated paper in his critique of IQ tests. Similarly, neo-liberalism is a political philosophy, dealing with the individual and society. Neo-liberalism seeks to minimize the role of government and widen the role of civil society, including the market. (It has been widely and roundly criticized.) This has no bearing on liberal arts education: liberal arts are taught in both state and non-state universities. The importance of education in economic growth came into prominence in the 1960s following a path-breaking paper written by Robert Solow. Neo-liberalism has little to do with it. Magna Carta was a charter issued by King John who sought new revenue to set out on a crusade and ‘barons of the realm’, in a bargain, obtained certain privileges including ‘No man shall be seized or imprisoned or suspended of his rights or possessions ……..except by the lawful judgment of his equals or the law of the land’. We still go to court seeking a writ of habeas corpus. It was not an ex parte declaration comparable to the declaration referred to in this book.
For those interested in universities, here are a few publications, I have used. In Sinhala, there is the Visvavidyala Ankaya of Samskrti, Volume 12, No.4 (1965) edited by young Susil Sirivardana and S.G.Samarasinghe. I spoke about it in on Radio Ceylon in 1967 and a fragment of that talk was published in Samskrti in 2014. Susil Sirivardana and Usvatte-aratchi re-issued the visvavidyala adyapana ankaya with a new introduction written by Usvatte-aratchi in 2014. Samskrti over time published many articles on university education. japanaye usas adyapanaya (1971) is an excellent translation into Sinhala by Professor W.A.de Silva of Nagai Michio’s Higher Education in Japan and is useful both for information and vocabulary. Usvatte-aratchi also wrote a longish essay on universities in a collection samajaya, arthikaya ha adyapanaya (2009). I read in Peradeniya in 1955 Hastings Rashdall’s three volumes on Medieval Universities and Abraham Flexners’s Universities: American, English and German. They are probably there still. There appeared in 1988 an excellent companion to Rashdall: A History of the University of Cambridge Volume I by Damien Rehl Leader. Universities, for all their glittering modernity, are essentially medieval institutions (like parliament and trial by jury). They cannot be understood by beginning with Harvard College which opened 1635. (The public school which the immigrants started in 1633, Boston Grammar School still thrives.) On modern American universities, papers and books abound. A good summary though dated) is in American Higher Education by Christopher J. Lucas (1940.) On universities that Britain exported (to Ceylon, as well) the best source is Eric Ashby’s Universities: British, Indian and African. The British Council Library in Colombo ordered it in 1970 at my request. On European universities, there are many books and papers; the one volume I use is The Emergence of Modern Universities, 1863- 1914 by George Weisz. On Japan, Michio Nagai’s work is reliable. I am poor on universities in Latin America, mostly because I do not read Spanish. There are reports of commissions and committees appointed by governments to report on universities. Radhakrishnan Commission in India in 1948 was excellent. Needham Commission Report in 1958 in our country should also be looked at. The outstanding Robbins Committee Report on Higher Education, 1960 running into several volumes is unexcelled as a source of information. In many countries which gained independence from colonial rule Malaysia, Ghana, Nigeria and Zambia appointed commissions to report on the establishment of universities. Among academic journals, Minerva edited by Edward Shills from Chicago was available in the Peradeniya library. Professor Amarakirthi is not an infrequent visitor to the US, where he can read these in any good library. I wrote this brief because they are conspicuously absent from the reading list in his book.
Professor Amarakirthi is a highly regarded teacher of literature. He has reached the highest level in the academic hierarchy. He is a prize-winning writer of fiction. He has written more books than most people read in their lifetime. He has been associated with five universities, three overseas. His companions, named in this book, include a brilliant galaxy of professors. Recently, he spoke on a political platform exhibiting considerable rhetorical talent. With all that, this book disappoints.
(Usvatte-aratchi is an economist. He writes in both English and Sinhala. He says his handwriting, which never had form, has of late deteriorated to an illegible scroll. He has failed to find a typist who could make a neat typescript from his drafts. He regrets that these notes were not written in Sinhala. He would be grateful if someone publishes them in Sinhala.)
