Features
‘Sri Lanka is a Garden of Eden for Scientists’ – Dr. Pethiyagoda
Sri Lanka’s foremost biodiversity scientist, Dr. Rohan Pethiyagoda, describes this country as “a veritable Garden of Eden for evolutionary scientists.” Speaking to The Sunday Island, he warned that while the country remains rich in natural heritage, the threats are mounting fast.
“We now have more alien species in our waters than endemic ones. There’s no longer an ‘if’ about extinction—it’s a matter of ‘when’. And we’re doing very little about it,” he stressed.

Dr. Pethiyagoda and Hiranya Sudasinghe with Dr Maurice Kottelat, the Swiss Ichthyologist, who, in the late 1980s, mentored Pethiyagoda in the study of fishes.
Winner of the Linnean Medal and the Rolex Award, Dr. Pethiyagoda has devoted decades to documenting Sri Lanka’s freshwater fishes and other fauna. In this exclusive conversation with The Sunday Island’s Ifham Nizam, he reflects on evolution, science, and the looming challenges for conservation.
Excerpts of the interview:
Q: You describe Sri Lanka as a “veritable Garden of Eden” for evolutionary scientists. What makes the island such a unique setting for studying biodiversity and evolutionary processes?
A: Several things. First off is the rainfall regime in our biodiversity-rich south-western wet zone. This is the only region in the whole of South Asia that enjoys a perhumid climate: there are no consecutive dry months. Basically, every month receives on average 100 mm of rain. As a result, the wet zone’s rainforests support astonishing plant and animal diversity.
Second is what is referred to as ‘topographic heterogeneity’, for example, the complex landscape produced by the hill country. This results in our having 103 river basins in this small island, in addition to an elevation range that spans almost 2500 metres. Finally, we have pretty good evidence that almost all our plants and animals were wiped out in the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event around 66 million years ago, followed by the great volcanic eruptions that took place in the Maharashtra region of India, the so-called Deccan volcanism, which resulted in the spewing of some 700,000 cubic kilometres of basalt. An unimaginable cataclysm. But it seems to have produced on Sri Lanka a blank slate for biodiversity to flourish and, conveniently, for people like me, a definitive starting date, a ‘date of creation’ if you will, for the evolution of the incredible diversity we see today.
Q: Freshwater fish are at the heart of your lecture. Why are they particularly useful for understanding evolution, and what stories do they tell about Sri Lanka’s ecological history?
A: Freshwater fishes are arguably the best-studied vertebrate group in Sri Lanka. At least for the 50 percent of the fauna that is endemic, we have up-to-date taxonomy as well as, for almost every species, DNA sequences. The bulk of this work has been done in the past decade by Hiranya Sudasinghe, who is virtually co-presenting this lecture with me. His research has helped assess the genetic diversity of fishes, reconstruct their evolutionary relationships and history, identify the regions which served as refuges during past climatic events, such as droughts, and detect extinction events. It is a phenomenal body of work, something unparalleled for any other group of plants or animals in Sri Lanka.
Q: Could you explain how sexual selection shapes not just the behaviour of fish but also that of other animals, including humans?
A: Ever since Charles Darwin brought that phrase into vogue in 1871, this phenomenon has fascinated biologists. Let’s take an example. Dinka tribesmen are cattle herders in the plains of southern Sudan. Natural selection has adapted them to that environment by selecting traits such as tallness: they average a height of around 6 feet. In the dense rainforests of the Congo, on the other hand, a smaller stature is advantageous, and so Pigmies are around a foot and a half shorter. These differences in stature probably evolved as a result of natural selection, the Dinka and Pigmies being best ‘fitted’ to their respective environments. However, a similar result could have come about also if Dinka women preferred to mate with taller men and Pigmy women preferred to mate with shorter men. It is argued, for example, that human females have large, fatty breasts even when they are not lactating (unlike apes and monkeys), because human males ‘sexually select’ large breasts as a proxy for better ability to nourish offspring. In fish, too, we see similar processes, where males and females preferentially select mates, based on arbitrary traits. But understanding these traits can be really difficult, as I will explain.
Q: You and your colleagues have discovered and named numerous species over the years. What does the process of finding and describing a new species reveal about the challenges of biodiversity science in Sri Lanka?
