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BOAC 911 crash on 5 March 1966 and lessons learnt

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By Capt.  G A Fernando MBA,

gafplane@sltnet.lk

Compared to other Airlines British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) had uneconomical over powered, fuel-guzzling aircraft in its fleet, essential to operate into hot, high and humid airports of the British Commonwealth that had short Runways. It seemed as if connectivity was more important than profit. In 1955 the requirement for Vickers Civil Jet programme in Britain had been cancelled by the management of BOAC. There was no replacement planned for the existing Comet 4C and Bristol Britannia aircraft. As a result, BOAC was running at a loss. When the Boeing 707 passenger jet aircraft were introduced by Pan American Airlines of the USA, the BOAC Management was also keen on acquiring the same type of aircraft with a few modifications and with more economical Rolls Royce Convey 12 engines as against the Pratt and Whitney JT3D engines that the original American aircraft had. So, in 1956 BOAC ordered 15 B 707 aircraft which needed longer runways to land and Take-off. Subsequently, after an uproar in the British Parliament BOAC was forced to also order 17 Vickers VC 10’s as well. But that’s another story! The American B 707 aircraft thus ordered were inducted into BOAC service in 1960.

As far back as 1947 Pan American had two flights originating from USA, going around the world. One went west bound from San Francisco (call sign, ‘Yankee Clipper 001’) and the other (call sign ‘Yankee Clipper 002’) went east bound from New York, with multiple stops. They usually crossed each other somewhere over Lebanon in the Middle East, going in opposite directions. After acquiring the B 707 aircraft, BOAC too followed suite with one B 707 going east bound from England across Europe and Asia, and the other west bound across the Atlantic and around the world. Jet aircraft were operated like stage coaches of old. They were kept continuously flying, after a change of crew (like changing horses!) and refuelling, at the end of each stage.

This is the story of a west bound BOAC B 707 aircraft (Call sign Speed bird 911). The year1966 was a bad year for Air Safety in Japan. In fact, that year, there were four fatal crashes and two within 48 hours. On the evening of 4th March 1966, the Tokyo Haneda International Airport, was ‘boxed in’ with bad weather due to an area of low pressure overhead resulting in fog, rain and low visibility. The Captain of a Canadian Pacific aircraft circling over Japan and waiting to land, decided to divert to Taiwan as the weather conditions were bad and not improving. However, Air Traffic Control in Tokyo then told them that the weather was observed to be improving. So they decided to carry out an approach that resulted in a fatal deviation from the glide path and the Douglas DC 8 aircraft, undershot, hitting some approach lights and a sea wall before crashing into the airport premises in flames.

 

That same night, a BOAC ‘Speed bird 911’ registered as G-APFE, B 707 aircraft from Honolulu Hawaii diverted to Fukuoka, Japan, as the weather was better there. It was mid-day on 5th   March when they arrived at the Tokyo Haneda International Airport which was their original destination. Now the weather had passed and the skies were Blue. The next ‘stage’ of the around the world flight was Tokyo to Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong under the command of an experienced 45-year old, Captain named Bernard Dobson (DFC & Bar) from Dorset. He had been an ex-WWII pilot, flying B 707 aircraft since 1960. (See Fig. 01)

 

That day, since the skies were clear (after the storm) they could see the 12388 foot Mount Fuji (Fujisan) from the airport, they taxied past the still smouldering wreckage of the Canadian Pacific aircraft that crashed the night before. I am sure that everyone felt safe as lightning never strikes the same place twice and accidents always happen to other people. (See Fig. 02)

The low pressure system had given way to a high pressure system, associated with high wind speeds. As Airline Captains sometimes do, Capt Dobson decided to give his passengers a flight past the crater of Mount Fuji at 16,000ft and at a speed between 320 to 370 knots in a slight decent.

The aircraft then suddenly encountered severe turbulence close to Mount Fuji. With the extremely heavy turbulence the vertical tail fin broke and hit the left Elevator which broke in turn. Next the four underslung engines of the B 707 got wrenched out of the wing. The fuel started leaking in the form of a fine mist into the air and the aircraft went into an unrecoverable flat spin. The fuselage broke from near the Flight Deck just before impact. The debris were scattered 16 miles across. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members lost their lives. The Flight Deck was destroyed by fire along with the Flight Data Recorder (FDR). There was no requirement by law to have a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) installed, those days. These two devices were collectively called the ‘Black Box’ and would have helped with the accident investigation.