Features
Cricket and the National Interest
The appointment of former minister Eran Wickremaratne to chair the Sri Lanka Cricket Transformation Committee is significant for more than the future of cricket. It signals a possible shift in the culture of governance even as it offers Sri Lankan cricket a fighting possibility to get out of the doldrums of failure. There have been glorious patches for the national cricket team since the epochal 1996 World Cup triumph. But these patches of brightness have been few and far between and virtually non-existent over the past decade. At the centre of this disaster has been the failures of governance within Sri Lanka Cricket which are not unlike the larger failures of governance within the country itself. The appointment of a new reform oriented committee therefore carries significance beyond cricket. It reflects the wider challenge facing the country which is to restore trust in public institutions for better management.
The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne brings a professional administrator with a proven track record into the cricket arena. He has several strengths that many of his immediate predecessors lacked. Before the ascent of the present government leadership to positions of power, Eran Wickremaratne was among the handful of government ministers who did not have allegations of corruption attached to their names. His reputation for financial professionalism and integrity has remained intact over many years in public life. With him in the Cricket Transformation Committee are also respected former cricketers Kumar Sangakkara, Roshan Mahanama and Sidath Wettimuny together with professionals from legal and business backgrounds. They have been tasked with introducing structural reforms and improving transparency and accountability within cricket administration.
A second reason for this appointment to be significant is that this is possibly the first occasion on which the NPP government has reached out to someone associated with the opposition to obtain assistance in an area of national importance. The commitment to bipartisanship has been a constant demand from politically non-partisan civic groups and political analysts. They have voiced the opinion that the government needs to be more inclusive in its choice of appointments to decision making authorities. The NPP government’s practice so far has largely been to limit appointments to those within the ruling party or those considered loyalists even at the cost of proven expertise. The government’s decision in this case therefore marks a potentially important departure.
National Interest
There are areas of public life where national interest should transcend party divisions and cricket, beloved of the people, is one of them. Sri Lanka cannot afford to continue treating every institution as an arena for political competition when institutions themselves are in crisis and public confidence has become fragile. It is therefore unfortunate that when the government has moved positively in the direction of drawing on expertise from outside its own ranks there should be a negative response from sections of the opposition. This is indicative of the absence of a culture of bipartisanship even on issues that concern the national interest. The SJB, of which the newly appointed cricket committee chairman was a member objected on the grounds that politicians should not hold positions in sports administration and asked him to resign from the party. There is a need to recognise the distinction between partisan political control and the temporary use of experienced administrators to carry out reform and institutional restructuring. In other countries those in politics often join academia and civil society on a temporary basis and vice versa.
More disturbing has been the insidious campaign carried out against the new cricket committee and its chairman on the grounds of religious affiliation. This is an unacceptable denial of the reality that Sri Lanka is a plural, multi ethnic and multi religious society. The interim committee reflects this diversity to a reasonable extent. The country’s long history of ethnic conflict should have taught all political actors the dangers of mobilising communal prejudice for short term political gain. Sri Lanka paid a very heavy price for decades of mistrust and division. It would be tragic if even cricket administration became another arena for communal suspicion and hostility. The present government represents an important departure from the sectarian rhetoric that was employed by previous governments. They have repeatedly pledged to protect the equal rights of all citizens and not permit discrimination or extremism in any form.
The recent international peace march in Sri Lanka led by the Venerable Bhikkhu Thich Paññākāra from Vietnam with its message of loving kindness and mindfulness to all resonated strongly with the masses of people as seen by the crowds who thronged the roadsides to obtain blessings and show respect. This message stands in contrast to the sectarian resentment manifested by those who seek to use the cricket appointments as a weapon to attack the government at the present time. The challenges before the Sri Lanka Cricket Transformation Committee parallel the larger challenges before the government in developing the national economy and respecting ethnic and religious diversity. Plugging the leaks and restoring systems will take time and effort. It cannot be done overnight and it cannot succeed without public patience and support.