A: The biggest challenge to biodiversity science in this country is the low level of public appreciation of science in general. Many people seem to view science as a sort of alien, even colonial enterprise. As a result, scientists are often viewed with suspicion. Scientific interventions are, therefore, difficult to implement. Again, let’s take an extreme and controversial example: the recent introduction to the Deduru Oya of a really pernicious alien species, the Giant Snakehead, Channa micropeltes. This rapidly reproducing species is set to devastate our aquatic ecosystems. The scientifically most appropriate way of eradicating this species may have been, at least hypothetically, to use a fish-specific toxin such as rotenone to destroy all the fish in the downstream region of the river. The lower Deduru Oya has no species endemic to it, and native species would have repopulated it after the event. But such an intervention would be so controversial in Sri Lanka that no one would touch it.
As for the discovery of new species, unless we also pay attention to conservation, it is almost a waste of time. What is the point of discovering species and publishing fat ‘Red Lists” unless we actively conserve such species? Tragically for Sri Lanka, there is a huge gulf between scientists on the one side and conservation agencies on the other.
Q: How do genomic tools and modern technology enhance our understanding of evolution compared to when you began your research?
A: Well, when I began my research in the 1980s, genetics was in its infancy. And despite more than 40 years having elapsed since the PCR machine was invented, we still lack a functional DNA sequencing facility in Sri Lanka. In such a background, there’s no point talking about genomic tools and modern technology. We’re still in the Stone Age when it comes to that. Despite the electron microscope having been commercialised a century ago, we still do not have a functional scanning electron microscope in Sri Lanka. It is worth remembering that India is becoming a world leader in biodiversity science now: they are a lot friendlier to science than Sri Lankans.
- Macropodus opercularis. This genus, which is confined to East Asia, is the closest relative of the Sri Lankan ‘pulutta’ and ‘malpulutta’. The former occurs in South India, but from there onwards, the group is absent until Indochina.
- A male Black ruby barb. Are females preferentially attracted to redder males?
- In Sicyopterus jonklaasi, the boys wear the lipstick. Do female liptick gobies prefer redder- lipped males?
- Travancoria eleongata, a new species discovered by Rohan Pethiyagoda in the Chalakkudy River in Kerala, India. “It was one of four news species of fish I discovered in a single afternoon in this short river,” he says. “It contain more fish species than the whole of Sri Lanka.”
- Gymnothorax polyuranodon, among the rarest fish found in Sri Lankan freshwaters. First discovered almost a century ago, only a handful of specimens have been reported since
Q: Your lecture hints at the looming “Sixth Extinction.” From your perspective, how vulnerable are Sri Lanka’s freshwater ecosystems, and what urgent steps need to be taken to protect them?
A: Thing is, we know from Hiranya’s research that we have suffered climate-driven extinctions in the recent geological past. At the same time, we now have more alien species in our waters than endemic species. There’s no longer an ‘if’ associated with fish extinctions in Sri Lanka: it’s ‘when’. And we’re doing very little about it. But of course, we need to appreciate the little that has been done. The Wildlife Department, for example, recently declared the stretch of stream that supports the Bandula Barb, a critically endangered species, as a sanctuary. The Zoo maintains a captive population of this fish that could be used for introductions if an extinction does happen, but they do not have the funds to do this scientifically, for example, by ensuring the genetic diversity of the captive population. It is eminently feasible to attract funds from the private sector to establish ex-situ conservation centres for all critically endangered vertebrate animals in Sri Lanka, but the prospect is likely to prove so controversial that few scientists would even mention it openly.
Q: How do you see the balance between scientific discovery and conservation advocacy in your own career?
A: Science remains for me a passion, but not so much conservation. I am not a strong advocate of conservation because I prefer to use my time productively. Sri Lankans love nature and love wildlife. Pretty much everyone is committed to protecting wildlife. But conservation is now very heavy on science, and few Sri Lankans have an appetite for that. At 70, there are other boxes to tick on my bucket list.
Q: In your experience, what role should citizens, NGOs, and government agencies play in safeguarding aquatic habitats?
A: Well, for starters, how about respecting and restoring native vegetation on all river and stream margins? These are already ‘reserves’ in law, but no one seems to be in charge. If we afforest these, every stream and river will become a biodiversity corridor, generating a huge conservation dividend. Pretty much all our endemic fishes are dependent on shade, and streamside vegetation takes care of that as well.
Q: You’ve spent decades making biodiversity research accessible to the public. Why is science communication critical for conservation, and how can Sri Lanka improve in this area?