 

The Accident Investigation

The two accident investigators dispatched from Britain didn’t have any hard evidence from the ’Black Box’ which was destroyed by fire. However, there were many eye witnesses and photographs of the unfortunate event to go on. There was also an 8mm Cine Camera with which a passenger was filming through a window and was recovered from the wreckage. When the film was developed and examined, the investigators noticed that the camera had jumped two frames just before falling on the aircraft floor. On further investigation it was found that for the two frames to jump, a shock force of plus 7.5 G had to be administered to this compact and sturdy machine. (G being the force of Gravity).

 

Extreme turbulence was also confirmed by another US Navy Douglas Skyhawk jet fighter aircraft that went looking for the BOAC wreck on the mountain side, immediately afterwards and experienced severe turbulence and had pulled plus 9G and minus 4G. While jet fighters are built to withstand high G forces, big passenger jets are not built that way and are not as strong. Although they can withstand more, passenger aircraft are certified to only up to about plus 2.5 G. Capt Dobson didn’t have a chance at that speed he was travelling in clear air. There was a possibility circulation of clear air in a rotary action (curling inwards) on the downwind (Leeward) side of the mountain. 

 

 

The Leeward Side and possible Rotors

This event was very similar to a vehicle at high speed hitting an abnormally high road bump that could result in mechanical failure Although discovered by two glider pilots, back in1933, even at this point of time in 1966, very little was known about the meteorological phenomenon call ‘Mountain Waves’ and their effect on relatively new swept wing passenger jet planes which still had some flying characteristics which baffled the Airline pilots and the Aeronautical engineers.

 

 

Mountain waves

Air, being a fluid like water, on windy days get disturbed by obstacles like mountain ranges, similar to what occurs when river water flows over rocks creating turbulent ‘White water’. The essential difference is that one can see White Water, but Mountain Waves will be invisible more often than not. On other occasions there will be cloud of peculiar shapes which will give the pilots a warning. Capt. Dobson had no warning whatsoever and the sky was clear, till it was too late with the onset of turbulence..

Interestingly, several booked passengers decided to cancel their flight on BOAC 991 at the last moment in order to see a ninja demonstration. These passengers, Albert (Cubby) Broccoli, Harry Saltzman, Ken Adam, Lewis Gilbert and Freddie Young, were in Japan searching for locations for the fifth James Bond film, You Only Live Twice.

Riding the bumps

These accident and incident investigation reports helped to formulate and fine tune Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s) through the years to make Airline operations safe. Today’s Airline Pilots are taught reduce their speed as soon as they experience Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) so that they can ride the bumps. There are ‘Turbulence speeds’ now defined for Jet Aircraft which work very well. If they anticipate turbulence, they told to slow down early in anticipation.  Now the curriculum for Meteorology studies for the Commercial Pilots’ Licence discusses extensively ‘Mountain Wave Turbulence’ and tell-tale signs of their presence by observing cloud formations and the best (quickest) way to transit such areas.

Macarthur Job in his book ‘Air Disaster’ Volume 1, mentions that there is a traditional Japanese proverb which says that “When the sky is blue Fuji is angry” This holds good even today. Twenty years or so after this accident, I was flying from Narita to Fukuoka via Mount Fuji in a Lockheed L 1011 Tri-Star aircraft at 30,000ft climbing at 300 feet per minute, in clear blue weather, when suddenly the rate of climb shot up to over 2000 feet per minute. Mount Fuji was right below us. At altitudes below us the turbulence would have been much worse. Because of the extensive studies and analysis done on the accident of BOAC 911, my crew and I were fully prepared for it. (Forewarned is forearmed)

Today the Flight Data Recorders and Cockpit Voice Recorders are installed in the tail of an aircraft in fire proof, shock proof containers. The passenger seats can withstand 12G’s. The passengers are advised to have their seatbelts fastened whenever they are seated. The Pilots are taught to avoid (avoid, avoid, avoid) situations of heavy turbulence by being proactive, preventive and predictive for safety’s sake.



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US’ drastic aid cut to UN poses moral challenge to world

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An UN humanitarian mission in the Gaza. [File: Ashraf Amra/Anadolu Agency]

‘Adapt, shrink or die’ – thus runs the warning issued by the Trump administration to UN humanitarian agencies with brute insensitivity in the wake of its recent decision to drastically reduce to $2bn its humanitarian aid to the UN system. This is a substantial climb down from the $17bn the US usually provided to the UN for its humanitarian operations.

