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How the Sri Lanka-Thailand FTA paves the way for enhanced bilateral trade

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Unlocking trade potential:

By Dr Asanka Wijesinghe

Dr Asanka Wijesinghe is a Research Fellow at IPS
with research interests in macroeconomic policy, international trade, labour and health economics. He holds a BSc in Agricultural Technology and Management from the University of Peradeniya, an MS in Agribusiness and Applied Economics from North Dakota State University, and an MS and PhD in Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics from The Ohio State University.
(Talk with Asanka – asanka@ips.lk)

The Sri Lanka-Thailand Free Trade Agreement (SLTFTA) paves the way for lower tariffs on 85% of products between Sri Lanka and Thailand.

Strategic use of uncommitted lists to restrict imports from the partner country may weaken the effectiveness of SLTFTA.

The agreement opens avenues for trading new products, enhancing bilateral trade potential.

Thailand became the second Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) economy to sign a free trade agreement (FTA) with Sri Lanka, following the FTA signed earlier with Singapore. A major goal of an FTA is to lower trade costs by reducing border tariffs and eliminating behind-the-border barriers for competitively traded products. This article assesses the coverage and potential of the Sri Lanka-Thailand FTA (SLTFTA) tariff liberalisation in increasing bilateral trade.

Coverage of the SLTFTA

Salient features of the SLTFTA tariff schedules include immediate concessions for a limited number of products, a 15-year phased tariff reduction plan for most of the products, and uncommitted products which are excluded from any commitment for tariff reduction or elimination. Notably, the tariff liberalisation programme is not limited to custom duties, but also expands to para-tariffs.

Given that 25.6% of products are already under zero tariffs in the case of Thailand, the SLTFTA commits to reduce or eliminate tariffs on 59.4% of products for Sri Lanka. Thailand provides immediate concessions for Sri Lanka over 2,188 products, while tariffs on 4,597 products will be subject to phased reduction within 15 years. Thailand’s uncommitted list includes 1,708 (or 15% of products).

By contrast, only 17.4% of products are under zero tariff currently in the case of Sri Lanka, implying that Sri Lanka will reduce or eliminate tariffs on 67.6% of products through the SLTFTA. Under the agreement, Sri Lanka commits to immediate concessions for 2,722 products (or 33.4%), reducing or eliminating tariffs on 2,796 products within 15 years, and maintaining 1,224 products on the uncommitted list (15%). By the end of the tariff phase-out, both countries will have 85% of products under zero tariffs, or tariffs liberalised under the SLTFTA.

Although both countries will maintain about 15% of products in their uncommitted tariff schedules, the corresponding import values are largely uneven. Based on 2022 values, Sri Lanka’s uncommitted list covers 39% of imports from Thailand while only 4% of imports from Sri Lanka are covered by Thailand’s uncommitted list. Sri Lanka excludes major Thai imports like sugar, cement clinkers, many rubber products in HS chapter 40, food imports like seafood, manioc, red onions, lubricants, and cotton in the uncommitted list. The import-competing industries and revenue considerations incentivise Sri Lanka to retain policy flexibility in setting tariffs for these products. Sri Lanka exports 74% of products by value under zero tariff in pre-SLTFTA.

The Offensive Lists: A Closer Look

The effectiveness of an FTA hinges on offensive lists – products with a comparative advantage and potential for expanded trade. A recent IPS study identified 147 six-digit HS codes as Thailand’s offensive list and 154 six-digit HS codes as Sri Lanka’s offensive list.

Under the SLTFTA, of the 147 six-digit codes in Thailand’s offensive list, Sri Lanka’s tariff schedule contains 413 products at the more disaggregated eight-digit HS codes. As such, Thailand will receive tariff concessions for 71.7% of these offensive list products. However, some of the offensive list products are in Sri Lanka’s uncommitted products list – although just 117 in number, they account for USD 57.8 Mn or 19.8% of Sri Lanka’s imports from Thailand in 2022.

Similarly, of the 154 six-digit HS codes identified as Sri Lanka’s offensive list, Thailand’s tariff schedule contains 457 such products at eight-digit HS codes. Unlike Sri Lanka though, only 25 such products are on Thailand’s uncommitted list, accounting for 3.6% of Thailand’s imports from Sri Lanka in 2022. Additionally, although Thailand puts 12 ready-made garment products (USD 3.6 Mn or 4.2% of imports) from Sri Lanka’s offensive list in its uncommitted list, 130 offensive list products (USD 3.6 Mn or 4.2% of imports) from HS chapters 61 and 62 will see tariffs phased-out. Out of these 130, Thailand did not import 68 products in 2022 from Sri Lanka.

