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‘Shake off the shock to the system, rethink the SME ecosystem’

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Agility, adaptability and resilience have been hallmarks of the apparel industry SMEs. It’s time to build that up further

By Rantha Tissera

Treasurer, Sri Lanka Chamber of Garment Exporters and Managing Director of Estilo Apparel

In Sri Lanka, small business is a very big deal. The numbers tell the story. The Department of Census and Statistics, in its decennial Economic Census of 2013/14, found that over 99 per cent of all business establishments are micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs).

For context, consider that they account for 52 per cent of GDP, and 42 per cent of private sector employment. In other words, they are the backbone of the Sri Lankan economy. Micro-enterprises account for 92 per cent of 1 million plus business establishments.

Unpackaging those numbers can help arrive at a better understanding of position, priorities and policy. Industry contributes almost 27 per cent of Sri Lanka’s GDP; about 28 per cent of the labour force works in industry as a whole, mostly in manufacturing.

The Annual Survey of Industries 2018 (ASI) covers 28 industry sectors, of which manufacturing comprises 91 per cent. Food processing and apparel are the largest in terms of output (LKR 1.48 and LKR 1.1 trillion respectively in 2017) and employment (333,000 and 730,000). These numbers, however, include micro-enterprises, which are a significant fraction.

Apparel – which this article focuses on – accounts for almost half of Sri Lanka’s merchandise exports, at an estimated $5.2 billion in 2019. SMEs are a significant contributor, as 80 per of them are an inseparable part of the apparel supply chain, and sub-contract for large manufacturers.

A report on the impact of Covid-19 on SMEs in May 2020 put the number of workers in the apparel sector at between 300,000 and 400,000 of which 20,000 are employed by members of the Sri Lanka Apparel Exporters Association This is broadly in line with the estimates from 2013-14 and the ASI 2018. Simply put, SMEs in the apparel sector are a critical factor in the industry’s global success.

The pandemic created some serious disruptions, many of which we are still dealing with. But apparel SMEs have also adapted quickly, changing processes to produce masks and other personal protection equipment (PPE), for example, and adopting new technologies to meet different needs.

Arguably, the best-known and successful SME ecosystem globally is the Mittelstand, the model made famous in Germany, though many countries in Europe have similar models. ‘Mittelstand’ means ‘middle class’ in business terms; but its performance and capabilities’ are world-class.

99 per cent of German companies are Mittelstand companies; they account for 68 per cent of exports. About 80 per cent are B2B firms, and their customers are global leading and brands themselves. A Mittelstand firm’s revenue is €50 million and less than 499 employees (compared to a Sri Lankan SME which has a revenue of LKR 250-750 million and less than 300 employees).

If that sounds familiar, it should be. Sri Lanka’s apparel SMEs share numerous similarities with Mittelstand companies. Most are family-run with a family-culture orientation, and are innovative and adaptive.

They have a high degree of social responsibility, practise ethical manufacturing and meet global sustainability standards, as a World Bank global value chain analysis report found, when comparing the apparel industries in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Turkey.

Even though the pandemic was a shock, Sri Lanka’s SMEs adapted to changed circumstances not just with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) manufacturing; they leveraged each other’s capabilities to ensure delivery deadlines to their customers were met. When air travel was suspended, they resolved the problem of sending buyers samples by innovatively using 3D printing technology.

There are other important elements, too. Mittelstand companies make decisions that are based on generational considerations; the cultural orientation of a family-owned business model is to plan for long-term existence. Investments and employees become important. Employee turnover is very low, less than 3.2 per cent a year, according to studies.

They form competitive clusters: a geographic concentration of suppliers and other inter-connected businesses. This allows specialisation and competitive superiority – which is crucial for export-oriented businesses.

One example is the Baden Wurttemburg region where companies are engaged in machine tool manufacture, and have become a centre of the engineering excellence Germany is famous for. Silicon Valley, or Tokyo’s Otaku district in Japan are examples outside Germany.