Considering that the US has hitherto been the UN’s biggest aid provider, it need hardly be said that the US decision would pose a daunting challenge to the UN’s humanitarian operations around the world. This would indeed mean that, among other things, people living in poverty and stifling material hardships, in particularly the Southern hemisphere, could dramatically increase. Coming on top of the US decision to bring to an end USAID operations, the poor of the world could be said to have been left to their devices as a consequence of these morally insensitive policy rethinks of the Trump administration.

Earlier, the UN had warned that it would be compelled to reduce its aid programs in the face of ‘the deepest funding cuts ever.’ In fact the UN is on record as requesting the world for $23bn for its 2026 aid operations.

If this UN appeal happens to go unheeded, the possibilities are that the UN would not be in a position to uphold the status it has hitherto held as the world’s foremost humanitarian aid provider. It would not be incorrect to state that a substantial part of the rationale for the UN’s existence could come in for questioning if its humanitarian identity is thus eroded.

Inherent in these developments is a challenge for those sections of the international community that wish to stand up and be counted as humanists and the ‘Conscience of the World.’ A responsibility is cast on them to not only keep the UN system going but to also ensure its increased efficiency as a humanitarian aid provider to particularly the poorest of the poor.

It is unfortunate that the US is increasingly opting for a position of international isolation. Such a policy position was adopted by it in the decades leading to World War Two and the consequences for the world as a result for this policy posture were most disquieting. For instance, it opened the door to the flourishing of dictatorial regimes in the West, such as that led by Adolph Hitler in Germany, which nearly paved the way for the subjugation of a good part of Europe by the Nazis.

If the US had not intervened militarily in the war on the side of the Allies, the West would have faced the distressing prospect of coming under the sway of the Nazis and as a result earned indefinite political and military repression. By entering World War Two the US helped to ward off these bleak outcomes and indeed helped the major democracies of Western Europe to hold their own and thrive against fascism and dictatorial rule.

Republican administrations in the US in particular have not proved the greatest defenders of democratic rule the world over, but by helping to keep the international power balance in favour of democracy and fundamental human rights they could keep under a tight leash fascism and linked anti-democratic forces even in contemporary times. Russia’s invasion and continued occupation of parts of Ukraine reminds us starkly that the democracy versus fascism battle is far from over.

Right now, the US needs to remain on the side of the rest of the West very firmly, lest fascism enjoys another unfettered lease of life through the absence of countervailing and substantial military and political power.

However, by reducing its financial support for the UN and backing away from sustaining its humanitarian programs the world over the US could be laying the ground work for an aggravation of poverty in the South in particular and its accompaniments, such as, political repression, runaway social discontent and anarchy.

What should not go unnoticed by the US is the fact that peace and social stability in the South and the flourishing of the same conditions in the global North are symbiotically linked, although not so apparent at first blush. For instance, if illegal migration from the South to the US is a major problem for the US today, it is because poor countries are not receiving development assistance from the UN system to the required degree. Such deprivation on the part of the South leads to aggravating social discontent in the latter and consequences such as illegal migratory movements from South to North.

Accordingly, it will be in the North’s best interests to ensure that the South is not deprived of sustained development assistance since the latter is an essential condition for social contentment and stable governance, which factors in turn would guard against the emergence of phenomena such as illegal migration.

Meanwhile, democratic sections of the rest of the world in particular need to consider it a matter of conscience to ensure the sustenance and flourishing of the UN system. To be sure, the UN system is considerably flawed but at present it could be called the most equitable and fair among international development organizations and the most far-flung one. Without it world poverty would have proved unmanageable along with the ills that come along with it.

Dehumanizing poverty is an indictment on humanity. It stands to reason that the world community should rally round the UN and ensure its survival lest the abomination which is poverty flourishes. In this undertaking the world needs to stand united. Ambiguities on this score could be self-defeating for the world community.

For example, all groupings of countries that could demonstrate economic muscle need to figure prominently in this initiative. One such grouping is BRICS. Inasmuch as the US and the West should shrug aside Realpolitik considerations in this enterprise, the same goes for organizations such as BRICS.

The arrival at the above international consensus would be greatly facilitated by stepped up dialogue among states on the continued importance of the UN system. Fresh efforts to speed-up UN reform would prove major catalysts in bringing about these positive changes as well. Also requiring to be shunned is the blind pursuit of narrow national interests.

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Features

Egg white scene …

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Hi! Great to be back after my Christmas break.

