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Poison in our food, agrochemicals and fertilisers – the realities

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The origin of poison in our food, drink and air we breathe is a topic that has assumed relevance and importance, in view of the ban on chemical fertiliser and pesticides due to their possible involvement in the causation of non-communicable diseases. This brief note attempts to critically look at some of the aspects of this complex problem. The problem obviously has to be viewed from the point of view of the need to feed the growing population, the dwindling of arable land, and associated impact on environment and climate.

Life span of human beings on planet Earth has improved from about 50 years in the 1920s, to more than 75 years in these twenties. This was no doubt made possible by the advancement of science and technology, which helped in the understanding of factors that affect life, and development of measures to maximize beneficial factors and minimise adverse effects. Methods to increase farm yields and discovery of vaccines are two such measures developed by science and technology. At the same time, growth of science and technology itself may have produced injurious factors, which may have adverse effects on life. Pesticides would perhaps be one such factor, though they have their benefits. Noxious gases emitted by industry and motor vehicles would be another. Having said that, there is nothing 100% beneficial or harmful.

Now let us look at the food requirements of the increasing world population and its implications. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN estimates that by the year 2050 the world population would increase to 9.7 billion, which is a 30% rise. Food has to be produced to feed these extra mouths. Eighty percent of the extra food that must be produced for this purpose will have to come from methods that increase yield, and crops that could be grown a number of times on the same land. Only 20% could come from expansion of farming land, anything beyond this would endanger life due to denuding of forest cover and climate change, which are already upon us.

This would be the biggest challenge that human beings would face in the next three decades. How could farms yield more with less, less land, fertiliser, water, and other agro-chemicals. Obviously, science and technology will have to take up this challenge. Scientists will have to develop crops that yield more with less inputs. Bio-engineers will have to develop crop varieties that yield more, take up less water and land, and methods that enable use of land for increased number of times of planting per year.

Would such methods increase the amounts of “poison” that we take with our food. Already there is a popular demand for banning of agro-chemicals, which the experts say were one of the main reasons for the high yields and less starvation. Improved crop varieties is the other reason for increased harvest. All this science is looked at with suspicion, and some are agitating and calling for age-old methods of farming with organic fertilizer, natural pest control and varieties of crop used in early times. If the whole world adopts these methods, would there be less cancers, heart disease, diabetes and other illnesses? Perhaps there would be less chemicals in the food and the environment, but there would also be less food. And perhaps less people if the policy is strictly adhered for a length of time!

It is true that the incidence of non-communicable diseases is rising. But whether this is due to agrochemicals and chemical fertilisers has not been proved. Cancer and heart disease have risen mainly due to the type of food and drink people consume. For instance, colonic cancer is associated with red meat consumption. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons may be released when these meats are roasted or grilled. These chemicals could cause cancer in the colon, breast, prostate and kidney. Lung disease and certain types of cancers may be associated with the pollutants in the air we breathe. Vehicle fumes are found to be etiological causes of asthma, chronic bronchitis, ischemic heart disease and stroke.

Other foods that may cause disease include vegetable oils produced from seeds such as corn, sunflower, soya. etc., which are rich in polyunsaturated Omega-6 oils and lack the beneficial Omega-3 oils. These oils have no nutrients but ’empty calories’. Further they have linoleic acid, which can cause inflammation of the endothelium in arteries which may result in heart disease and stroke. High consumption of trans fats (eg. margarine), which are produced by pumping hydrogen into unsaturated oils to make them solid, could also cause injury to the lining of blood vessels, which could result in heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar is associated with Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and also colon cancer.

It has been found that chemicals found in pesticides, if ingested in excess of the safety levels, could cause cancer and affect reproductive health. There are about 1000 pesticides in the market and some of them are harmful. However, none of the pesticides authorized by the WHO when used within safety levels is genotoxic, and therefore may not cause cancer or developmental defects. The WHO has two objectives in dealing with pesticides, one is to ban those that are toxic and remain longest in soil, and two to protect people by monitoring the residue levels in food and water. These activities are carried out by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residue (JMPR) and their advice and recommendations are based on data obtained from peer reviewed journals.

As for fertilisers, experts say both inorganic and organic varieties have their advantages and disadvantages. Inorganic fertilisers attempt to supply the essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in amounts required by each variety of crop, and therefore small quantities would give good results. However, any excess of it could contaminate groundwater and could be harmful to soil and aquatic life. Organic fertiliser has these nutrients in small amounts and therefore large quantities of it has to be used, and yet they may not supply the amounts needed by high yielding fast growing varieties. However, organic fertiliser would support soil life, which is essential for conversion of organic matter into forms that could be absorbed by plants. They also retain moisture and would be useful in dry lands. Therefore, a judicious mix of inorganic and organic fertiliser would be advisable, instead of reliance on one type alone.

As mentioned earlier, everything has its advantages and disadvantages, and some of these things are essential for life to go on in its present state, which of course is a mad rush. And pesticides and chemical fertilisers may be essential for this mad rush, which includes consumption and reproduction at a rate unbearable to mother earth.