A: I know from my books, articles and YouTube videos that the public appetite for science is negligible. Our whole education system is focused on the arts. Only about a third of graduates are from STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Medicine). It is difficult to discuss conservation science with someone schooled in Commerce or Oriental dance. We need to invert this imbalance: that’s the first step.
Q: What do you hope the audience at this WNPS lecture will take away about evolution and biodiversity that might change how they view Sri Lanka’s wildlife?
A: I have put this lecture together with one primary goal: to inspire some girl or boy in the audience to become the next Hiranya Sudasinghe. Using our fishes as an example, I want to try and show that biology is profoundly fascinating, with so many interesting questions remaining to be studied and answered. Because of its predictive power, there’s no better intellectual platform for understanding biology than evolution. As for the rest of the audience, I hope they will be as fascinated as I am by the wonderful evolutionary processes that are moulding Sri Lanka’s biodiversity even as we watch. For this, there’s no better group of animals than fishes. They’re utterly fascinating.
Q: You’ve been awarded both the Linnean Medal and the Rolex Award for your contributions to zoology and conservation. Looking back, what are the most fulfilling aspects of your career so far?
A: In 1994, I helped Professor Sarath Kotagama to produce Siri Laka Kurullo, the first serious book on Sri Lankan ornithology, in Sinhala. It sold more than 20,000 copies, taking the hobby of birdwatching from the hallowed halls of Cinnamon Gardens to every village in Sri Lanka. It was a game-changer that democratised birdwatching and inspired ordinary Sri Lankan to take a scientific interest in biodiversity. I see kids still using tattered copies of that book even now, and when I do, my eyes well up. For me, that is fulfilment enough.
Q: What excites you most about the future of biodiversity research in Sri Lanka, especially for young scientists?
A: The antipathy to science in Sri Lanka is so deeply entrenched that I suspect that any young scientist who makes the grade will emigrate. It’s a waste of time to keep hitting your head against the wall here. Frankly, little about the future prospects for conservation science in our country excites me. Looking back at my career, now in my 70th year, I have only regrets. God knows I tried.
by Ifham Nizam ✍️
Features
The Great AI Schism: When the Titans of Tech tell us to slow down
by Prof. C. A. Saliya
Something extraordinary happened in September 2026. The very people who have spent the last decade pouring tens of billions of dollars into building artificial intelligence, the visionaries, the investors, the CEOs, suddenly started telling the world to hit the brakes. It’s a bit like the captain of a speeding train leaning out of the window and shouting, “Actually, maybe we should slow down a bit!” The public, understandably, is confused. We’ve been told AI will cure cancer, solve climate change, and give us all free time. Now we’re being told it might kill us all. Welcome to the great AI schism.
To understand what’s happening, you have to listen to the people in the room. These are not wild-eyed doomsayers on the internet. They are the titans of the industry. And they are starting to argue with each other.
Dario Amodei: The Insider Who Wants to Hit Pause
Dario Amodei, the CEO of Anthropic (Claude AI), is the man who kicked the hornet’s nest. In a 3,800-word essay, posted on his website in mid-September 2026, he didn’t just suggest caution, he demanded a slowdown. “We must slow the pace at which we improve the capabilities of AI models,” he wrote. His reasoning is simple and terrifying: the technology is moving faster than our ability to control it. He warned that AI could be misused for cyberattacks, bioterrorism, and serious economic disruption.
What makes Amodei’s warning so chilling is that it comes from a man whose company, Anthropic, builds one of the most powerful AI models in the world, Claude. He’s not a critic on the sidelines. He’s in the driver’s seat, and he’s telling us the car might not have brakes. In an interview with CNN’s Anderson Cooper, he said he agreed with a departing Anthropic researcher who claimed AI could “kill us all” by the end of the decade. That researcher, 27-year-old Jacob Coxon, resigned in protest, saying the people building AI “earnestly believe that it could kill us all”. When the people building the technology start resigning because they’re afraid of it, you should pay attention.
Bill Gates: The Elder Statesman with a Warning
Bill Gates has been around long enough to know a paradigm shift when he sees one. The Microsoft co-founder, who spent decades warning the world about pandemics and climate change, has now turned his attention to AI. And he’s not mincing words. In September 2026, Gates warned that AI is “powerful enough to drive events that, you know, cause a billion deaths”.