Thought of starting this week with egg white.

Yes, eggs are brimming with nutrients beneficial for your overall health and wellness, but did you know that eggs, especially the whites, are excellent for your complexion?

OK, if you have no idea about how to use egg whites for your face, read on.

Egg White, Lemon, Honey:

Separate the yolk from the egg white and add about a teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice and about one and a half teaspoons of organic honey. Whisk all the ingredients together until they are mixed well.

Apply this mixture to your face and allow it to rest for about 15 minutes before cleansing your face with a gentle face wash.

Don’t forget to apply your favourite moisturiser, after using this face mask, to help seal in all the goodness.

Egg White, Avocado:

In a clean mixing bowl, start by mashing the avocado, until it turns into a soft, lump-free paste, and then add the whites of one egg, a teaspoon of yoghurt and mix everything together until it looks like a creamy paste.

Apply this mixture all over your face and neck area, and leave it on for about 20 to 30 minutes before washing it off with cold water and a gentle face wash.

Egg White, Cucumber, Yoghurt:

In a bowl, add one egg white, one teaspoon each of yoghurt, fresh cucumber juice and organic honey. Mix all the ingredients together until it forms a thick paste.

Apply this paste all over your face and neck area and leave it on for at least 20 minutes and then gently rinse off this face mask with lukewarm water and immediately follow it up with a gentle and nourishing moisturiser.

Egg White, Aloe Vera, Castor Oil:

To the egg white, add about a teaspoon each of aloe vera gel and castor oil and then mix all the ingredients together and apply it all over your face and neck area in a thin, even layer.

Leave it on for about 20 minutes and wash it off with a gentle face wash and some cold water. Follow it up with your favourite moisturiser.

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Features

Confusion cropping up with Ne-Yo in the spotlight

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Ne-Yo: His management should clarify the last-minute cancellation

Superlatives galore were used, especially on social media, to highlight R&B singer Ne-Yo’s trip to Sri Lanka: Global superstar Ne-Yo to perform live in Colombo this December; Ne-Yo concert puts Sri Lanka back on the global entertainment map; A global music sensation is coming to Sri Lanka … and there were lots more!

At an official press conference, held at a five-star venue, in Colombo, it was indicated that the gathering marked a defining moment for Sri Lanka’s entertainment industry as international R&B powerhouse and three-time Grammy Award winner Ne-Yo prepares to take the stage in Colombo this December.

What’s more, the occasion was graced by the presence of Sunil Kumara Gamage, Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs of Sri Lanka, and Professor Ruwan Ranasinghe, Deputy Minister of Tourism, alongside distinguished dignitaries, sponsors, and members of the media.

Shah Rukh Khan: Disappointed his fans in Sri Lanka

According to reports, the concert had received the official endorsement of the Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau, recognising it as a flagship initiative in developing the country’s concert economy by attracting fans, and media, from all over South Asia.

Nick Carter: His concert, too, was cancelled due to “Unforeseen circumstances

However, I had that strange feeling that this concert would not become a reality, keeping in mind what happened to Nick Carter’s Colombo concert – cancelled at the very last moment.

Carter issued a video message announcing he had to return to the USA due to “unforeseen circumstances” and a “family emergency”.

Though “unforeseen circumstances” was the official reason provided by Carter and the local organisers, there was speculation that low ticket sales may also have been a factor in the cancellation.

Well, “Unforeseen Circumstances” has cropped up again!

In a brief statement, via social media, the organisers of the Ne-Yo concert said the decision was taken due to “unforeseen circumstances and factors beyond their control.”

Ne-Yo, too, subsequently made an announcement, citing “Unforeseen circumstances.”

The public has a right to know what these “unforeseen circumstances” are, and who is to be blamed – the organisers or Ne-Yo!

Ne-Yo’s management certainly need to come out with the truth.

However, those who are aware of some of the happenings in the setup here put it down to poor ticket sales, mentioning that the tickets for the concert, and a meet-and-greet event, were exorbitantly high, considering that Ne-Yo is not a current mega star.

We also had a cancellation coming our way from Shah Rukh Khan, who was scheduled to visit Sri Lanka for the City of Dreams resort launch, and then this was received: “Unfortunately due to unforeseen personal reasons beyond his control, Mr. Khan is no longer able to attend.”

Referring to this kind of mess up, a leading showbiz personality said that it will only make people reluctant to buy their tickets, online.

“Tickets will go mostly at the gate and it will be very bad for the industry,” he added.

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