For Sri Lanka, the immediate concessions given for offensive list products include tariff rate quotas for desiccated coconut, green tea, and black tea. Provided that Sri Lanka has a high comparative advantage in tea and desiccated coconut, and the existing high tariffs on these by Thailand, the quota under SLTFTA is a relatively positive outcome for Sri Lanka. However, the quantity under the tariff rate quota can be quite low and efficient distribution of quotas might be administratively challenging.

Dissecting the SLTFTA: Potential for Increased Bilateral Trade

The substantial coverage of the SLTFTA, binding commitments for phase-out tariff reduction, applying tariff reduction to para-tariffs, and a tariff rate quota for Sri Lanka’s tea are positive features. Both countries receive tariff reductions or elimination for the majority of each country’s offensive products. However, the strategic use of uncommitted lists to restrict imports from the partner country may weaken the effectiveness of the FTA. Sri Lanka’s uncommitted list notably includes rubber products, ceramic tiles, sinks, washbasins, ceramic tableware, soaps, detergents, beverages, and sugar and confectionery items, reflecting existing trade distortions and suggesting limited potential for FTAs to address incentive distortions. Yet, given the political challenges of a comprehensive tariff overhaul, limited liberalisation through FTAs emerges as a viable second-best option for policymakers.

Similarly, Thailand excludes vital ready-made garment products and agricultural products like tuna and black pepper from the SLTFTA tariff liberalisation. However, the exclusion is limited to 25 offensive list products of Sri Lanka.

Overall, the potential for a swift increase in bilateral trade in already traded products is low given that immediate concessions cover a lower percentage of products, and the major currently traded products are already under zero tariffs. However, the SLTFTA removes bilateral tariffs on competitively exported products by both countries, opening a window for increased trade over time. Currently, many products in the offensive lists which get tariff concessions under SLTFTA, are not traded bilaterally.

The trade effect of SLTFTA may come from trading new products that were not traded bilaterally before the FTA due to bilateral trade frictions. Accordingly, products in the offensive lists that receive immediate concessions are better candidates for increased bilateral trade (see Infographic). Dissemination of accurate information on tariff concessions, and eligibility criteria including rules of origin, linking exporters to potential buyers through market facilitation, and investment promotion may increase bilateral trade in these products.

Infographic: Sri Lanka – Thailand FTA: Selected Offensive List Products Receiving Immediate Concessions

Link to original blog: https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2024/02/28/unlocking-trade-potential-how-the-sri-lanka-thailand-fta-paves-the-way-for-enhanced-bilateral-trade/

 



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GREAT 2025–2030: Sri Lanka’s Green ambition meets a grid reality check

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Sri Lanka’s Renewable Energy Project Development Plan, branded GREAT 2025–2030 (Green Energy Acceleration Targets), reads like a confident pivot toward a cleaner, cheaper power system. With more than 2,600 MW of new renewable capacity planned—dominated by solar and wind—and a strong push on storage and grid stabilisation, the strategy signals intent. Yet beneath the headline numbers lies a harder business truth: generation is racing ahead of the grid, and unless infrastructure and control catch up fast, value will leak from an otherwise compelling transition.

At the core of GREAT is scale. Solar leads with 1,571 MW across multiple zones, while wind contributes 1,004 MW, primarily from Mannar, Kilinochchi and the North-Western belt.

Smaller but steady additions are planned in mini-hydro (51 MW) and biomass (38 MW). On paper, the mix lowers marginal costs, cuts imports, and insulates the economy from fuel price shocks—outcomes financiers and policymakers both welcome.

But a senior retired electrical engineer, who spent decades inside Sri Lanka’s power system, cautions that capacity alone doesn’t create reliability—or returns.

“We are adding megawatts faster than we are adding visibility and control,” he said. “Rooftop solar has already exceeded 1,350 MW, much of it invisible to operators. From a grid perspective, that is unmanaged generation, and unmanaged generation is risk.”