New Recognition
There is also a need for realism. The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne and the new committee does not guarantee success. Reforming deeply flawed institutions is always difficult. Besides, Sri Lanka is a small country with a relatively small population compared to many other cricket playing nations. It is also a country still recovering from the economic breakdown of 2022 which pushed the majority of people into hardship and severely weakened public institutions. The country continues to face unprecedented challenges including the damage caused by Cyclone Ditwah and the wider global economic uncertainties linked to conflict in the Middle East. Under these difficult circumstances Sri Lanka has fewer resources than many larger countries to devote to both cricket and economic development.
When resources are scarce they cannot be wasted through corruption or incompetence. Drawing upon the strengths of all those who are competent for the tasks at hand regardless of party affiliation or ethnic or religious identity is necessary if improvement is to come sooner rather than later. The burden of rebuilding the country cannot rest only on the government. The crisis facing the country is too deep for any single party or government to solve alone. National recovery requires capable individuals from across society and from different sectors such as business and civil society to work together in areas where the national interest transcends party politics. There is also a responsibility on opposition political parties to support initiatives that are politically neutral and genuinely in the national interest. Not every issue needs to become a partisan battle.
Sri Lanka cricket occupies a special place in the national consciousness. At its best it once united the country and gave Sri Lankans a sense of pride and international recognition. Restoring integrity and professionalism to cricket administration can therefore become part of the larger task of national renewal. The appointment of Eran Wickremaratne and the new committee, while it does not guarantee success, is a sign that the political leadership and people of the country may be beginning to mature in their approach to governance. In recognising the need for competence, integrity and bipartisan cooperation and extending it beyond cricket into other areas of national life, Sri Lanka may find the way towards more stable and successful governance..
by Jehan Perera
Features
From Dhaka to Sri Lanka, three wheels that drive our economies
Court vacation this year came with an unexpected lesson, not from a courtroom but from the streets of Dhaka — a city that moves, quite literally, on three wheels.
Above the traffic, a modern metro line glides past concrete pillars and crowded rooftops. It is efficient, clean and frequently cited as a symbol of progress in Bangladesh. For a visitor from Sri Lanka, it inevitably brings to mind our own abandoned light rail plans — a project debated, politicised and ultimately set aside.
But Dhaka’s real story is not in the air. It is on the ground.
Beneath the elevated tracks, the streets belong to three-wheelers. Known locally as CNGs, they cluster at junctions, line the edges of markets and pour into narrow roads that larger vehicles avoid. Even with a functioning rail system, these three-wheelers remain the city’s most dependable form of everyday transport.
Within hours of arriving, their importance becomes obvious. The train may take you across the city, but the journey does not end there. The last mile — often the most complicated part — belongs entirely to the three-wheeler. It is the vehicle that gets you home, to a meeting or simply through streets that no bus route properly serves.
There is a rhythm to using them. A destination is mentioned, a price is suggested and a brief negotiation follows. Then the ride begins, edging into traffic that feels permanently compressed. Drivers move with instinct, adjusting routes and squeezing through gaps with a confidence built over years.
It is not polished. But it works.
And that is where the comparison with Sri Lanka becomes less about what we lack and more about what we already have.
Back home, the three-wheeler has long been part of daily life — so familiar that it is often discussed only in terms of its problems. There are frequent complaints about fares, refusals or the absence of meters. More recently, the industry itself has become entangled in politics — from fuel subsidies to regulatory debates, from election-time promises to periodic crackdowns.
In that process, the conversation has shifted. The three-wheeler is often treated as a problem to be managed, rather than a service to be strengthened.
Yet, seen through the experience of Dhaka, Sri Lanka’s system begins to look far more settled — and, in many ways, ahead.
There is a growing structure in place. Meters, while not perfect, are widely recognised. Ride-hailing apps have added transparency and reduced uncertainty for passengers. There are clearer expectations on both sides — driver and commuter alike. Even small details, such as designated parking areas in parts of Colombo or the increasing standard of vehicles, point to an industry slowly moving towards professionalism.
Just as importantly, there is a human element that remains intact.
In Sri Lanka, a three-wheeler ride is rarely just a transaction. Drivers talk. They offer directions, comment on the day’s news, or share local knowledge. The ride becomes part of the social fabric, not just a means of getting from one point to another.
In Dhaka, the scale of the city leaves less room for that. The interaction is quicker, more direct, shaped by urgency. The service is essential, but it is under constant pressure.