An unnoticed element of the German SMEs is the existence of global leaders that are mostly unseen by consumers. Jungbunzlauer is Coca Cola’s citric acid supplier for all the company’s production plants around the world, and Uhlman is the world’s leading producer of pharmaceutical packaging material. Of particular intertest to Sri Lanka, given its fisheries exports, should be Tetramin, the world’s number one producer of fish food.

It is hard to capture the value that Sri Lankan apparel SMEs add in a simple numerical value. There are Sri Lankan SMEs that serve niche markets similar to the ones described in the preceding paragraphs.

The takeaway from all this is that the Mittelstand is an ecosystem, not just a business model, and creating that kind of ecosystem can make Sri Lanka’s apparel SMEs globally competitive for decades into the future. So what can be done?

The adaptability of Sri Lankan SMEs is often forced by circumstances, not nurtured or created. Workflow and orders tend to be volatile; true, apparel is a business that is fashion-driven and fashions change every season, but a minimum degree of sustainable workflow is necessary, so that SME factories are not idle for three months every year as they are now.

This volatility has adverse impact on the workforce, forcing them to seek more permanent and stable employment in other areas than manufacturing. As the Mittelstand system shows, a committed workforce is critical; SMEs can then make investments in training that can create world-leading products, and background integration into the education system. One of the Mittelstand’s outstanding features is workforce training.

Most Sri Lankan apparel SMEs need exposure to global markets and technology. If they are going to emulate the Mittelstand, they have up-grade the technology they currently use, based on what the global markets want. Remember that Mittelstand companies also export to global markets directly.

All of the above also requires the SMEs to be enveloped into the formal financial system. Sri Lankan SME growth is not debt-dependent; what is essential is access to finance to smooth over the impact of volatile workflow, and investment in technology up-grades as needed.

As we recover from this pandemic, we also have to ‘vaccinate’ Sri Lanka’s economic spine against future health threats. To stride forward to economic growth and prosperity, adding muscle to the country’s economic backbone is crucial.

It will take a combination of government policy, the larger apparel industry in Sri Lanka as a whole, our buyers overseas and SMEs to come together to make that happen. And the time for that is now.

Rantha Tissera is Managing Director, Estilo Apparel, a Sri Lankan SME. He is also the Treasurer of the Sri Lanka Chamber of Garment Exporters.



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‘Tap expertise, not just capital’: A practical path for Sri Lanka’s economy

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Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne

By Ifham Nizam

At a time when Sri Lanka continues to grapple with limited fiscal space and structural economic constraints, Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne, a renowned naturalist who works in finance, is urging a shift in thinking—one that moves away from capital-heavy models and toward the strategic use of global expertise. Keeping his observations deliberately broad, de Silva Wijeyeratne frames Sri Lanka’s challenge in simple but candid terms: the country cannot afford to develop in the same way as wealthier nations, but it can still accelerate progress—if it learns how to access and use knowledge effectively.

“One of the big-picture things we need to do is improve how we find and use expertise,” he said. “If you look at countries like the United Arab Emirates and Singapore, they developed very quickly by buying in expertise and accelerating their progress. They didn’t develop everything on their own.” However, he is quick to point out the key difference. “They had the money to do it. They could afford to go out and buy expertise,” he said plainly. “But Sri Lanka doesn’t have that spending power.” This reality, de Silva Wijeyeratne notes, should not be seen purely as a limitation—but as a reason to think differently.

Sri Lanka’s economic condition makes it difficult to spend on paid foreign consultants, technical specialists, and large-scale advisory services. But according to de Silva Wijeyeratne, the global workscape has changed in ways that make expertise far more accessible than before.

He told The Island Financial Review: “We are in a world now where you can access some areas of expertise without necessarily paying for it in the traditional sense,” he said. “There are people who genuinely enjoy sharing knowledge and contributing, if you create the right work environment. We have to ensure that people who are willing to share their expertise can arrive in the country with their intentions clearly stated up-front and with an appropriate visa obtained quickly and easily so that they know that their visit is legitimate and one which is welcomed.’’