The business implications are immediate. Transmission bottlenecks, particularly delays in 220 kV and 400 kV lines, are constraining renewable evacuation. Projects commissioned on time can still face curtailment, eroding project IRRs and shaking investor confidence.

At the same time, electricity demand has softened amid economic pressures, compressing the system’s ability to absorb intermittent power—especially on Sundays and holidays, when demand dips but solar output peaks.

“Low demand days are now the stress test,” the engineer noted. “Without storage and grid-forming assets, you’re forced to back down renewables or keep thermal units running for stability. Both options cost money.”

GREAT attempts to address this with 650 MW / 2,250 MWh of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and 600 MW of pumped storage at Maha Oya by 2034, alongside synchronous condensers to maintain inertia. These are not optional add-ons; they are value enablers. Storage smooths volatility, captures excess midday solar, and shifts energy to peak hours—turning stranded electrons into bankable revenue.

Yet timing matters. Storage, controls, and transmission must arrive before or with new generation. Otherwise, developers face curtailment risk, lenders price in uncertainty, and tariffs fail to fall as promised.

The plan’s institutional fixes are equally commercial. A Renewable Energy Control Desk (from 2026), Distribution Control Centers in high rooftop solar areas, smart meter mandates, and grid digitalisation are designed to restore operational visibility. Time-of-use tariffs, paired with daytime EV charging and industrial load-shifting, aim to reshape demand—turning a system problem into a market opportunity.

“Tariffs are signals,” the engineer said. “If you want power used at noon, price it right. If EVs and factories move load to the day, solar becomes an asset, not a headache.”

For investors, the message is nuanced but clear. Sri Lanka’s renewable pipeline is real and sizeable.

The policy direction favours clean energy, and the cost curve is attractive. However, project bankability will increasingly hinge on grid-readiness—access to storage, firm evacuation paths, and participation in smart, controllable networks.

For policymakers, GREAT’s success will be measured not by megawatts announced, but by megawatt-hours delivered reliably and profitably. Accelerating transmission approvals, fast-tracking BESS procurement, and enforcing smart metering for distributed generation are the difference between a virtuous transition and a congested one.

“The transition is inevitable,” the engineer concluded.

“The question is whether we do it cheaply and safely, or pay twice—once for generation, and again for the fixes we delayed.”

GREAT 2025–2030 sets Sri Lanka on the right path. The business case now depends on execution—where grids, markets, and management must move at the same speed as ambition, he added.

By Ifham Nizam

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Zone24x7 enters 2026 with strong momentum, reinforcing its role as an enterprise AI and automation partner

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Zone24x7 team

Zone24x7 concluded 2025 with significant industry recognition, securing seven awards across three leading technology competitions—marking one of the strongest years in the company’s 22-year journey. The awards recognized the Industrial Vending Machine solution developed for a client in Australia. It earned both national and regional honors, including Second Runner-up at the Asia Pacific ICT Alliance (APICTA) Awards 2025.

More than accolades, the recognition showcases Zone24x7’s ability to deliver practical, enterprise-ready solutions that create measurable business impact. Competing against leading technology companies across the Asia Pacific region, the wins highlight the company’s growing global footprint and its focus on translating innovation into operational value for customers.

Neschae Fernando, CEO of Zone24x7

Zone24x7’s award run began at the SLASSCOM National Ingenuity Awards 2025, where the company secured National Winner for Best Innovative Product in Manufacturing, National 1st Runner-up for Best Innovative Product (General), and two Provincial Winner titles in the Western Province. This success continued at the National ICT Awards (NBQSA 2025), with Gold in Manufacturing, Engineering & Construction, and the IoT Technology of the Year Award.

“2025 validated our approach of building technology around real business needs,” said Neschae Fernando, CEO of Zone24x7. “As we move into 2026, our focus is on helping enterprises improve productivity, visibility, and decision-making by applying AI, automation, and connected systems in ways that go far beyond standalone tools or chat-based solutions.”

Headquartered in the United States with a world-class technology hub in Sri Lanka, Zone24x7 serves over 50 enterprise customers across multiple industries. The company specializes in integrating artificial intelligence, IoT, and enterprise platforms to solve complex operational challenges at scale.

Its portfolio includes Generative AI capabilities that enhance workflows, system intelligence, and human productivity; AI-powered automation platforms that connect digital and physical data sources; and a Cognitive Vision Analytics Platform that delivers real-time insights from video and image data. In addition, Zone24x7 provides RFID-enabled solutions and Warehouse Management Systems that improve inventory accuracy, asset visibility, and supply chain performance.