Gates is not worried about Terminator-style robots. He’s worried about people. “There’s never been a weapon as powerful as the combination of people with ill intent using the latest AI tools,” he said. His solution is simple: regulation. “No one thinks self-regulation is enough,” he told NBC’s Meet the Press. He even offered to be the man to convince President Trump to regulate AI. Gates is a pragmatist. He knows the technology is coming. He just wants to make sure it doesn’t get us first.
Sam Altman: The Showman with a Conscience (Maybe)
Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI (Chat GPT), has always been the industry’s greatest showman. He’s the man who told us AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) is “just around the corner” and that AI will soon be a “genie that can grant any wish”. But even Altman is now singing a different tune. In September 2026, he ruled out an OpenAI IPO in 2026, citing safety concerns. He called even a 10% risk of AI causing human extinction “unacceptable”.
“I agree with Dario that we need to pace the frontier,” Altman posted on X. This is a remarkable shift. Altman has spent years being criticised for moving too fast, for prioritising profit over safety. Now, facing mounting evidence that AI models can cause real harm, from cyberattacks to mental health crises, he’s suddenly the voice of caution. Is it genuine? Or is it a PR move? The cynics will tell you it’s the latter. But the fact remains: when Sam Altman says we need to slow down, the world listens.
Elon Musk: The Provocateur Who Saw It Coming
Elon Musk has been warning about AI for over a decade. He’s the man who called AI “more dangerous than nuclear weapons” long before it was fashionable. So it’s no surprise that he joined the chorus of slowdown calls in September 2026. But Musk being Musk, he couldn’t resist a bit of dark humour. When asked if we’re all going to die within 10 years, he replied, “I don’t want to disappoint you, but we’re all going to die someday anyway”.
But behind the joke is a serious point. Musk believes AI models could escape their constraints, take control of military systems, and even launch nuclear weapons. His solution is mutual oversight: leading AI companies should test each other’s systems for safety before release, and he even suggested a deal with China to make it happen. Musk is a provocateur, but he’s also a visionary. And his vision is one where AI is a weapon that we might not be able to control.

Satya Nadella: The Quiet Strategist
While the others are shouting about doom, Satya Nadella is quietly building an empire. The Microsoft CEO doesn’t talk about extinction risks. He talks about “agentic AI”, AI that can act autonomously, which he calls “a new paradigm”. Microsoft’s Azure cloud platform, which powers these AI agents, grew 43% in the last quarter, surpassing $100 billion in annual revenue.
Nadella’s view is simple: don’t compete to build the most powerful model; compete to control the “orchestration layer”, the systems that connect different AI models. He wants to build the infrastructure that everyone else relies on. It’s a smart play, and it’s making Microsoft a fortune. But Nadella’s silence on safety is deafening. While Amodei and Altman wrestle with their consciences, Nadella is counting the money. It’s not that he doesn’t care; it’s that his business model depends on AI being adopted, not regulated.
Jacob Coxon: The Whistleblower Who Lit the Fuse
You may not have heard of Jacob Coxon. He’s not a billionaire. He’s not a CEO. He’s a 27-year-old researcher who worked at both OpenAI and Anthropic. And in September 2026, he resigned from Anthropic with a warning that shook the industry. “Neither company is acting responsibly,” he wrote on X. “They are launching themselves directly toward a superintelligence capable of self-improvement, and gambling with our lives”.
Coxon’s warning was remarkable because it came from inside the machine. He said the people building AI “earnestly believe that it could kill us all by the end of the decade”. He called for a temporary freeze on advanced AI training. His resignation triggered a wave of concern, and even Dario Amodei admitted he agreed with Coxon more than he disagreed. Coxon is the canary in the coal mine. And the canary is not looking well.
Donald Trump: The Wildcard
And then there’s Donald Trump. The US President has consistently downplayed AI fears, calling them a “hoax” and a “sick conspiracy”. But even Trump is starting to change his tune, sort of. In September 2026, he announced plans to create an “AI Force” and appoint an AI “Czar”. He said the government would look for “bad” uses of AI through the existing criminal and civil justice systems.
But Trump’s priority is clear: winning the AI race against China. “We will not in any way hinder or stifle the growth of this incredible industry,” he said. He wants AI to account for 25% of US GDP. Trump is not a technologist. He’s a businessman and a nationalist. He sees AI as a tool for economic dominance, not an existential threat. Whether he’s right or wrong, his stance puts him at odds with almost every expert in the field.
