Business
Understanding informal remittances during a crisis: Experience from Sri Lanka
IPS Policy Insights
by Dr Bilesha Weeraratne, Piyumi Ranadewa and Manisha Weeraddana, January 2024
Remittances carry vast economic implications for recipient countries at both macro and micro levels. The choice to send remittances through formal channels such as banks, registered money transfer operators, and online platforms, as opposed to informal avenues like Hawala/Undiyal operators or family networks, plays a pivotal role in achieving positive outcomes for migrants, their families, and the broader society of these nations.
The recent foreign currency crisis and subsequent economic downturn in Sri Lanka, partly linked to the decrease in remittance inflows, underscore the increased importance of understanding remittance channels, especially during crises. However, gaining an understanding of the market for informal remittances is hampered by the intrinsically hidden nature of such activities, which has led towards limited data availability. By recognising these gaps in the existing literature, this study aims to bridge the knowledge deficit by delving into the realm of informal remittances, focusing on the use of informal remitting channels in Sri Lanka during an economic crisis. The study relies on qualitative data while utilising a thematic approach towards data analysis in presenting empirical evidence addressing two specific research:
1) What are the characteristics of the informal remittance channels used by Sri Lankans?
2) What are the implications of informal remittances on the economic crisis in Sri Lanka?
The study derives information from a range of sources, such as extensive desk research and qualitative data collected via 19 key Informant Interviews. The interviewees represent migration-related stakeholders (the IOM, State Ministry of Foreign Employment Promotions & Market Diversification and Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment), five remittance-related stakeholders (the Central Bank, private and public sector banks and financial institutions), three researchers, seven migrant workers ( three low skilled and four high skilled) currently working in the UAE, Japan, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia, engaged in domestic work, technical, government or banking sector etc. Qualitative data were also collected from respondents with experience regarding outward informal remittances. The determination of the sample size was based on reaching the point of saturation, where no new information emerged in subsequent interviews. Furthermore, the sample composition was guided by employing the maximum variation sampling technique. To focus on remitting behaviours surrounding informal channels during times of crisis, data were collected between May and August 2022.
Findings
Prior to the economic crisis, formal channels effectively channelled remittances, but the widening cost disparity amid the crisis drew more workers towards informal sectors.
While using informal channels raises concerns such as potential misuse for criminal activities and economic penalties, individual risks are overrated, with a low likelihood of negative outcomes.
The regulatory framework for remittances varies across countries, reflecting local needs and conceptualisations.
Factors influencing channel choice include cost, transaction speed, and no transaction limitations, convenience, accessibility, and anonymity.
Hawala/Undiyal systems emerged as widely used informal channels, especially among low-skilled migrants. Trust and confidence in these unregulated systems minimised the perceived risks.
For irregular migrants, the added benefit of anonymity in informal channels has shown to be particularly advantageous.
During the economic downturn, trust in the regulatory framework diminished due to new policies, pushing workers towards informal channels.
Using formal channels persisted among those aware of legal requirements and with access to digital platforms.
Some high-skilled workers explored alternatives like cryptocurrencies.
Exchange rate volatility, rupee depreciation, and increased control over remittances steer migrants towards informal channels during crises.
Recommendations
As informal channels gain widespread popularity, controlling their usage becomes a considerable challenge. The study outlined the following recommendations to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics associated with informal remittances and contribute to effective measures for managing their impact.
Enhancing awareness:
About personal and national consequences of informal channels.
How to distinguish between formal and informal operators.
Enforcement of regulations pertaining to informal remittances.
Lowering the cost of remittances through formal channels and aligning exchange rates with market rates.
Shifting formal channels from rules-based to risk-based approaches in implementing documentary and identification requirements within KYC policies.
Tailoring incentives for formal channels to cater to the specific needs of migrant groups and ensuring that migrants are well-informed about potential benefits of formal channels.
Removing national and international barriers hindering access to formal channels.
This policy insight was prepared by IPS researchers Dr Bilesha Weeraratne (bilesha@ips.lk), Piyumi Ranadewa and Manisha Weeraddana based on findings from a study on ‘Understanding Informal Remittances During a Crisis: Experience from Sri Lanka’ authored by Dr Bilesha Weeraratne, Thilini Bandara & Thisuri Ekanayake under The South Asia Centre for Labour Mobility and Migrants (SALAM) project conducted by IPS. For more policy insights from IPS, visit: https://www.ips.lk/publications/policy-insights/.
Business
‘First major legal reset on environmental protection in 38 years’
Parliament yesterday took up for debate and vote a sweeping overhaul of Sri Lanka’s main environmental law, in what the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) hopes will become the country’s first major legal reset on environmental protection in 38 years.
The National Environmental (Amendment) Bill, taken up for its final reading in the House, is being seen by environmental officials as a critical attempt to modernise an outdated legal framework that has struggled to keep pace with mounting pollution, hazardous waste, ecological degradation and the environmental fallout of unplanned development.
In a sign of the importance attached to the Bill, senior CEA officials remained in parliament throughout the day as the debate unfolded, amid growing expectations within the environmental sector that the revised law would strengthen the Authority’s hand in regulation, enforcement and environmental planning.
CEA chairman Prof. Tilak Hewawasam described yesterday as a “very special day” for the Authority and said the proposed amendments were long overdue.
