Business
Overcoming Obstacles: The economic case for a Sri Lanka-Thailand FTA
By Asanka Wijesinghe and Nilupulee Rathnayake
In 2019, only 6 % of tea imported by Thailand was from Sri Lanka. This low percentage can be attributed to the difference in preferences and Thailand’s high tariffs of 90 % on imported tea, which act as barriers to Sri Lanka’s tea exports. Additionally, Thailand imposes up to 30 % tariffs on nearly 120 product lines of wearing apparel.
These high tariffs for products with a comparative advantage are not exclusive to Sri Lanka. Thailand also faces higher tariffs for vehicles, rubber, and light-electronics exports which Thailand exports competitively. This tariff structure hampers the bilateral trade of products with a higher comparative advantage for both countries.
Despite these challenges, Sri Lanka and Thailand have expedited the process of signing a free trade agreement (FTA) to boost bilateral trade by threefold to USD 1.5 billion. This article discusses the trade effect of an FTA and a way forward to maximise the gains from an FTA.
Existing Trade is Skewed
towards Thailand
In the pre-pandemic period, Sri Lanka-Thailand bilateral trade was nearly USD 500 million. The three-year-2017, 2018 and 2019- average exports from Sri Lanka to Thailand were USD 62.9 million, while the exports from Thailand to Sri Lanka were USD 416.8 million. In 2019, Thailand was the 9th largest import source for Sri Lanka, but Sri Lanka is only the 73rd largest import source for Thailand. The mismatch resulted in a bilateral trade deficit of USD 353.9 million.
The existing exports from Sri Lanka to Thailand do not represent Sri Lanka’s typical export basket. The contribution of traditional exports like ready-made garments, tea, rubber, and coconuts is relatively low, and gems, electrical equipment, wheat flour, and activated carbon contribute to a greater extent. Technically specified natural rubber and latex are the top exports from Thailand which are essential raw materials in the value-added rubber industry of Sri Lanka.
Effect of Lowering Tariffs on Bilateral Trade to Zero
As estimated from partial equilibrium analysis, Sri Lanka will realise a 38 % increase in exports to Thailand if tariffs are reduced to zero (Figure 2). The wearing apparel sector would be the biggest beneficiary, with exports projected to increase by 251 % from USD 6.4 million to USD 22.5 million. Figure 3A provides the top ten exports by Sri Lanka benefitting from a tariff removal by Thailand. The export effect for Thailand will be 27.8 % and Thailand’s rubber and plastic products will be increased by 71.9 % or USD 35.4 million. Products such as smoked sheets of rubber and natural latexwould benefit the most from tariff elimination, as shown in Figure 3B.
Assuming an immediate phasing-out of the existing tariffs, an FTA would increase bilateral trade to USD 619.6 million by 29.1 %. This increase falls short of the ambitious goal of a threefold increase in bilateral trade, at least in the short run.
However, partial equilibrium analysis does not estimate the trade gains from new product innovations due to FDI movements. The estimates also do not account for trade effects through input-output linkages and magnification of tariff effects along the value chains. However, tariff phasing out takes time, and FTA coverages are less than 100 %.
Notes: Simulations were done for Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 47-sectors using sector-specific Armington Elasticities. The base years were 2021, and 2017 for Thailand and Sri Lanka, respectively.
Maximising Trade Gains
through Offensive Lists
An offensive list contains products for which a country has a comparative advantage, capacity for expansion, and a favourable tariff from the importing country. There are 154 such products for Sri Lanka. Notably, 81 % of the USD 27.6 million export gain from an FTA comes from these 154 product lines. Similarly, 69 % of Thailand’s export gains to Sri Lanka in an FTA comes from 147 products identified for the offensive list.
Once ordered by the estimated export gains, nine out of the top ten products of Sri Lanka’s offensive list are from the wearing apparel sector. For Thailand, vital offensive products are rubber, electric equipment like air-conditioners and refrigerators, and motor vehicles for goods transportation.
Challenges and the Way Forward:
Applying tariff cuts for all the products in the offensive lists is a challenge. Thailand’s high tariffs for tea and ready-made exports indicate its protectionist intent. Likewise, Sri Lanka might prefer to keep tariffs on rubber products. Significant political manoeuvring and delicate negotiations will be required to bring the coverage of the FTA to a satisfactory level. Secondly, an FTA will widen Sri Lanka’s trade deficit with Thailand by 26 % (Figure 4). Although a trade deficit is not necessarily detrimental, it does present a short-term challenge due to increased dollar outflow.
