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THE HISTORY OF KURUNEGALA

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Ibbagala Raja Maha Vihara Ibbagala (tortoise rock)

By an Octogenerian

Located in the North Western province and lying approximately 58 miles from Colombo is the city of Kurunegala. Any visitor to this city, no matter which route is taken to get there, cannot fail to observe the eight enormous rocks which encircle the city, standing out like sentinels placed by a benevolent deity to protect it and its citizens.

According to an ancient legend there had been a time when the entire city had been in the grip a severe and prolonged drought. Whereupon the animals being unable to quench their thirst, threatened to drink as much water as possible from the nearby lake. This had been an unprecedented crisis for the people who in sheer desperation consulted a witch who volunteered to transform these animals into rocks.

It is for this reason that these eight rocks have been named Ethagala (elephant rock), Ibbagala (tortoise rock), Andagala (eel rock), Kuruminiyagala (beetle rock), Wanduragala (monkey rock), Gonigala (sack or gunny rock), Elugala (goat rock) and Yakdessala (meaning a witch).

Since Ethagala was not only the largest of these rocks but also the highest, towering to almost 1,000 feet over the surrounding plains it was justifiable that that the city should derive its name from the Sinhala translation of Ethagala was was ‘Kurune’ and ‘Gala’ meaning rock.’ When combined they formed the name‘ Kurunegala’

At this point it is necessary to explain the importance of the Sacred Tooth Relic of Lord Buddha which had become a part of the history of this city. In addition to its sacredness there was a belief that whoever had the custody of the Sacred Tooth Relic had the power to govern the country by overcoming any threats from forces outside or within the island.

Ethagala (elephant rock)

This sacred relic had been in the custody of King Buvanekabahu I who was the ruler of the Kingdom of Yapahuva around in 1272. It can be surmised that it was because of this belief, that one of the kings of Jaffna had surreptitiously removed the Sacred Tooth Relic and later transferred it to the city of Madurai in South India which was later named as Madras and subsequently renamed as Chennai.

The absence of the Sacred Tooth Relic from the island compelled King Parakramabahu III to restore it and install it in Kurunegala from where he ruled from1287 to1293. However this ancient city was destined to receive embarrassing publicity when as recently as end December 2023, the former mayor and four accomplices were sentenced to prison for the willful and wanton destruction of the Assembly Hall built by king Buwaneka Bahu II who ruled from 1293 to 1302.

Parakramabahu was succeeded by two other kings, the last of whom was Buwaneka Bahu III who was referred to as Wanni Buwaneka Bahu who ruled from 1335 to 1341 and had been the last king to have ruled the island from Kurunegala.

Readers acquainted with the geography of our country will recall that the three towns encompassing Puttalam, Kurunegala and Gampaha are referred to as the ‘Coconut Triangle.’ Spreading across this triangle are the vast coconut estates the products of which even today constitute an important share to the Sri Lankan economy.

Lying adjacent to Kurunegala are three historical sites namely Parakramapura also referred to as Panduwasnuwara where the ruins of an ancient palace and monasteries can be seen. Yapahuwa is from where King Bhuwanaike I ruled from 1271 to 1283. In order to protect his kingdom he had selected a rock which arose abruptly to 300 feet above the surrounding lowlands. He had built his palace on its summit surrounded by a moat and ramparts. It had been claimed that this had been constructed on lines similar to Sigiriya.

The third historical site was Dambadeniya which had served as the capital of King Vijayabahu III who ruled from 1232 to 1236. However in very recent times Dambadeniya will be remembered for having created political history. This occurred at the General Elections of 1956 when R.G.Senanayake as an Independent candidate contested both the Dambadeniya and Kelaniya electorates and won both creating a unique record of winning two seats concurrently at the same General Elections.

Readers may remember that one of the candidates for the Kelaniya electorate was the formidable J.R.Jayewardene, who on February 4, 1978 was appointed as the island’s first Executive President.