The Bottom Line: A House Divided
So where does this leave us? We have the CEOs of the world’s leading AI companies, Amodei, Altman, and Musk, all calling for a slowdown. We have Bill Gates, the elder statesman of tech, warning of a billion deaths. We have a whistleblower who says the industry is gambling with our lives. And then we have Satya Nadella, quietly building the infrastructure that powers it all, and Donald Trump, who wants to speed up.
The irony is hard to miss. The people who built the AI train are now telling us to slow down. The people who profit from the AI economy are the ones building the tracks. And the public is caught in the middle, trying to figure out who to believe.
Maybe the most honest thing anyone said came from Jacob Coxon, the 27-year-old researcher who quit. “The people building AI earnestly believe that it could kill us all by the end of the decade,” he wrote. “This is not a marketing stunt”.
If the people building the technology believe it could kill us, perhaps we should listen. Before it’s too late.
(Prof. C. A. Saliya, is a charted accountant, academic, researcher and former banker. He is the author of SAMAJA GAVESHAKAYA and Springer Publication DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH. He can be contacted at saliya.ca@gmail.com. The views expressed in this article are his own and do not necessarily represent those of the organisations with which he is affiliated.)
Features
Preventing grievances from becoming communal
by Jehan Perera
The death sentence on Sivarasa Anojan, a Sri Lankan citizen convicted of blasphemy in Saudi Arabia has taken a central place in national consciousness for the past several weeks. It has been in the headline news since it was first reported last month. There have been many initiatives taken locally to get a more lenient sentencing by the Saudi authorities. There is also an undercurrent that is critical of both the culture and religion from which this sentencing emanates. This also sustains the widespread publicity being given nationally to the issue. By way of contrast, the controversy caused by the forcible removal of the Thileepan statue in Jaffna has not significantly impacted upon the national consciousness. There was only passing mention of the incident in the national media which has been overtaken by other events.
However, in the north and east of the country, and in the diaspora, the removal of the Thileepan statue has become a major issue. It has led to protest marches led by university students and widespread condemnation by civil society and political groups. The issues underlying the Thileepan statue have deep undercurrents in the Tamil consciousness particularly in the north and east which time is unlikely to dispel. The real test of harmony in a multi-ethnic, multi-religious society like Sri Lanka is not whether communities coexist peacefully when nothing controversial is at stake. Rather, the test is how they respond when an event touches their identities and grievances. The death sentence imposed on Anojan in Saudi Arabia and the removal of the Thileepan statue in Jaffna carry the risk of becoming grievances to entire communities.
In the case of Anojan, a young Tamil migrant worker, he was first sentenced to five years imprisonment and a fine of three million Saudi riyals over a Facebook comment. Both he and the Saudi prosecution appealed, with the appeal court raising the sentence to death. This has led to public sympathy for him in Sri Lanka.
Appeals for clemency have come from the President, government and opposition leaders, clergy of all faiths and Muslim political leaders. At the same time there is a need to reject attempts to turn the case into a source of anti-Muslim sentiment or collective blame. Peacebuilding therefore has to be within Sri Lanka as well as diplomatic. Religious leaders and civil society in the country should be ready to quell rumour, even as Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu and Christian leaders stand together publicly.
Thileepan Statue
The Thileepan controversy has had a different trajectory. Many Tamils admire Thileepan, the LTTE name of Rasaiah Parthipan, who died on 26 September 1987 after a twelve-day fast. His demands were addressed to India but included matters pertaining to the Sri Lankan government including the release of detainees held under the Prevention of Terrorism Act. The statue put up during this year’s commemoration was removed by police in the early hours of 27 September, a day after the commemoration ended. The government’s legal concern, as articulated by its spokesperson, was the LTTE remains a proscribed organisation and before removing the statue, police had presented facts to the court. But law and memory answer different questions and the depth of Tamil anguish cannot be disregarded.
For many Tamils, remembrance of Thileepan is connected to their sense of loss and historical memory. The memorial has been destroyed and rebuilt more than once, and each destruction has added to the meaning it carries. Many who mourn Thileepan are grieving a young man who died without violence and by his own fast. They also grieve an era of loss of the struggle for Tamil rights and self-determination for which Thileepan has become a symbol. The Office for Reparations Act, No. 34 of 2018, provides for collective reparations and gives the Office for Reparations a role in policies on memorialisation. This does not automatically permit any particular statue, nor does it override laws on public places or proscribed organisations. But it shows that memorialisation is recognised within Sri Lanka’s framework for reparations and reconciliation. There is also a wider question of equality.