He referenced his article ‘A visa for bringing in expertise and expanding tourism’ published in The Island on Friday 23 May 2025. In this he proposes a special visa to address four strands, volunteering, internships, academic exchange and short term study. The idea is that the visa should be as easy as to obtain an online tourist visa, but the visitor can now apply for a longer term visa for a declared purpose such as volunteering. He was careful to emphasize that the proposed visa is not for paid work and does not give the visitor special rights and any relevant permits and permission need be obtained by the local partner. He suggests that Sri Lanka should begin to see itself less as a capital-constrained economy and more as a platform—one that can attract knowledge flows. “You don’t always need heavy investment upfront. You design a system that people want to engage with, and then value starts to build.” Countries like the United Arab Emirates and Singapore continue to use financial strength to import expertise. De Silva Wijeyeratne notes that Sri Lanka can use an un-paid model to attract expertise using a special visa as proposed to attract people who will be attracted to volunteer or work in Sri Lanka for free due to other reasons. In areas like biodiversity exploration and other nature-based academic work, foreign academics would love to partner with local academics if there was a simple and straightforward way for them to obtain a visa to do so and to arrive for periods for anything from 3 months to a year. As they will be on salaries paid by their academic employer overseas, it will not drain money out of Sri Lanka. On the contrary they will be long staying visitors who are bringing in money like any other tourist but additionally will also bring in knowledge. There are also many retired conservationists who are on a stable retirement income in G20 countries who would be happy to volunteer in projects in Sri Lanka. He notes that countries like India already have a visa for volunteering. “We can make Sri Lanka the go to country for people with expertise in nature who want to work in Sri Lanka on an unpaid basis because they are here to volunteer or work in partnership with local academics” he said. De Silva Wijeyeratne notes that this model will only work in sectors such as the academia or nature conservation where the day job is also a person’s passion. ‘”This will not work in every sector. We will not find a senior city person in finance, working in a voluntary role in a Sri Lankan financial institution. But in many nature-based areas of work, whether is to explore and discover new species of fungi or mosses or to train local naturalists who work in tourism, a special visa that facilitates this and can be obtained within a few minutes will enable Sri Lanka to tap into foreign expertise for free. The interaction with foreign collaborators will also open doors for Sri Lankan counterparts to be invited abroad to jointly present their work at conferences.

For Sri Lanka, the lesson is not to replicate any one model, but to adapt principles that fit its own constraints. “We need to recognise where we are and design accordingly,” he said. “We cannot copy-paste another country’s path. The proposed special visa idea which will also enable foreign interns to come to Sri Lanka for internships will also help grow the economy. For example, we have many large IT companies that develop software for companies in G20 economies. Foreign interns work in Sri Lanka will at a future date be middle or senior managers who may outsource work to Sri Lanka because they have the connections and trust the quality of work coming out of Sri Lanka. He also notes that when local companies engage with foreign interns through their universities, they may find themselves in a more structured programme which will make it easier for companies to also create places for local interns.

De Silva Wijeyeratne’s central argument is straightforward: Sri Lanka must focus on building systems that make it easy—and worthwhile—for experts to engage. “At the moment, we don’t have a clear way of connecting with global expertise,” he said. “Even when people are willing to help, there isn’t a structured mechanism to bring them in and make use of what they offer.”

He stresses that the issue is not a lack of goodwill or global interest, but a lack of organisation. “There is no shortage of people who are willing to contribute,” he said. “The problem is that we haven’t created the channels to absorb that contribution. De Silva Wijeyeratne also highlights the importance of creating a broader ecosystem where expertise translates into economic activity. “It’s not just about getting advice,” he said. “It’s about creating a market environment where that knowledge can lead to real outcomes—business opportunities, innovation, and growth.”

In his view, Sri Lanka must become more open to collaboration and more willing to act on external input. “If you create a system that works, people will come,” he said. “And when they come, they will add value.” While the idea of accessing free or low-cost expertise may sound idealistic, de Silva Wijeyeratne insists it is grounded in reality. “This is not theory,” he said. “We’ve already seen it happen in different sectors. People are willing to contribute, especially when they feel their input will make a difference.” At the same time, he acknowledges that Sri Lanka must improve its own internal capacity to benefit from such engagement.

