Business
Understanding informal remittances during a crisis: Experience from Sri Lanka
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IPS Policy Insights
by Dr Bilesha Weeraratne, Piyumi Ranadewa and Manisha Weeraddana, January 2024
Remittances carry vast economic implications for recipient countries at both macro and micro levels. The choice to send remittances through formal channels such as banks, registered money transfer operators, and online platforms, as opposed to informal avenues like Hawala/Undiyal operators or family networks, plays a pivotal role in achieving positive outcomes for migrants, their families, and the broader society of these nations.
The recent foreign currency crisis and subsequent economic downturn in Sri Lanka, partly linked to the decrease in remittance inflows, underscore the increased importance of understanding remittance channels, especially during crises. However, gaining an understanding of the market for informal remittances is hampered by the intrinsically hidden nature of such activities, which has led towards limited data availability. By recognising these gaps in the existing literature, this study aims to bridge the knowledge deficit by delving into the realm of informal remittances, focusing on the use of informal remitting channels in Sri Lanka during an economic crisis. The study relies on qualitative data while utilising a thematic approach towards data analysis in presenting empirical evidence addressing two specific research:
1) What are the characteristics of the informal remittance channels used by Sri Lankans?
2) What are the implications of informal remittances on the economic crisis in Sri Lanka?
The study derives information from a range of sources, such as extensive desk research and qualitative data collected via 19 key Informant Interviews. The interviewees represent migration-related stakeholders (the IOM, State Ministry of Foreign Employment Promotions & Market Diversification and Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment), five remittance-related stakeholders (the Central Bank, private and public sector banks and financial institutions), three researchers, seven migrant workers ( three low skilled and four high skilled) currently working in the UAE, Japan, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia, engaged in domestic work, technical, government or banking sector etc. Qualitative data were also collected from respondents with experience regarding outward informal remittances. The determination of the sample size was based on reaching the point of saturation, where no new information emerged in subsequent interviews. Furthermore, the sample composition was guided by employing the maximum variation sampling technique. To focus on remitting behaviours surrounding informal channels during times of crisis, data were collected between May and August 2022.
Findings
Prior to the economic crisis, formal channels effectively channelled remittances, but the widening cost disparity amid the crisis drew more workers towards informal sectors.
While using informal channels raises concerns such as potential misuse for criminal activities and economic penalties, individual risks are overrated, with a low likelihood of negative outcomes.
The regulatory framework for remittances varies across countries, reflecting local needs and conceptualisations.
Factors influencing channel choice include cost, transaction speed, and no transaction limitations, convenience, accessibility, and anonymity.
Hawala/Undiyal systems emerged as widely used informal channels, especially among low-skilled migrants. Trust and confidence in these unregulated systems minimised the perceived risks.
For irregular migrants, the added benefit of anonymity in informal channels has shown to be particularly advantageous.
During the economic downturn, trust in the regulatory framework diminished due to new policies, pushing workers towards informal channels.
Using formal channels persisted among those aware of legal requirements and with access to digital platforms.
Some high-skilled workers explored alternatives like cryptocurrencies.
Exchange rate volatility, rupee depreciation, and increased control over remittances steer migrants towards informal channels during crises.
Recommendations
As informal channels gain widespread popularity, controlling their usage becomes a considerable challenge. The study outlined the following recommendations to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics associated with informal remittances and contribute to effective measures for managing their impact.
Enhancing awareness:
About personal and national consequences of informal channels.
How to distinguish between formal and informal operators.
Enforcement of regulations pertaining to informal remittances.
Lowering the cost of remittances through formal channels and aligning exchange rates with market rates.
Shifting formal channels from rules-based to risk-based approaches in implementing documentary and identification requirements within KYC policies.
Tailoring incentives for formal channels to cater to the specific needs of migrant groups and ensuring that migrants are well-informed about potential benefits of formal channels.
Removing national and international barriers hindering access to formal channels.
This policy insight was prepared by IPS researchers Dr Bilesha Weeraratne (bilesha@ips.lk), Piyumi Ranadewa and Manisha Weeraddana based on findings from a study on ‘Understanding Informal Remittances During a Crisis: Experience from Sri Lanka’ authored by Dr Bilesha Weeraratne, Thilini Bandara & Thisuri Ekanayake under The South Asia Centre for Labour Mobility and Migrants (SALAM) project conducted by IPS. For more policy insights from IPS, visit: https://www.ips.lk/publications/policy-insights/.
Business
Seylan Bank posts a remarkable PAT of LKR 10 Bn for 2024
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The Bank recorded a Profit before Income Tax (PBT) of LKR 16.04 Bn for the period under review with a 59% growth over the previous year, while recording a Profit after Tax (PAT) of LKR 10.05 Bn for the year with a 61% growth over the previous year, demonstrating a robust performance despite challenging macro-economic conditions. The reported PAT of LKR 10 Bn is the highest performance in the Bank’s 36 year history.
Net Interest Income of the Bank was reported as LKR 37 Bn in 2024 compared to LKR 40 Bn reported in 2023 with a decline of 8% corresponding to reduction in Net Interest Margins during 2024, due to reduction in market interest rates throughout the year.
Net fee and commission income of the Bank reported a growth of 7% to LKR 8 Bn compared to LKR 7.4 Bn reported in the previous year. The growth in 2024 was mainly due to increase in income from Cards, Remittances and other services relating to Lending.
The Bank’s net gains from trading reported a gain of LKR 0.46 Bn, a decrease of 44% over the gain of LKR 0.82 Bn reported in previous year due to exchange / interest rate changes.