N.A.de S. AMARATUNGA



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Opinion

‘Outpost of Empire’

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Review

by Colleen Figg, Editor
and Reviewer – Amazon, New Voices Publishing

“Fernando echoes Macbeth with the line, “There is judgment here.” It captures the question running through the novel: can anyone participate in corruption and remain untouched by it? Beneath this satire is a dark story about power and the danger of believing, that someone else will always pay the price.”

Shavindra Fernando’s Outpost of Empire is a political novel set in the fictional country of Lackadasia. At its heart is a strong idea: an exploration of world politics, terrorism and the ways in which powerful countries manipulate smaller ones. Fernando is clearly writing about political issues that matter deeply to him.

The names immediately establish the book’s satirical character. Lackadasia, Burgherbugaria and the various Klowns suggest a world in which the people and places are exaggerated, but the issues beneath the exaggeration are recognisable. The playful language allows Fernando to approach terrorism, religious conflict and political corruption from an unusual angle.

Henry Stockwell is a central character: an ambassador who arrives in Lackadasia presenting himself as a friend of the country. He believes he understands how power works and treats the country, its politicians and its people as pawns on his personal chessboard. In his arrogance, he never doubts that he controls events rather than being controlled by them. This confidence makes him a compelling figure and in him, we explore the workings of political influence and the potential traps contained therein.

As the story develops, Fernando reveals a political world where causes are adopted when they are useful, people are exploited and discarded, and the truth becomes whatever those in power need it to be. Ordinary people suffer the consequences of decisions made far beyond their reach or knowledge, while those making those decisions continue to justify their actions. Even the people who help keep this world running may not be as important or as safe as they imagine.

Stockwell brings this idea into focus. He recognises corruption in others and willingly takes part in it himself, yet he cannot see that he might also suffer its consequences. Ultimately, he thinks his position will keep him safe. He is intelligent enough to understand the game, but not insightful enough to grasp the limits of his place within it. This blindness gives the novel a strong sense of irony.

The satirical approach gives Fernando room to criticise political hypocrisy without turning the novel into a direct political argument. By using fictional countries and exaggerated names, he creates some distance from specific governments and events while still making the larger targets of the book clear. The humour does not take away from the seriousness of the subject; instead, it makes the cruelty and self-interest beneath the political performance stand out more sharply.

Near the end, Fernando echoes Macbeth with the line, “There is judgment here.” It captures the question running through the novel: can anyone participate in corruption and remain untouched by it? Beneath this satire is a dark story about power and the danger of believing that someone else will always pay the price.

I came away feeling that Outpost of Empire is a valuable and thought-provoking book, particularly in today’s political and social climate. It has a distinctive voice, and the questions it raises about power, responsibility and foreign interference remain relevant far beyond the fictional borders of Lackadasia.
About the Author

Shavindra Fernando has worked as a reporter. He read English & Classics at the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka, and took International Relations & Ethnic Politics as a Reuter Fellow at the University of Oxford in England. The Vague Poetess (1999)was his first novel.

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Opinion

Speaker’s dilemma

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The Opposition, in its wisdom (or perhaps stupidity), has submitted yet another No-Confidence Motion (NCM) against the Speaker of Parliament. Perhaps it hopes to score some brownie points in the eyes of the public, which is hardly indifferent to such developments. Yet, knowing full well that the motion is unlikely to succeed, the exercise may well prove futile — akin to banging one’s head against a solid rock.

Nevertheless, the nearly fifty allegations levelled against the Speaker, whether justified or mere mudslinging, cannot simply be brushed aside. Such allegations may well have a bearing on the individual concerned, particularly where it matters most — his conscience — and few would dispute that possibility.

From a protocol standpoint, the Speaker occupies one of the highest positions in the country, ranking third in the hierarchy of state. He consequently belongs to the uppermost echelons of public life, with acquaintances and associates extending across a wide spectrum of society, including diplomats and other distinguished personalities. Such a position carries with it not merely prestige and privilege, but also an onerous responsibility to uphold the dignity and integrity of the office.

As the guardian of Parliament, the Speaker is expected to maintain standards of conduct, impartiality and discipline that are beyond reproach.

Whether the allegations are justifiable or not may be of little consequence to members of the ruling party, who will undoubtedly defend their colleague to the hilt. Nevertheless, the stigma arising from such allegations may prove difficult to erase, particularly in the eyes of his family, close associates and, ultimately, the voters who placed their trust in him. Of course, it is common knowledge that politics can be a dirty game and that, as Lord Acton famously observed, “power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”

Yet, nothing could be more devastating than a person losing his own soul in the process. On the one hand, stepping down could be construed as an admission of responsibility for the allegations levelled against him. On the other, allowing the No-Confidence Motion (NCM) to proceed could expose him to further public scrutiny and potentially inflict lasting damage on his character, dignity and reputation. Thus, he finds himself caught between two unenviable choices, each carrying consequences that may extend far beyond the immediate political fallout.

The Speaker is therefore confronted with a classic Hobson’s choice, with neither option likely to be without consequences. After all, in politics, there are no permanent friends or enemies—only permanent interests.

WILLIAM

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Opinion

How long can Sri Lanka remain silent on its demographic crisis?