The JVP that now leads the NPP government was itself once proscribed when it took up arms against the state in which tens of thousands died, later entered democratic politics, and now for many years has publicly commemorated its own fallen. The opportunity to remember those who died should not belong to one community alone.
A commitment to peacebuilding requires that the same trust that has been given to former militants of one community needs to be given to members of other communities if equal citizenship and equal rights are to have meaning. Further, the Office for Reparations Act provides for reparations through livelihood. It is today a fact that those former LTTE members who went through the government’s rehabilitation process find it difficult to get jobs in the private sector.
Private sector employers are reluctant to come under surveillance for employing former LTTE members. There needs to be equal access to employment and removal of unjustified barriers to reintegration, with targeted public programmes where necessary. Until this situation is realized on the ground, the government needs to consider employing those who went through the government’s rehabilitation process and still unable to find suitable employment.
Continuing Peace
The challenge that post-war Sri Lanka faces, a full 17 years after the end of war, is to strengthen the foundations of trust between communities rather than deepen existing suspicions. Anojan is an individual Sri Lankan citizen facing a severe sentence in another country. His case should not become a reason to blame Sri Lankan Muslims. Thileepan is remembered differently by different communities, but the dispute over his memorial should not become a reason to revive the communal divisions of the past. The cases are also mirror images in an important respect. In the Anojan case, the state is an advocate pleading before another government. In the Thileepan case, the state is the actor whose decision is being judged. The first calls for quiet diplomacy and restraint in public language. The second calls for fairness and explanation, and the burden on the state is heavier.
The common roots of the two cases lie in mistrust that does not belong to one community alone. It has been produced by experiences of discrimination, violence, insecurity and loss that have been interpreted differently by different communities. Grievances turn communal when an individual is seen as a representative of a community, when institutions seem to treat communities unequally, and when people feel their pain goes unacknowledged. Each of these can be addressed. The system change that the Sri Lankan people voted for in 2024 would need to include a government that rejects collective blame, acknowledges grief and explains its decisions openly. It also requires state institutions to act transparently and consistently, so that no citizen feels that the law protects some communities more than others.
This peacebuilding imperative requires enlightened leadership as much as legal authority. It requires leaders who will speak to their own communities against prejudice, even when this is politically inconvenient. It requires religious leaders who will demonstrate solidarity across religious boundaries. And it requires civil society to recognise that peacebuilding is not simply preventing violence after tensions have risen, but is addressing the mistrust and grievances that allow tensions to rise in the first place. Sri Lanka has learned, at great cost, that communal divisions can become much larger than the events that initially give rise to them. The Anojan and Thileepan cases give Sri Lanka an opportunity to demonstrate that it has learned from its past. The test of Sri Lanka’s continuing peace is whether we can address difficult grievances without turning them into communal ones.
Features
Sri Lanka Cricket Bill: Governance reform is not yet a cricket strategy – Part II
By Sarath S. Kodithuwakku
President, Institute of Management of Sri Lanka; Senior Professor, University of Peradeniya
(Continued from yesterday)
Representation, Independence and Decision-Making
The membership-based electoral structure should provide representation without becoming a substitute for executive management. The seven Elected Directors would bring the perspectives of the SLC membership into the Board, while the seven Independent Directors would provide additional professional expertise and independence. The model’s effectiveness will, therefore, depend on whether the Board can integrate these perspectives into coherent strategic decisions while maintaining a clear boundary between governance and day-to-day management.
The equal division between Elected and Independent Directors also raises a governance-design question. An even-numbered Board can create a tie. The Bill addresses this directly: in the event of equality, the Chairperson has a casting vote; in the Chairperson’s absence, the Deputy Chairperson has a casting vote; and if both are absent, an Independent Director, elected to preside, has the casting vote. The issue is, therefore, not whether a tie can be resolved, but how this mechanism affects the balance between representation, independence and accountability.
The leadership structure reinforces this balance: the Chairperson is elected from among the Independent Directors and the Deputy Chairperson from among the Elected Directors. The casting-vote arrangement makes the Chairperson’s role and perceived independence particularly important, especially when a major strategic decision divides the two components of the Board.
The Bill’s committee provisions could support a disciplined model of delegation, but implementation will depend heavily on the terms of reference adopted by the new Board. The framework could be strengthened by requiring a published cricket-development strategy, a clear division of powers among the Board, executives and selection committees, transparent principles for major development allocations, and periodic reporting on outcomes across men’s, women’s, schools and domestic cricket. These measures would strengthen accountability without legislating the details of team selection or tournament scheduling.