“The value we bring lies in how we combine hardware, software, and AI into cohesive solutions that fit seamlessly into existing enterprise environments,” said Vipula Liyanaarachchi, General Manager at Zone24x7. “As organisations look ahead to 2026, we are focused on helping them scale efficiently, modernise operations, and unlock greater value from their data without disruption.”

The award-winning Industrial Vending Machine reflects this approach, integrating IoT hardware, intelligent software, and analytics to automate inventory control and enhance efficiency in manufacturing and industrial settings. Rather than being a standalone product, it demonstrates how Zone24x7 partners with clients to design solutions aligned to specific operational goals.

With more than two decades of experience and a strong research and development foundation, Zone24x7 is now investing further in advanced AI-driven automation, intelligent analytics, and system-agnostic architectures. As businesses navigate rapid technological change, the company is positioning itself as a long-term partner—helping enterprises adopt AI responsibly, enhance workforce productivity, and build resilient operations into 2026 and beyond.

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India’s Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders makes mandatory offer to buy remaining shares of Colombo Dockyard

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India’s Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited has made a mandatory offer to buy the remaining shares of Colombo Dockyard at Rs 40 each, following a 41.73 percent stake acquisition last month.The mandatory offer targets 58.27 percent of the company.

At the recent rights issue, Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders bought 164,916,229 ordinary shares of Colombo Dockyard from the unsubscribed rights entitlement of previous stakeholder Onomichi Dockyard Company.

Mazagon paid Rs 40 per share amounting to a total Rs 6,596,649,160 .

Both indices moved upwards. The All Share Price Index went up by 67.5 points, while the S and P SL20 rose by 23.57 points. Turnover stood at Rs 9.1 billion with 16 crossings.

Top seven crossings were reported as follows: Commercial Bank 9.7 million shares crossed to the tune of Rs 1.2 billion and its shares traded at Rs 224.50, TJ Lanka 14.3 million shares crossed to the tune of Rs 549.7 million; its shares sold at Rs 38.50, Renuka Hotels one million shares crossed to the tune of Rs 250 million; its shares sold at Rs 250, Melstacorp one million shares crossed to the tune of Rs 178 million; its shares fetched Rs 179, Sampath Bank 930,000 shares crossed for Rs 145 million and its shares traded at Rs 150, Sierra Cables two million shares crossed for Rs 74 million; its shares sold at Rs 37 and Lanka Milk Food one million shares crossed for Rs 71 million; its shares fetched Rs 71.

In the retail market companies that mainly contributed to the turnover were; Colombo Dockyard Rs 514 million (3.3 million shares traded), Ceylon Land Equity Rs 349 million (15.6 million shares traded), Sierra Cables Rs 339 million (1.4 million shares traded), Commercial Bank Rs 307 million (1.4 million shares traded), TJ Lanka Rs 247 million (6.5 million shares traded), Luminex Rs 232 million (19.6 million shares traded) and Renuka Foods Rs 180 million (11 million shares traded). During the day 311 million share volumes changed hands in 50661 transactions.

It is said that the market showed mixed reactions. The banking sector actively participated, especially Commercial Bank. The manufacturing sector also performed well.

Yesterday the rupee was quoted at Rs 309.30/40 to the US dollar in the spot market, stronger from Rs 309.45/50 the previous day, while bond yields continued to edge lower on the the mid- to long end of the yield curve, dealers said.

A bond maturing on 15.06.2029 was quoted at 9.45/50 percent.

A bond maturing on 15.09.2029 was quoted at 9.50/55 percent.

A bond maturing on 15.12.2029 was quoted at 9.52/58 percent, down from 9.55/60 percent.

A bond maturing on 01.07.2030 was quoted at 9.68/71 percent.

A bond maturing on 01.10.2032 was quoted at 10.21/24 percent, down from 10.23/25 percent.

A bond maturing on 01.06.2033 was quoted at 10.55/60 percent, down from 10.57/60 percent.

A bond maturing on 15.06.2034 was quoted at 10.77/80 percent.

A bond maturing on 15.06.2035 was quoted at 10.80/86 percent, down from 10.82/87 percent

By Hiran H Senewiratne

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