A possible solution is tariff elimination for the products in bilateral value chains. Sri Lanka uses Thailand’s rubber and textile products to produce finished goods. If Thailand removes tariffs for these finished products, increased exports will demand more raw materials. Sri Lanka can reciprocate by eliminating tariffs on raw materials. Phasing-in of the FTA, accounting for required adjustments, will also increase the political feasibility.
Strengthening bilateral trade ties with Thailand offers additional benefits to Sri Lanka. An FTA provides an opportunity to join electric equipment manufacturing value chains and a gateway to ASEAN economies. Thus, Sri Lanka should negotiate a comprehensive trade agreement with investment promotion, trade facilitation, and competition laws. Thailand can leverage Sri Lanka’s position as a distributional hub for regional exports.
Link to Talking Economics blog: https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2023/05/11/overcoming-obstacles-the-economic-case-for-a-sri-lanka-thailand-fta/
Asanka Wijesinghe is a Research Fellow at IPS with research interests in macroeconomic policy, international trade, labour and health economics. He holds a BSc in Agricultural Technology and Management from the University of Peradeniya, an MS in Agribusiness and Applied Economics from North Dakota State University, and an MS and PhD in Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics from The Ohio State University. (Talk with Asanka – asanka@ips.lk)
Nilupulee Rathnayake is a Research Assistant working on Macro, Trade and Competitiveness research at IPS. She holds an MSc in Development Economics from the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, and a BA in Economics from the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. (Talk with Nilupulee – nilupulee@ips.lk)

Business
Saudi Arabia deepens investment in Sri Lanka with USD 50 mn medical faculty
Saudi Arabia has reaffirmed its long-term commitment to Sri Lanka’s economic and social development with the inauguration of the USD 50 million Faculty of Medicine at Sabaragamuwa University, a flagship investment expected to strengthen higher education, healthcare capacity and human capital while reinforcing the growing bilateral partnership between the two countries.
The project, financed by the Saudi Fund for Development (SFD), was inaugurated on Saturday in the presence of Prime Minister and Minister of Higher Education Harini Amarasuriya, Saudi Ambassador to Sri Lanka Khalid Hamoud Al Kahtani, SFD Deputy Chief Executive Officer Eng. Faisal Al-Kahtani, senior government officials and representatives of both countries.
Addressing the ceremony, Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya described the project as another milestone in the enduring partnership between Sri Lanka and Saudi Arabia, expressing appreciation for the Saudi Fund for Development’s continued support in expanding higher education and creating opportunities for future generations of Sri Lankan students.
The premier said the new Faculty of Medicine would help address the country’s growing demand for qualified medical professionals while strengthening the national healthcare system.
Ambassador Khalid Hamoud Al Kahtani said the inauguration reflected the “strong and enduring partnership” between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Sri Lanka and underscored the two nations’ shared commitment to education, healthcare and sustainable development.
The Ambassador added:”This achievement stands as a testament to our shared commitment to advancing education, healthcare and sustainable development.”
The Ambassador paid tribute to the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, and Mohammed bin Salman for their vision and continued support for international development initiatives that foster economic cooperation and sustainable growth across partner countries.
He also commended the Saudi Fund for Development for financing and implementing the project, describing the Faculty as an investment in human capital, knowledge and Sri Lanka’s future healthcare workforce.
“We are confident that this new Faculty will play a vital role in educating future generations of medical professionals, serving the people of Sri Lanka and further strengthening the close friendship and cooperation between our two countries,” the Ambassador said.
SFD Deputy CEO Eng. Faisal Al-Kahtani said the project represented far more than a new academic institution.
“It is an investment in people, knowledge and opportunity. For more than four decades, the Saudi Fund for Development has partnered Sri Lanka in projects that improve lives and support sustainable economic and social development,” he said.
The state-of-the-art Faculty of Medicine features modern laboratories, para-clinical teaching facilities and a comprehensive library, significantly expanding Sri Lanka’s medical education infrastructure.
Since 1981, the Saudi Fund for Development has provided approximately USD 422.7 million through 15 development loans supporting 12 major projects in education, healthcare, water supply, transport and energy, making Saudi Arabia one of Sri Lanka’s key development partners in long-term infrastructure and human resource development.