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I write this with a sense of profound disappointment, rather than as a critic of the government or any individual public official. For several months, I have been drawing public attention to what I consider one of the most serious long-term challenges facing Sri Lanka—the country’s rapidly changing demographic structure, declining fertility, population ageing and the consequent contraction of the working-age population.

I have written several articles on this subject, believing that informed public discussion could encourage policymakers, academics and relevant institutions to examine the issue before its consequences become irreversible. I went a further step by addressing a detailed letter to the President on 28 August 2026, seeking consideration of a National Demographic Action Plan.

That letter was not merely an expression of concern. It contained practical proposals: long-term demographic projections, assessment of the consequences for labour supply and productivity, examination of declining fertility and delayed family formation, reassessment of education and employment policies, consideration of migration, and the establishment of continuous demographic monitoring.

I deliberately addressed the matter to the highest level because demographic change is not the responsibility of one ministry. It cuts across Finance and Planning, Education, Labour, Health, Higher Education, migration, social protection and national human-resource planning.

Yet, after sending that registered letter, I have not even received an acknowledgement.

This is what troubles me most. I fully appreciate that government has numerous urgent problems to address. Economic recovery, disaster management, employment, education and many other immediate concerns understandably demand attention. But demographic change is different. It operates slowly, almost silently, while steadily narrowing the choices available to future governments.

By the time the shortage of workers, accelerated ageing, increased dependency and the economic consequences of very low fertility become impossible to ignore, remedial action may be enormously more difficult and expensive. What is equally disappointing is the apparent silence of the institutions that should be at the centre of this discussion.

The latest Census has provided the country with an invaluable body of demographic evidence. My own published work has attempted to connect those findings with national development, productivity, education, employment and human-resource planning. On the top of these endeavours, I have seen voluminous articles written by Professor Manori Weerathunga, of the Population Department of the Colombo University, President Population Association of Sri Lanka, and Director Centre for Ageing Studies of University of Colombo. Yet I have seen little evidence of a visible national policy response from the relevant planning and statistical authorities.

Given the multiplicity of the roles and the credentials she possesses, I would strongly urge her to take the bull by the horns and formulate a draft national demographic policy with the expertise of the demographic scientists. This task cannot be delegated to the SLAS or Planning panjandrums. The government should seriously think why the thinktanks are abdicating their mandatory responsibilities and playing a passive role when the country is confronted with burning issues. Are there any sinister plans by disgruntled senior officers to derail the development plans is the question that begs an answer? Alternatively, the government should seriously enlist the support of the IMF or the World Bank, before the demographic bomb explodes!

Are we treating the Census merely as a statistical exercise, rather than as an early-warning the system for national planning? This question deserves a public answer.

I went even further by writing on “Educational Delays, Biological Clock and Sri Lanka’s Fertility Crisis.” My purpose was not to blame the education authorities. I sought to draw attention to the possibility that prolonged delays in university education, examinations, admissions and graduation may interact with delayed family formation and the biological realities of childbearing. I had hoped that this would stimulate examination by the Education sector and other relevant stakeholders.

Unfortunately, I have yet to see any meaningful response. My concern is therefore not whether my own articles have been acknowledged. That is completely irrelevant. The issue is whether the substantive national questions raised in those articles are being examined by anyone in authority.

A citizen who spends considerable time studying a national problem, writing about it publicly and then submitting a constructive proposal to Government should not necessarily expect agreement. But surely an acknowledgement—or better still, a response indicating that the matter is being examined—is not too much to expect.

There is also another dimension which I recently highlighted in discussing Sri Lanka’s transition from an “Age of Longevity” towards an “Age of Experience”. Sri Lanka is simultaneously facing a shrinking younger workforce and an expanding reservoir of older citizens possessing decades of professional and institutional experience.

The demographic challenge, therefore, should not be viewed only through the lenses of pensions, healthcare and elderly care. The country must also ask how the accumulated knowledge, expertise and institutional memory of its experienced citizens can be mobilised for national development.

This is precisely why I find the present silence so difficult to understand. I have no personal or political agenda. I have spent decades working in human resources, productivity and management specialist, and I have chosen in the later stage of my professional life to devote my writing to contemporary national issues which I believe deserve national attention.

Perhaps my concerns are misplaced. Perhaps the government already has a comprehensive demographic strategy under preparation. The relevant institutions have already initiated studies that are not yet public.

If that is the case, I would be delighted to be proved wrong. But if no such comprehensive process exists, then I respectfully ask: how much longer can Sri Lanka afford to remain silent?

The demographic clock does not stop while governments deliberate.

My appeal is therefore not for recognition of my efforts. It is for recognition of the problem. I hope the relevant authorities will prove that the silence I have encountered is not indifference, but merely the silence before meaningful action.

Sri Lanka cannot afford to discover, ten or twenty years from now, that the warnings were visible, the evidence was available, the proposals were made—and nobody acted.

The time to respond to the demographic crisis is now, while choices still remain.

Over to you, the President, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Finance and National Planning, Vice Chancellor of Colombo, Director General of Census and Statistics.

Athula Ranasinghe

Productivity Specialist and Management Consultant

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