Features
The Great Cinemas of Colombo
In this series of interviews on Colombo’s heritage, we cover Colombo’s great cinemas with Historian Asiff Hussein, the Author of The Great Days of Colombo.
By Ifham Nizam
Q:In your book ‘The Great Days of Colombo’ you have covered Colombo’s cinema scene comprehensively. How would you trace the evolution of our cinema theatres. How long do they go back to?
A:It’s a long story, but to keep it short, entertainment in the form of movies was a gradual development. There is said to have been an Englishman named Warwick Major who put up what is described as a tent at the site of the present Regal Theatre to screen English films or bioscopes as they were then called. That must have been in the early 1900s. Another early development was what was called the ‘Bioscope’. The American Consul for Ceylon Stillman Eells wrote in Small Island Markets for American Motion Pictures (1931 that: “There is also a touring “Electric Bioscope” which shows at various times in town halls at more or less regular intervals, with an average audience of about 400 in each place”. It is possible that it showed in Colombo as well. Older folk I have spoken to also recall the ‘Bioskope Man’ who pushed his cart and showed movies like in the cinemas.

This Bioscope man was a Muslim who pushed his cart along the roads of Slave Island and elsewhere in the 50s and 60s. He would gather a few customers and roll the film with a handle while passing it through a light source and a glass that magnified the image and projected it on to a black box. These were monochrome silent films and the man would give a running commentary on the film in Tamil which was understood by the Muslims there. Who knows, there may have been others. Modern cinema as we know it came in the inter-war years, that is to say the years between the Great War or World War I and World War II. The American Consul for Ceylon Stillman Eells wrote in Small Island Markets for American Motion Pictures (1931): “There are three sound theatres in Ceylon- The Empire, the Regal and the Majestic Talkies, all of which are located in Colombo. The latter two are equipped with fading lights and exhaust fans. The average programme at each of the houses is a half hour of gramophone records prior to the opening of the show, a synchronised or talking news reel, a synchronised or talking comedy, and a synchronised or talking feature reel. Pictures at all three theatres are changed twice a week. The majority of talking pictures so far exhibited have been of American origin, although a few British and German productions have been shown”He goes on to say: “A remarkable thing about the exhibition of talking pictures in Ceylon is their popularity with the natives, even those who do not understand English. Every theatre in Ceylon gives two shows nightly, one at 6. pm and the other at 9.30 pm. At the 6 pm performances of the sound theatres, the cheaper class of seats are always filled, mostly by natives who do not understand English. The English-speaking natives and the Europeans have almost forgotten the silent drama for the talking pictures, and even when films are only synchronised, extremely adverse comments are heard from the audience. It would therefore seem that the talking film has really “taken” in Ceylon”.
Q:Who were the pioneers of Modern cinema theatres in the city?
A:One of the earliest was Regal at Parsons Road (now Sir Chittampalam Gardiner Mawatha) set up in 1930 by Ceylon Theatres and which at the time had 900 seats equipped by an American company. At that time it was one of only three talkies or sound theatres in Colombo, the other two being the Empire and the Majestic.
Majestic Cinema at Galle Road Bambalapitiya was originally established by the Parsi-owned Madan Theatres in the inter-war years was bought over by Ceylon Theatres owned by Chittampalam Gardiner. It was called Majestic Talkies back then in the 1930s and was soon showing some great American movies. They showed some very good films and attracted movie buffs of all kinds. They mainly showed Metro Goldwyn Mayer movies like Scapegoat, Green Helmet, Tarzan the Apeman, Secret of Monte Cristo and The Mirror has Two Faces in the early 1960s. In the 1980s the old cinema was demolished by its owners of the Page family and replaced by Majestic City, a large commercial mall which also included a cinema complex still known as Majestic Cinema. The Liberty Cinema at Turret Road, Colpetty (now Dharmapala Mawatha) was built by Jabir A.Cader in the 1950s and showed films by both Paramount Pictures and Universal Pictures. One of the first films shown at the Liberty was A White Christmas. Later came the comedies staring Gerry Lewis and Dean Martin and Danny Kaye’s Knock on Wood, musicals like Cliff Richard’s Summer Holiday and My Fair Lady, thrillers like Towering Inferno and Cassandra Crossing, horrors like Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo and Psycho and Robert Aldrich’s Whatever Happened to Baby Jane. The early years of the sixties also saw Franco Zefferelli’s Romeo & Juliet screened here. It is said that whenever a Western was shown at the Liberty, young men would come out with their hands as if about to draw a gun.
