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Japan’s global influence in combatting disability, getting started in Syria

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Excerpted from Memories that linger: My journey in the world of disability
by Padmani Mendis

Japan’s influence in the world of disability was now spreading out. Another legacy of the Asia-Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons was the setting up in Bangkok in 2002 of The Asia-Pacific Centre on Disability, APCD, with the collaboration of the Thai government and sponsored by JICA. One of their early projects was the development of CBR in the neighbouring countries of Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, as well as Thailand of course.

Workshops were held annually with follow-up by APCD. Yukiko and I were among the resource persons for the first few years. I had been to these countries and that helped.

Disability was increasingly being included in bilateral cooperation packages. Syria was a country that sought Japanese cooperation to improve the situation of their disabled people at this time. A JICA expert was sent first for a preliminary look-see. A recommendation was made that the cooperation package should include support for CBR. Kaoru Takimoto followed as the JICA expert to initiate action. Yukiko joined her for a short visit.

The outcome of their studies and discussions with the government was that CBR be started in the three villages of Harran-Al-Awameed, Judaide and Hijane. The programme here would provide the country with learning experiences for expansion.

CBR in Syria in 2004

Before JICA came to Syria to support CBR, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour, or MoSAL, had implemented with outside donor support a project they called CBR. It was in fact a time limited microfinance project which distributed loans for self-employment. The loans were never recovered and later follow-up showed that hardly anyone had started in self-employment.

When the first JICA expert came, MoSAL wanted JICA to support a similar “CBR project”. Discussions with ministry staff enabled them to know the advantages of a more holistic CBR approach. In these early years, in many parts of the world, I have heard of many projects expected to benefit disabled people being called “CBR”. Was this because it was fashionable to do so? Or because it was easier to secure funding?

A second constraint in Syria prior to JICA support for CBR started, was that there had been no voice for disabled people. There had been disabled peoples’ organisations, but they had been only service providers., similar to Sri Lanka. There was little awareness of the rights of disabled people. This is the reason one of the first tasks undertaken by Kaoru Takimoto was to focus on the involvement of disabled persons. First, with a national seminar with them in collaboration with the Arab Organisations of Disabled.

Next, importance was placed on home visits when community level activities started. People with disability were visited at home by community volunteers who had discussions with them and their families. They were encouraged to come out and be a part of their community.

The CBR team

To work with her Kauru had recruited two Syrians, Nayfeh and Nizar. Together, the three formed the JICA CBR team. The CBR team commenced regular study meetings with the three communities in December 2003, exchanging information with each as preparation for the projects. Each village was visited once a week. The WHO Manual in Arabic was used as an important tool. The next step was a workshop for disabled people, facilitated by a Lebanese resource person. This had 86 participants from the three villages, from Damascus and from elsewhere.

This preparatory phase then continued as workshop sessions in the three selected villages. Impairment caused by mobility problems was the most common disability in the three villages. Many adults had paraplegia and many children had cerebral palsy. Workshop sessions were aimed first at sharing knowledge and skills with selected family members and community workers for meeting the needs of these people.

The sessions also included discussion on social inclusion and adapting sports for disabled people in general. Sports was very popular with Syrian youth. Plans were being made to have disabled children included in summer camps, a popular phenomenon in Syria. It was at this time that I arrived in Syria.

Getting to know Syria

After I had completed the formal meetings with officials of all the required ministries the CBR team of three had arranged a programme for me to visit the villages in which community level activities had been started. This was to meet and get to know people involved and Syria’s community structures, networks and dynamics. And, in this context, to meet disabled people and their families. Community workers from government development programmes such as for youth, women, rural development and sports as well as for non-governmental workers were included. A very intensive programme.

For the second week they proposed that I facilitate two workshops of two days each. One at village level and the other at national level. The national workshop had been suggested by the three villages. The content of these workshops had not been selected. We did this in consultation with the people we met in the villages during the first week.

It was clear to me that here in Syria, the term “CBR volunteer” was used in a very broad sense and quite differently from other countries. The term was taken to mean any person who participated in the project in any way, whether it was in home visiting, organising community activities, sports or cultural activities for instance. Different people carried out different tasks voluntarily. This was an indication of community responsibility and participation and of the emphasis on disability inclusion. Another example of how the WHO CBR approach was adapted by a country as it was meant to, to suit its own ethos.

I found the community dynamics in the three villages remarkable. Their culture was a liberal one. Close knit communities with relatively easy mixing of men and women. Women greeted each other with a gentle hug and they did the same with me. They were mostly clothed in long dresses with their hair covered with scarves.

Men greeted each other with kisses on both cheeks. Me they greeted by placing their hand on the chest and saying a soft hello. Older men wore black trousers and long white shirts. Younger men had moved on to western dress with jeans and tee shirts. Altogether, the Syrians appeared to me as being a gentle, cultured, concerned and friendly people. I came to appreciate them in no time.

The villages were well organised architecturally with small traditional housing. In a few places I saw where the village had been extended with new concrete houses. In each village there was a centrally placed mosque with a tall minaret from which the call to prayer was disseminated to reach almost everywhere.

People interacted with each other through various networks. We would spend the whole day in one village; sometimes joining meetings of groups such as that of youth, women or sports groups; sometimes at a gathering arranged specially for our visit, may be in the community hall; and sometimes visiting disabled people with their family in their home.