Net gains / (losses) from de-recognition of financial assets reported a loss of LKR 0.26 Bn in 2024, compared to the gain of LKR 0.15 Bn reported in the previous year. The loss due to the restructuring of SLISBs amounted to LKR 2.71 Bn and was recorded in Q4 2024.
Other Operating Income of the Bank was reported as LKR 1 Bn in 2024, a growth of 5% over the previous year. This increase is mainly from foreign exchange income, which represents both revaluation gain/ (loss) on the Bank’s net open position and realized exchange gain/ (loss) on foreign currency transactions.
The Bank’s Total Operating Income decreased by 11.6% to LKR 44 Bn in 2024 compared to LKR 49 Bn in the previous year mainly due to decrease in net interest income and the loss on restructuring of SLISBs.
The Bank made impairment provision to capture the changes in the macro economy, credit risk profile of customers and the credit quality of the Bank’s loan portfolio in order to ensure adequacy of provisions recognized in the financial statements. The impairment charge on Loans and Advances and other credit related commitments amounted to LKR 6.6 Bn (2023 – LKR 15.5 Bn). The impairment reversal due to the SLISBs exchange amounted to LKR 4.9 Bn (2023 – LKR 1.5 Bn charge).
(Seylan Bank)
Business
An initiative to bring light into the lives of Galle residents
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By Ifham Nizam
For decades, many rural communities in Sri Lanka have struggled with an unreliable power supply, outdated infrastructure, and slow responses from authorities. However, a new initiative aims to change this narrative, bringing hope to thousands in the Galle District who have long been in the dark—both literally and figuratively.
Speaking to The Island Financial Review, Dr. Chathura Welivitiya, CEO of HELP-O, an expert in infrastructure development, emphasizes the importance of this project, stating, “Access to reliable electricity is not just about lighting homes; it is about empowering communities, enabling education, fostering business opportunities, and ensuring overall development.”
He said in many villages, the lack of a stable electricity supply has hindered progress. Residents report frequent power outages, damaged lines left unattended for weeks, and new connections taking months—if not years—to be processed. Such issues have not only inconvenienced households but have also impacted local businesses, schools, and healthcare facilities.
According to a Weligama Municipal Council official: “Our children cannot study at night due to power failures. Businesses suffer because they cannot store perishable goods properly. We have raised complaints multiple times, but the response has been slow.”
Recognizing these challenges, a new project has been launched to address the inefficiencies in power distribution. The initiative includes:
Expansion of the Electrification Network: Efforts to extend power lines to remote areas that still rely on kerosene lamps or battery-operated sources.
Upgrading Infrastructure: Replacement of outdated transformers, damaged poles and weak wiring systems to ensure a stable and safe electricity supply.
Community Engagement: A digital reporting system that allows residents to highlight issues in real time, ensuring faster response and accountability from relevant authorities.
Sustainability Measures: Exploration of renewable energy options, such as solar power, to complement the grid and provide backup solutions for power outages.
Dr. Chathura explains, “This project is not just about fixing wires and poles; it is about creating a sustainable and efficient system that meets the growing energy demands of rural areas. Transparency and community participation are key to its success.”
The Southern Province Governor Bandula Haischandra has voiced strong support for the initiative, recognizing its potential to transform rural communities.
“Ensuring a stable electricity supply is a fundamental responsibility of the government, the Governor told The Island Financial Review. “For too long, these communities have been neglected. We are committed to fast-tracking infrastructure improvements and working closely with relevant authorities to resolve longstanding issues.”
The Governor further emphasized the role of accountability and efficiency in the implementation process. “We cannot afford delays and inefficiencies. With the use of modern technology, we are ensuring that complaints are addressed swiftly and that no village is left behind in development.”
Business
Elpitiya Plantations clinches fourth consecutive victory at Inter Plantation Cricket Tournament
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Elpitiya Plantations emerged victorious at the 22nd Inter Plantation Cricket Tournament, organised by the Dimbula Athletic and Cricket Club, held on the 21st and 22nd of February 2025 at the Radella Cricket Ground.
The tournament saw participation from 11 plantation companies, showcasing exceptional talent and sportsmanship. Elpitiya Plantations, led by their dynamic captain Wajira Mannapperuma, demonstrated outstanding performance throughout the tournament.
The winning team from Elpitiya Plantations consisted of Wajira Mannapperuma, Asela Udumulla, Dilukshan Neshan, Lakshan Thenabadu, Kavinda Sulochana, Yasitha Koswaththa, Anushka Baddevithana, Kanishka Ranchagoda, Pramoth Bandara, and Sajith Edirisinghe.
In the semi-final match, Elpitiya faced Horana Plantations PLC and secured a decisive victory by bowling out the Horana team for just 20 runs within 4 overs, paving their way to the finals. The final match was a thrilling encounter against Talawakelle Tea Estates PLC, where Elpitiya’s formidable bowling lineup made it challenging for Talawakelle to score. Within the first four overs, Talawakelle’s top batsmen were back in the pavilion, allowing Elpitiya to clinch the championship title with ease.
This victory marks Elpitiya Plantations’ fifth overall win in the history of the tournament and their fourth consecutive triumph, having previously won in 2022, 2023, and 2024. The team’s consistent performance and dedication have solidified their reputation as a formidable force in plantation cricket.
The management of Elpitiya Plantations extends heartfelt congratulations to the team and expresses gratitude to all the supporters and organisers who made this event a grand success.
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