“Yesterday was a very special day for the Central Environmental Authority. The Bill to amend the National Environmental Act was read in parliament for the final time, debated and voted on. This was the third revision of the Act and came 26 years after the previous amendment. While the 2000 revision was only a minor one, the 1988 amendment was a comprehensive reform that provided the legal framework and tools such as the EPL and EIA for environmental protection and environmental management in Sri Lanka. After 38 years, another comprehensive revision has now been proposed to Parliament, Hewawasam told The Island Finacial Review.
He said the CEA leadership and senior staff had closely followed the proceedings, hopeful that parliament would clear the Bill and pave the way for a stronger legal framework for sustainable development.
“We were very eager to see this revised Act passed and enacted by parliament, as it will provide the legal framework needed to drive and accelerate the country’s sustainable development, he said.
The push for reform comes at a time when the country’s environmental governance framework is under increasing strain from industrial pollution, mounting solid waste, chemical hazards, encroachment into environmentally sensitive zones and the widening conflict between economic activity and ecological safeguards.
Environmental officials say the revised law is intended to close long-standing legal and institutional gaps that have weakened environmental enforcement and slowed regulatory action.
Among the major changes proposed are provisions to legally recognise Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA), strengthen the CEA’s authority to issue binding orders instead of merely recommendations, tighten controls on hazardous waste and chemicals, expand producer responsibility in waste management, and empower authorities to act more decisively against unauthorised constructions and environmentally harmful activities in protected and ecologically sensitive areas.
By Ifham Nizam
Business
La Serena marks Vesak with evening of Bhakthi Gee and reflection
Residents of La Serena recently came together in a spirit of quiet reflection and shared devotion for a Vesak Bhakthi Gee recital, transforming the serene beachfront setting into an evening of song, mindfulness and gentle celebration.
The programme, organised for residents and invited guests, featured a collection of Buddhist devotional songs that captured the essence of Vesak, fostering a sense of inner peace and spiritual fulfilment. Voices joined in harmony, creating a deeply moving atmosphere rich in meaning and memory.
With around 60 per cent of La Serena residents being expatriate Sri Lankans, the event was particularly evocative. One resident observed that having lived overseas for many years, they had missed Sri Lankan cultural and religious celebrations, making the celebration especially meaningful.
Beyond the music, the gathering strengthened the bonds of community that define life at La Serena, encouraging connection, conversation and companionship among residents. Rooted in Sri Lankan cultural and religious tradition, the event reflected the resort’s commitment to enriching emotional and spiritual well-being through thoughtfully curated experiences.
La Serena is a purpose-built beachfront retirement resort in Uswetakeiyawa, offering a secure and dignified environment for assisted living. Combining the privacy of independent living with access to personalised care and shared amenities, it fosters a vibrant, connected lifestyle where residents can enjoy comfort, companionship and peace of mind.
Business
Sarvodaya Development Finance records strong FY2025/26 performance, reinforcing growth
Sarvodaya Development Finance PLC (SDF) delivered a strong financial performance for the year ended 31 March 2026, recording significant growth in income, profitability, portfolio expansion, and asset quality while continuing its commitment to responsible and inclusive finance.
For the financial year under review, SDF reported total income of LKR 6.42 billion, a year-on year increase of 46.8%. Interest income rose by 43.8% to LKR 5.85 billion, driven by business expansion and growth in earning assets. Net Interest Income increased by 35.4% to LKR 3.58 billion, while Total Operating Income grew by 40.8% to LKR 4.15 billion, reflecting the Company’s ability to generate strong and sustainable earnings.
Profitability improved substantially during the year. Operating Profit before Tax on Financial Services increased by 59.9% to LKR 1.82 billion, while Profit Before Tax rose by 63.8% to LKR 1.36 billion. Profit for the Year increased by 73.1% to LKR 820.1 million compared with LKR 473.8 million in the previous year. Earnings per share improved to LKR 5.48, demonstrating enhanced value creation for shareholders.
The Company’s balance sheet expanded significantly, with total assets increasing by 65.8% to LKR 37.37 billion as at 31 March 2026. Financial assets at amortized cost, including loans and receivables, grew by 67.2% to LKR 20.60 billion, while lease rental receivables increased by 34.0% to LKR 9.19 billion. SDF also strengthened its funding profile through debt securities, including Sustainable Bonds, amounting to LKR 2.09 billion.
Commenting on the performance, Chief Executive Officer, Nilantha Jayanetti stated, “The results achieved during FY2025/26 reflect the strength of our business model, disciplined growth strategy, and commitment to delivering responsible financial solutions. We remain focused on creating sustainable value while supporting communities and enterprises across Sri Lanka.”
SDF maintained a strong capital position, with a Tier 1 Capital Adequacy Ratio of 15.48% and a Total Capital Adequacy Ratio of 22.13%, both comfortably above regulatory requirements. Asset quality also improved, with the Gross Stage 3 Loans Ratio declining to 4.93% from 7.88% and the Net Stage 3 Loans Ratio improving to 2.94% from 5.70%. The Stage 3 Impairment Coverage Ratio strengthened to 42.60%.
Operational efficiency improved as the Cost-to-Income Ratio reduced to 42.99%, while Return on Equity increased to 19.60%. Reflecting its stronger financial position, SDF’s external credit rating was upgraded to Lanka Ratings (SL) BBB- Stable.
With a network of 56 branches, SDF remains committed to advancing financial inclusion, supporting sustainable enterprise growth, and contributing to Sri Lanka’s long-term socio-economic development.
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