Home visiting

We went around in a fairly large group. People joined us and left us according to their own plans for the day. I loved how relaxed and informal it all was. And every day the village had arranged lunch for us in one of their own homes. The group that was moving around with us at the time joined the hosts for lunch. There was always a large group sitting around on the special mats spread out on the floor of a central room in the home.

Lunch was always rice served in a very large dish as the main part of the meal, like it is in Sri Lanka. Here it was cooked with different meats, often lamb and sometimes beef with pine nuts. Rather like what we called buriani. The meal also included home-made Syrian bread which was just like Arabic bread. Also grape leaves stuffed with beef or lamb or rice with a strong flavour of lemon. There was always yogurt and always some kind of broth, often with tomato.

People helped themselves and each other from the dishes placed on colourful mats in the centre. Kaoru and I were always served by the householders because we were special guests in their home. We all ate with our hands as we do in Sri Lanka.

I had been told by Kaoru that I should never refuse food that was offered to me when we sat round for a meal. So of course I never did. But I learned how to avoid eating too much without actually refusing the food. This was hard to do because the food was absolutely delicious. But I kept reminding myself that there was much more work to be done in the afternoon.

There was continuous social chit chat over lunch, some of which was interpreted to me. Besides talk of the homes we had visited and what they could do about those families with disabled members, politics and the shows that would be on television that evening, I gathered that a popular topic was football.

My work in Syria

During the time spent in the three villages, we helped them to make plans for how they wished to proceed with implementing activities for their disabled people. And of the support they required. At every forum we had, numbers were large. Interaction was sometimes sharp with an exchange of different opinions, but always politely. Demonstrating extraordinary tolerance towards each other. Both women and men were equally vocal, frank in stating their views and their beliefs. There were always parents with their disabled children participating in the gatherings.

The extent of interest in CBR was remarkable. Disabled adults came forward everywhere I visited, to express their views. I thought that the team had done an extraordinary job of information dissemination and community preparation. Each of the villages had set up two special groups to take responsibility in particular areas. One was a “Committee of People with Disabilities” and the other a “Community Rehabilitation Committee”.

The second, the CRC, included people with disabilities. Decisions made by the first group of disabled people would be brought forward and discussed also within the second group. In this way, disabled people were also part of any decision making as well as making their own. Seeing these dynamics and level of knowledge within these communities it was easy to plan with them the first workshop.

At the same time I made a suggestion first to our team and then together to the two committees, to ask whether a representative group from the three villages would come to the national workshop in Damascus to share their experience with participants there. They felt rather privileged and of course were very happy to do so. They said two people would come from each village. For me and the team too, this would be a first experience.

Village workshop

The workshop was organised by the CBR volunteers. It was carried out very efficiently. The demand for participation I was told was very high, but they had to restrict that to a manageable number and then stretched it to observers making the maximum of 33. It is interesting to recall the varied backgrounds from which participants came, reflecting their understanding of CBR.

They came from the village or district women’s federations which included women with disability, disabled people as individuals and as organisations, family members, representatives of directorates of social affairs and labour, the health directorate and health centre, and the municipality. Participants included also the mayor, kindergarten teachers, school teachers, school directors, disabled people in employment, university students with and without disability, and many community volunteers.

It was held in the Youth Centre of one village. Government emphasis on the development of youth was high. The country had a Youth Federation with a network growing from village to national level. The Centre we were in was fairly recently built and was well equipped for sports.

Each village presented their report stimulating questions and discussions. The presentations indicated a significant interest and commitment to CBR from the outset. I shared an international perspective of CBR as it was being practiced in other countries. This provided participants with confidence in what they were doing. Also a chance to seek certain clarifications.

The presentation and discussion on education was extensive, because of the resources that called for investment to ensure physical access, teacher training and preparation of the education system. Besides, the value placed on education in Syrian society was high. During the workshop the possibility of including children and youth in recreational activities, summer camps and sports was discussed and plans made for this. They decided they would discuss the plans in further detail at future meetings.

Income generation for disabled youth was another topic that stimulated much discussion. It was because of difficulties they faced in this area that employers had been invited as resources.

Small group discussions focused on home visiting which had only recently been started, and on how this may be continued. Importance was placed on training of community volunteers. This discussion continued the next day on the roles and responsibilities to be taken by the disabled individuals and families. Also of the various community networks such as the two CBR committees, women’s and youth associations.

Finally, it was left to decide who would go to the national workshop and how they would share the presentation of their work. Altogether, the responsibilities that the participants perceived for themselves promised a successful outcome to this very interactive workshop. It looked not only at the present, but also inspired a vision for the future.



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Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka

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World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future

by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?

These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.

World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.

We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.

Making more of what we already have

Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.

Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.

The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.

Stop wasting the food we produce

Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.

Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.

Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.

Nutrition and food safety come first

Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.

Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.

Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.

A food system that can cope with climate change

Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.

Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.

Give young people a bigger role

Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.

A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.

A pathway designed for Sri Lanka

We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.

The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.

The choices we make today

The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.

So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?

The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.

A better food future begins with the choices we make today.

Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna

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20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried

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Aftermath of the terror attack

By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan

The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.

It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.

By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.

I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.

When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.

The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.

The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.

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‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’

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Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24

I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.

The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.

The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.

After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.

Clark

The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.

Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.

Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.

He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.

Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.

Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.

Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.

Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.

So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.

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