What stands out, across both countries, is that the three-wheeler is not a temporary or outdated mode of transport. It is a necessity in dense, fast-growing Asian cities — one that fills gaps no rail or bus system can fully address.
Large infrastructure projects, like light rail, are important. They bring efficiency and long-term capacity. But they cannot replace the flexibility of a three-wheeler. They cannot reach into narrow streets, respond instantly to demand or provide that crucial last-mile connection.
That is why, even in a city that has invested heavily in modern rail, Dhaka still runs on three wheels.
For Sri Lanka, the lesson is not simply about what could have been built, but about what should be better managed and valued.
The three-wheeler industry does not need to be politicised at every turn. It needs steady regulation — clear fare systems, proper licensing, safety standards — alongside encouragement and recognition. It needs to be seen as part of the solution to urban transport, not as a side issue.
Because for thousands of drivers, it is a livelihood. And for millions of passengers, it is the most immediate and reliable form of mobility.
The tuk-tuk may not feature in grand policy speeches or infrastructure blueprints. It does not run on elevated tracks or attract international attention. But on the ground, where daily life unfolds, it continues to do what larger systems often struggle to do — show up, adapt and keep moving.
And after watching Dhaka’s streets — crowded, relentless, yet functioning — that small, three-wheeled vehicle feels less like something to argue over and more like something to get right.
(The writer is an Attorney-at-Law with over a decade of experience specialising in civil law, a former Board Member of the Office of Missing Persons and a former Legal Director of the Central Cultural Fund. He holds an LLM in International Business Law)
by Sampath Perera recently in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Features
Dubai scene … opening up
According to reports coming my way, the entertainment scene, in Dubai, is very much opening up, and buzzing again!
After a quieter few months, May is packed with entertainment and the whole scene, they say, is shifting back into full swing.
The Seven Notes band, made up of Sri Lankans, based in Dubai, are back in the spotlight, after a short hiatus, due to the ongoing Middle East problems.
On 18th April they did Legends Night at Mercure Hotel Dubai Barsha Heights; on Thursday, 9th May, they will be at the Sports Bar of the Mercure Hotel for 70s/80s Retro Night; on 6th June, they will be at Al Jadaf Dubai to provide the music for Sandun Perera live in concert … and with more dates to follow.
These events are expected to showcase the band’s evolving sound, tighter stage coordination, and stronger audience engagement.
With each performance, the band aims to refine its identity and build a loyal following within Dubai’s vibrant nightlife and event scene.

Pasindu Umayanga: The group’s new vocalist
What makes Seven Notes standout is their versatility which has made the band a dynamic and promising act.
With a growing performance calendar, new talent integration, and international ambitions, the band is definitely entering a defining phase of its journey.
Dubai’s music industry, I’m told, thrives on diversity, energy, and audience connection, with live bands playing a crucial role in elevating events—from corporate shows to private concerts. Against this backdrop, Seven Notes is positioning itself not just as another band, but as a performance-driven musical unit focused on consistency and growth.
Adding fresh momentum to the group is Pasindu Umayanga who joins Seven Notes as their new vocalist. This move signals a strategic upgrade—not just filling a role, but strengthening the band’s front-line presence.
Looking beyond local stages, Seven Notes is preparing for an international tour, to Korea, in July.

Bassist Niluk Uswaththa: Spokesperson for Seven Notes
According to bassist Niluk Uswaththa, taking a band abroad means: Your sound must hold up against unfamiliar audiences, your performance must translate beyond language, and your discipline must be at a professional level.
“If executed well, this tour could redefine Seven Notes from a local band into an emerging international act,” added Niluk.
He went on to say that Dubai is not an easy market. It’s saturated with highly experienced, multi-genre bands that can adapt instantly to any crowd.
“To stand out consistently you need to have tight rehearsal discipline, unique sound identity (not just covers), strong stage chemistry, audience retention – not just applause.”
No doubt, Seven Notes is entering a critical growth phase—new member, multiple shows, and an international tour on the horizon. The opportunity is real, but so is the pressure.
However, there is talk that Seven Notes will soon be a recognised name in the regional music scene.
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