 



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Maduro abduction marks dangerous aggravation of ‘world disorder’

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Venezuelan President Maduro being taken to a court in New York

The abduction of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro by US special forces on January 3rd and his coercive conveying to the US to stand trial over a number of allegations leveled against him by the Trump administration marks a dangerous degeneration of prevailing ‘world disorder’. While some cardinal principles in International Law have been blatantly violated by the US in the course of the operation the fallout for the world from the exceptionally sensational VVIP abduction could be grave.

Although controversial US military interventions the world over are not ‘news’ any longer, the abduction and hustling away of a head of government, seen as an enemy of the US, to stand trial on the latter soil amounts to a heavy-handed and arrogant rejection of the foundational principles of international law and order. It would seem, for instance, that the concept of national sovereignty is no longer applicable to the way in which the world’s foremost powers relate to the rest of the international community. Might is indeed right for the likes of the US and the Trump administration in particular is adamant in driving this point home to the world.

Chief spokesmen for the Trump administration have been at pains to point out that the abduction is not at variance with national security related provisions of the US Constitution. These provisions apparently bestow on the US President wide powers to protect US security and stability through courses of action that are seen as essential to further these ends but the fact is that International Law has been brazenly violated in the process in the Venezuelan case.

To be sure, this is not the first occasion on which a head of government has been abducted by US special forces in post-World War Two times and made to stand trial in the US, since such a development occurred in Panama in 1989, but the consequences for the world could be doubly grave as a result of such actions, considering the mounting ‘disorder’ confronting the world community.

Those sections opposed to the Maduro abduction in the US would do well to from now on seek ways of reconciling national security-related provisions in the US Constitution with the country’s wider international commitment to uphold international peace and law and order. No ambiguities could be permitted on this score.

While the arbitrary military action undertaken by the US to further its narrow interests at whatever cost calls for criticism, it would be only fair to point out that the US is not the only big power which has thus dangerously eroded the authority of International Law in recent times. Russia, for example, did just that when it violated the sovereignty of Ukraine by invading it two or more years ago on some nebulous, unconvincing grounds. Consequently, the Ukraine crisis too poses a grave threat to international peace.

It is relevant to mention in this connection that authoritarian rulers who hope to rule their countries in perpetuity as it were, usually end up, sooner rather than later, being a blight on their people. This is on account of the fact that they prove a major obstacle to the implementation of the democratic process which alone holds out the promise of the prgressive empowerment of the people, whereas authoritarian rulers prefer to rule with an iron fist with a fixation about self-empowerment.

Nevertheless, regime-change, wherever it may occur, is a matter for the public concerned. In a functional democracy, it is the people, and the people only, who ‘make or break’ governments. From this viewpoint, Russia and Venezuela are most lacking. But externally induced, militarily mediated change is a gross abnormality in the world or democracy, which deserves decrying.

By way of damage control, the US could take the initiative to ensure that the democratic process, read as the full empowerment of ordinary people, takes hold in Venezuela. In this manner the US could help in stemming some of the destructive fallout from its abduction operation. Any attempts by the US to take possession of the national wealth of Venezuela at this juncture are bound to earn for it the condemnation of democratic opinion the world over.

Likewise, the US needs to exert all its influence to ensure that the rights of ordinary Ukrainians are protected. It will need to ensure this while exploring ways of stopping further incursions into Ukrainian territory by Russia’s invading forces. It will need to do this in collaboration with the EU which is putting its best foot forward to end the Ukraine blood-letting.

Meanwhile, the repercussions that the Maduro abduction could have on the global South would need to be watched with some concern by the international community. Here too the EU could prove a positive influence since it is doubtful whether the UN would be enabled by the big powers to carry out the responsibilities that devolve on it with the required effectiveness.