From Measurement to Strategic Accountability
If the Board is to hold management accountable for strategy rather than simply for short-term results, it needs a performance framework that captures both outcomes and the capabilities that produce them.
SLC should consider requiring an explicit multi-year cricket-development strategy, supported by measurable objectives and an annual strategy review. Such a strategy should identify the development pathway from schools and grassroots cricket through domestic competitions to high performance; define major capability priorities such as coaching, sports science, data and analytics; set resource-allocation principles; and establish indicators against which progress can be assessed.
The purpose would not be to turn cricket into a bureaucratic exercise. Strategic accountability simply creates a disciplined basis for asking whether the organisation is doing what it said it would do, whether its assumptions remain valid, and whether resources are producing the intended results.
From Measurement to Organisational Learning
SLC should, therefore, consider adopting a formal Balanced Scorecard. Rather than measuring success solely through international match results or annual financial audits, the framework could track four interdependent perspectives:
Financial Sustainability:
commercial growth, financial discipline and compliance.
Internal Processes:
domestic tournament quality, development pathways and selector-process integrity.
Stakeholder Value:
grassroots development, school cricket and women’s cricket expansion.
Strategic Capability:
coaching quality, sports science, talent development, data and analytics capability, and the organisation’s ability to convert investment into sustainable performance.
The purpose of such a framework would not be to reduce cricket development to a collection of numbers. Rather, it would create a disciplined process for asking four fundamental management questions:
What did we expect to achieve?
What actually happened?
Why was there a difference?
What should we change as a result?
Evaluating these dimensions periodically would help SLC move beyond performance reporting towards genuine organisational learning.
ICC as a Stakeholder in Governance Reform
The ICC is another important stakeholder whose interests should be recognised in the reform process. SLC’s governance arrangements do not operate solely within Sri Lankan law; they also have to be compatible with the governance obligations associated with ICC membership. The ICC’s Articles of Association require each Member to provide for free and democratic elections (or nominees from outside its members) and to manage its affairs autonomously, without government or other public-body interference in the governance, regulation or administration of cricket.
International experience demonstrates that ICC engagement in member governance restructuring is not unusual. In the United States, after the ICC expelled the old national association for chronic governance failures, the ICC directly oversaw a multi-year project to design a new governance model. The ICC Board formally approved the constitution for a replacement body (USA Cricket) before it was adopted. The resulting structure combined elected constituent directors with independent directors, showing that an ICC-backed framework can accommodate both forms of representation.
In Nepal, the ICC established a Nepal Advisory Group comprising stakeholders from across the game to recommend constitutional amendments, with adoption of the revised constitution and subsequent elections forming part of the conditions for reinstatement of ICC membership.[8] The ICC subsequently facilitated an independent panel that included ICC nominees together with representatives of Nepal’s National Sports Council and the existing cricket administration to map the election process, guidelines and timelines.[9] More recently, in 2026, an ICC delegation visited Bangladesh to engage with stakeholders on governance and electoral matters.[10] The ICC has also reported that its Deputy Chair and another ICC Board representative visited Sri Lanka and met relevant stakeholders to assess ongoing developments, while the ICC Board reiterated the need for elections to be held as soon as possible.
These precedents make the ICC a legitimate stakeholder in considering the governance implications of the proposed Bill. This does not mean that the ICC should determine Sri Lanka’s domestic legislation, nor that every feature of the Bill requires prior ICC approval. It does, however, suggest that early and formal engagement with the ICC would be prudent, particularly where the proposed arrangements concern Board independence, elections, government involvement and the transition to the new governance structure.
This is particularly relevant because the Bill creates two institutional arrangements that deserve careful scrutiny from an autonomy perspective. The Transformation Committee is responsible for managing the transition until the First Board is constituted, while the Nomination Committee, although structurally independent of the SLC Board, includes representatives connected with the Sports Ministry and the National Sports Council. Neither arrangement, by itself, establishes government interference. However, taken together, they make it important that the independence of the incoming Board is demonstrable through transparent procedures rather than assumed from the structure alone.
Given the professional calibre and international exposure of the members of the Transformation Committee, it would be reasonable to expect that the importance of ICC engagement would have been recognised. Although any such consultation has not been evident in the public domain, it is therefore reasonable to expect that the ICC has either already been consulted or will be consulted before the Bill is enacted. Such engagement would allow potential incompatibilities to be identified before the new structure is enacted and implemented, rather than after the fact.