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Medical camp sponsored by AAC

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Automobile Association of Ceylon (AAC) sponsored an Annual Medical Camp which was organized by the Uva Wellassa Sansadaya for over 2500 people in the area of Hewana Kumbura Poorwarama Temple in Welimada, Badulla District.

35 doctors including 15 specialists from the Peradeniya & Kandy General Hospitals attended to the patients who needed assistance.

The Association was represented by Dhammika Attygalle President, P B Kulatunga Sectional Chairman Staff Welfare & Kandy Branch Office Management & Dampiya Banagala, Executive Committee Member.

It was a useful and much needed event for the people of the area and they look for this day yearly.

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NDB’s GSS+ bond issuance breaks new ground with record LKR. 16 Bn raised

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(Left – Right): Ms. Kaushini Laksumanage, Chief Operation Officer – NDB Investment Bank Ltd (NBIB); Ms. Nilupa Perera, Chief Regulatory Officer – Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE); Harshana Jayaweera, CEO – NDBIB; Ms. Kumudari Peiris, Senior Manager - Finance – National Development Bank PLC (NDB); Rajeeva Bandaranaike, CEO – CSE; Kelum Edirisinghe, Director & Chief Executive Officer – NDB; K V Vinoj, Deputy Chief Executive Officer – NDB; Ms. Shehani Ranasinghe, Vice President - Company Secretary – NDB; Ms. Dinali Dunuwille, Vice President - Legal – NDB; Ms. Sumudu Abeygunasekara, Assistant Vice President - Project Finance – NDB; & Azzam A Ahamat, Vice President - Finance – NDB.

National Development Bank PLC (NDB) commemorated raising LKR. 16 bn with its first ever issuance of BASEL III compliant GSS+ (Green, Social, Sustainable & Sustainability Linked) bonds and the country’s largest issuance of GSS+ bonds to date by way of a market opening ceremony conducted on the trading floor of the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) .

Subscriptions were opened on 10th March 2026, with an initial issuance of 120mn BASEL III compliant tier 2, listed, rated, unsecured, subordinated, redeemable GSS+ bonds with a non-viability conversion of five & seven years, at a par value of LKR 100 each. The issue was rapidly oversubscribed within the same day, allowing NDB to issue a further 40mn bonds, thus issuing a total of 16mn bonds by days end. The bonds, whose issuance was managed by NDB Investment Bank Ltd, constitutes the largest issuance of GSS+ bonds in Sri Lanka to date.

The GSS+ bonds form a part of a series of sustainability debt instruments that CSE offers with the bond issuance commemorated at the ceremony falling under the special BASEL III compliant category. NDB, which has an early entry into renewable energy funding beginning in 2004, will utilize the proceeds from the bonds to finance SMEs (Small-to-medium enterprises), women’s empowerment, and green and blue initiatives.

. Kelum Edirisinghe, Director and Chief Executive Officer of NDB, and keynote speaker at the ceremony remarked upon NDBs history, stating “NDB has long played a pioneering role in advancing environmental and social progress, as a trusted development financier to individuals, businesses, and key sectors of the Sri Lankan economy. Since our inception in 1979, we have channelled capital toward national development priorities. Today, this GSS+ bond represents the evolution of that legacy, where decades of expertise in development financing are being actively aligned with emerging sustainability imperatives and innovative capital market instruments.”

Delivering her welcome address at the event, Ms. Nilupa Perera, Chief Regulatory Officer of CSE, remarked upon NDBs success as a statement on the effectiveness of sustainable debt instruments stating: “The success of NDBs BASEL III compliant GSS+ bonds reflects investors’ interest in equitable and green investments. CSE offers listed companies an innovative means of long-term value creation through the capital market that addresses the pressing need for sustainable and equitable economic prosperity.”

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