By Ifham Nizam
Business
Arpico Insurance welcomes finance professional Naresh Tillekeratne to Board
Arpico Insurance PLC, a renowned life insurance provider and a subsidiary of the blue-chip conglomerate Richard Pieris & Company PLC, has announced the appointment of Naresh Tillekeratne to its Board of Directors. This move further reinforces the Company’s commitment to operational excellence and stakeholder value as it embarks on its next phase of growth.
With a career spanning over 35 years in International Banking and Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs), Tillekeratne brings deep expertise in enterprise risk management, compliance, and corporate structuring. With over 15 years in C-level and senior management roles across Sri Lanka and the Middle East, he has forged a reputation for driving bottom-line efficiency and structural transformation.
Commenting on the appointment, Ramal Jasinghe, Chairman of Arpico Insurance PLC, stated “We are pleased to welcome Naresh Tillekeratne to our Board. He is a respected figure in the financial services landscape, recognised for his risk-management acumen and strategic foresight. As Arpico Insurance continues to scale and navigate complex and ever-evolving business and governance environments, his extensive cross-border experience will be invaluable in safeguarding stakeholder value and steering our sustainable growth trajectory.”
Prior to joining the board at Arpico Insurance PLC, Tillekeratne served as Chief Executive Officer of Assetline Finance PLC (previously Assetline Leasing Company Ltd), following a tenure as General Manager – Credit & Operations at AMW Capital Leasing and Finance PLC.
Jayalal Hewawasam, CEO of Arpico Insurance PLC, added “We are entering a dynamic phase of innovation and growth at Arpico Insurance, and strong corporate governance remains at the very heart of that journey. We are delighted to welcome Naresh Tillekeratne to our Board of Directors and the Company Management looks forward to working with him, and to harness his expertise in supporting our growth trajectory. We are confident that his proficiency in international banking, coupled with his acumen in enterprise risk management, will add tremendous depth to our leadership structure.”
Tillekeratne’s international exposure includes C-level responsibility at the Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank (UAE), where he engineered the restructuring of credit approval mechanisms and documentation controls to maximize portfolio returns. Prior to that, he completed a distinguished tenure spanning over two decades at Citibank NA Middle East, ascending to the level of Senior Vice President and Regional Head of Credit Risk Management for the Middle East, Egypt, and Pakistan. During his time with Citibank, he was also a key member of the specialized projects team tasked with advising and structuring financing for iconic state-backed development projects across Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Egypt, and Bahrain.
Speaking on his new role, Tillekeratne noted “It is a privilege to join the Board of Arpico Insurance PLC, an institution anchored by the enduring 90-year legacy of the Richard Pieris Group. My primary focus will be to enhance our risk-governance architectures to ensure we meet our promises to policyholders while driving growth and innovation. I look forward to collaborating with the Board and the Senior Management to drive our strategic evolution with absolute integrity.”
Business
EFC new Chair reaffirms commitment to national employment policies and responsible business initiatives
The Employers’ Federation of Ceylon (EFC) recently concluded its 97th Annual General Meeting at the BMICH. At this general meeting, the Board of Trustees and Council Members representing different employer groups were appointed for the financial year 2026/27.
The outgoing Chairman, Dinesh Weerakkody expressed his appreciation to the Council, Members and the EFC Secretariat for the invaluable support extended to him throughout his tenure. Sanath Manatunge, Managing Director/CEO of the Commercial Bank of Ceylon PLC was appointed as the new EFC Chairman while Dinal Peiris, Chairman and Managing Director of the Lanka Aluminium Industries PLC Group was appointed as the Vice Chairman.
In his inaugural address, the new Chairman, while underlining the significance of the Federation, stated that, as the National Employers’ Organisation, the EFC will continue to contribute to labour law reforms that support future-ready businesses while driving responsible business initiatives. Manatunge who counts 36 years of experience having held very senior positions in the financial sector, presently serves on the Boards of Commercial Development Company PLC, and Commercial Bank of Maldives (Pvt) Ltd. as the Deputy Chairman. He is also the Chairman of the Sri Lanka Banks’ Association. Following his appointment as the new EFC Chair, the senior professional further emphasised the importance of engaging with the tripartite stakeholders to collaboratively advance shared objectives and strengthen Sri Lanka’s employment landscape.
Manatunge also represents key industry interests as a Member of the UNICEF Business Council, the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, and the World Bank Group’s Private Sector Advisory Council. His regulatory and advisory contributions include serving as an Ex-Officio Member of the Stakeholder Engagement Committee of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, as well as a Member of the Project Steering Committee (PSC) for the Central Bank’s Fraud Risk Management (FRM) System.
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