Savoy Cinemaat Galle Road, Wellawatte was also built in the fifties and must have taken its name from the more famous Savoy cinema of London. It was owned by a person named CV De Silva who is said to have started life providing entertainment for overseas troops stationed here during World War II which was built by one Jason Fernando. In the late fifties it was the scene of a commotion when they screened the 1956 musical film Rock Around the Clock featuring Bill Haley and the Comets when some Burgher boys attending the evening show got into a frenzy and started dancing inside the cinema. The police apparently had to be brought in to quell the situation as the boisterous lot became a nuisance to the rest of the audience. Among the better known films screened there in the 1960s were Gun Fever, Lady Chatterly’s Lover and The Case Against Brooklyn. They also showed the James Bond Movies Dr. No, From Russia with Love, Goldfinger and Thunderball.
The Rio at Kumaran Ratnam Road, Slave Island came much later, in 1965. . It was set up by Appapillai Navaratnam. At the time it had an open area opposite the cinema which served as a parking lot for cinema patrons. The section between it and the roadway was adorned with cutouts of the film running at the time. The early films shown here were mainly Twentieth Century productions and musicals such as South Pacific, Sound of Music, Can Can and West Side story, war films like Alamo and humorous adventure films like Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines.
Q: What was the experience like for movie-goers of the early days, any idea about it?
A:I can speak of the 1960s because I gathered a lot of information from some of our older movie buffs who fondly recall those days. Tickets back then even in the best cinemas cost from fifty cents to three Rupees max. The Gallery usually cost fifty cents, Second Class 1 Rupee, First Class two rupees and Balcony three rupees

Even then almost all the cinema theatres had air-conditioning and so it must have been a very comfortable experience. It would be surprising to many that the Rio was probably the country’s most family-friendly cinema at that time. This is of course a far-cry from today with its focus on adults only movies. It is sad to see the impact the 1983 riots had on it. It was a victim of the riots and was burned by a mob. It recovered, but the quality of its films sadly declined. Today it is only a shell of its former self.
But back then, its impressive facade was Neon lit at night with red lighting running through the name Rio at the very entrance and blue lighting throughout the side of the building. Rio’s exterior in the good old days was covered with Ceylon timber such as Gintota Ply with Satin and Kirihambiliya facings. It also had large comfortable seats upholstered in foam rubber and creamy beige rexine and with satinwood arms which were all tailored to give an unobstructed view of the large screen over forty feet wide and nearly forty feet high. The large lounge which was open to cinema patrons was provided with snacks such as Chinese rolls from the Nippon Hotel across the road. Its snack bar served patties, sandwiches and hamburgers while its ‘sweet bar’ facing the hall was amply stocked with ice chocs, soft drinks, cashew nuts and peanuts.
A couple of cinemas also had usherettes back then. For instance, Rio its early years had its usherettes attired in grey air force caps with a white stripe running in the middle, white shirt and bluish grey jacket and skirt. These women are said to have been drawn mainly from the Burgher community. They would go around carrying trays strapped to their shoulders and selling refreshments like ice chocs. Its snack bar served patties, sandwiches and hamburgers.
It was the same with the Savoy. They too had usherettes in the 1960s. These were usually Burgher women. They would be dressed in white frocks and red and white dotted cravats. They would have torches to show people their seats. In the intervals would make another appearance holding trays filled with sweets and ice chocs for sale.
So I guess it was quite an experience then!
Features
Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka
World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future
by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?
These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.
World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.
We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.
Making more of what we already have
Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.
Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.
The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.
Stop wasting the food we produce
Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.
Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.
Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.
Nutrition and food safety come first
Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.
Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.
Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.
A food system that can cope with climate change
Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.
Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.
Give young people a bigger role
Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.
A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.
A pathway designed for Sri Lanka
We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.
The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.
The choices we make today
The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.
So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?
The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.
A better food future begins with the choices we make today.
Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara
Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna
Features
20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried
By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan
The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.
It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.
By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.
I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.
When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.
The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.
The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.
Features
‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’
Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24
I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.
The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.
The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.
After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.
The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.
Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.
Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.
He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.
Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.
Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.
Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.
Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.
So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.
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