What needs to be specifically watched is the ‘copycat effect’ that could manifest among those less democratically inclined Southern rulers who would be inspired by the Trump administration to take the law into their hands, so to speak, and act with callous disregard for the sovereign rights of their smaller and more vulnerable neighbours.

Democratic opinion the world over would need to think of systems of checks and balances that could contain such power abuse by Southern autocratic rulers in particular. The UN and democracy-supportive organizations, such as the EU, could prove suitable partners in these efforts.

All in all it is international lawlessness that needs managing effectively from now on. If President Trump carries out his threat to over-run other countries as well in the manner in which he ran rough-shod over Venezuela, there is unlikely to remain even a semblance of international order, considering that anarchy would be receiving a strong fillip from the US, ‘The World’s Mightiest Democracy’.

What is also of note is that identity politics in particularly the South would be unprecedentedly energized. The narrative that ‘the Great Satan’ is running amok would win considerable validity among the theocracies of the Middle East and set the stage for a resurgence of religious fanaticism and invigorated armed resistance to the US. The Trump administration needs to stop in its tracks and weigh the pros and cons of its current foreign policy initiatives.

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Pure Christmas magic and joy at British School

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Students of The British High School in Colombo in action at the fashion show

The British School in Colombo (BSC) hosted its Annual Christmas Carnival 2025, ‘Gingerbread Wonderland’, which was a huge success, with the students themseles in the spotlight, managing stalls and volunteering.

The event, organised by the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA), featured a variety of activities, including: Games and rides for all ages, Food stalls offering delicious treats, Drinks and refreshments, Trade booths showcasing local products, and Live music and entertainment.

The carnival was held at the school premises, providing a fun and festive atmosphere for students, parents, and the community to enjoy.

The halls of the BSC were filled with pure Christmas magic and joy with the students and the staff putting on a tremendous display.

Among the highlights was the dazzling fashion show with the students doing the needful, and they were very impressive.

The students themselves were eagerly looking forward to displaying their modelling technique and, I’m told, they enjoyed the moment they had to step on the ramp.

The event supported communities affected by the recent floods, with surplus proceeds going to flood-relief efforts.

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Glowing younger looking skin

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Hi! This week I’m giving you some beauty tips so that you could look forward to enjoying 2026 with a glowing younger looking skin.

Face wash for natural beauty

* Avocado:

Take the pulp, make a paste of it and apply on your face. Leave it on for five minutes and then wash it with normal water.

* Cucumber:

Just rub some cucumber slices on your face for 02-03 minutes to cleanse the oil naturally. Wash off with plain water.

* Buttermilk:

Apply all over your face and leave it to dry, then wash it with normal water (works for mixed to oily skin).

Face scrub for natural beauty

Take 01-02 strawberries, 02 pieces of kiwis or 02 cubes of watermelons. Mash any single fruit and apply on your face. Then massage or scrub it slowly for at least 3-5 minutes in circular motions. Then wash it thoroughly with normal or cold water. You can make use of different fruits during different seasons, and see what suits you best! Follow with a natural face mask.

Face Masks

* Papaya and Honey:

Take two pieces of papaya (peeled) and mash them to make a paste. Apply evenly on your face and leave it for 30 minutes and then wash it with cold water.

Papaya is just not a fruit but one of the best natural remedies for good health and glowing younger looking skin. It also helps in reducing pimples and scars. You can also add honey (optional) to the mixture which helps massage and makes your skin glow.

* Banana:

Put a few slices of banana, 01 teaspoon of honey (optional), in a bowl, and mash them nicely. Apply on your face, and massage it gently all over the face for at least 05 minutes. Then wash it off with normal water. For an instant glow on your face, this facemask is a great idea to try!

* Carrot:

Make a paste using 01 carrot (steamed) by mixing it with milk or honey and apply on your face and neck evenly. Let it dry for 15-20 minutes and then wash it with cold water. Carrots work really well for your skin as they have many vitamins and minerals, which give instant shine and younger-looking skin.

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