The Transition Is Itself a Governance Challenge
The transition provisions introduce a significant organisational-change challenge. Replacing the existing club- and association-based governance structure with a new hybrid Board and governance architecture is not simply a legal exercise; it is an organisational change programme. The Sri Lanka Cricket Transformation Committee is required to manage the transition until the First Board is constituted and, during that period, to establish rules covering matters including tournament structure, domestic governance, selection committee appointments, committee terms of reference, the Nomination Committee process and the election of the Elected Directors.
Structural reform on paper can encounter resistance from established interests, institutional habits and existing routines. The implementation phase will therefore require a clear change-management framework, including stakeholder engagement, transparent onboarding for Independent Directors, clarification of decision rights, alignment of legacy committees, and careful transfer of information and responsibilities.
Without attention to these organisational factors, cultural friction could undermine the intended administrative improvements. The success of the reform will therefore depend not only on the text of the legislation but also on the quality of the rules, appointments, delegation arrangements and organisational behaviours that follow it.
From Governance Reform to a Cricket Strategy
The Bill deserves credit for addressing how SLC is constituted and for creating places for specialist advice. It should not be dismissed simply because it does not prescribe a batting order or a domestic fixture list. Those are not appropriate tasks for legislation.
Its limitation is more precise: the proposed governance arrangements do not, by themselves, assure the strategic capability of the Board or the quality, independence and accountability of the decisions made beneath it. They establish the architecture. The future Board and management must supply the strategy, capabilities, discipline and learning mechanisms that make the architecture work.
A stronger reform would connect four elements: a Board selected for collective strategic capability; professional cricket management with clear delegated authority; transparent but non-mechanical selection and investment processes; and systematic evaluation of development outcomes. Within the first of these, information technology and computer science should be recognised as distinct from the broader capability to understand and govern data science, analytics and emerging AI-enabled decision support.
Ultimately, the governing question is not only who gets a seat at the SLC Board table. It is whether that Board can build, fund, execute and learn from a credible strategy for Sri Lankan cricket.
References
1. Department of Government Printing, Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Cricket Bill, Gazette Supplement, Part II of September 25, 2026, issued on 28 September 2026.
2. International Cricket Council. Media release, 15 July 2026, reporting the ICC Board discussion of Sri Lanka Cricket and the need for elections to be held as soon as possible.
3. Sport New Zealand – Ihi Aotearoa. Nine Steps to Effective Governance, particularly Step 1: Define and Agree the Board’s Role; Step 4: Provide Strategic Leadership; Step 5: Employ and Support a Chief Executive; and Step 8: Get the Right People on Board.
4. Cricket South Africa. Governance and management frameworks, including the delegation-of-authority framework, Board committees, Cricket Committee, Cricket Pipeline Committee and CEO accountability.
5. International Cricket Council. ICC Articles of Association, provisions requiring free and democratic elections and autonomous administration without government or other public-body interference. ICC. https://images.icc-cricket.com/image/upload/prd/f7vm88yw1933dc38cgtg.pdf
6. International Cricket Council. “ICC outlines proposed USACA constitution.” ICC, 2017. https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/icc-outlines-proposed-usaca-constitution
7. International Cricket Council. “Approved constitution marks historic landmark for cricket in USA.” ICC, 2017. https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/approved-constitution-marks-historic-landmark-for-cricket-in-usa
8. International Cricket Council. “ICC welcomes Nepal Special General Meeting to adopt revised constitution.” ICC, 2018. https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/icc-welcomes-nepal-special-general-meeting-to-adopt-revised-constitution
9. International Cricket Council. “Independent Panel meet to progress Nepal elections under revised constitution.” ICC, 2018. https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/independent-panel-meet-to-progress-nepal-elections-under-revised-constitution
10. International Cricket Council. “ICC delegation visits Bangladesh to engage with stakeholders on governance and electoral matters.” ICC, 2026. https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/icc-delegation-visits-bangladesh-to-engage-with-stakeholders-on-governance-and-electoral-matters
11. International Cricket Council. “ICC Board approves governance, membership and member support decisions.” ICC, 2026; see also “ICC Board Meeting,” 2026, reporting ICC representatives’ meetings with stakeholders in Sri Lanka. https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/icc-board-approves-governance-membership-and-member-support-decisions
(Concluded)
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