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RAPE OF BENGAL

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Birth of Bangladesh – Part IV

By Jayantha Somasundaram

(Continued from December 23)

“No people have had to pay as high a price in human life and suffering as the people of Bangladesh,” lamented Mujib in an interview in London soon after his release in early January 1972.

On December 16, 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered and a ceasefire came into effect. Within days of the ceasefire Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, in an attempt to heal the wounds of the brutal civil war proclaimed that Bengali women raped by Pakistani soldiers were heroines of the war of independence. His statement appeared in The New York Post which explained that “in traditional Bengali village society where women lead cloistered lives, rape victims often are ostracised.”

Soon after Indian troops, along with the Mukthi Bahini, had liberated Jessore, Joseph Fried of The New York Daily News reported, ‘A stream of victims and eyewitnesses tell how truckloads of Pakistani soldiers and their hireling Razakars swooped down on villages in the night, rounding up women by force. Some were raped on the spot. Others were carried off to military compounds. Some women were still there when Indian troops battled their way into Pakistani strongholds. Weeping survivors of villages razed because they were suspected of siding with the Bahini freedom fighters, told of how wives were raped before the eyes of their bound husbands who were then put to death.’

Since journalists had been barred from Bangladesh during the Civil War, few reports on the atrocities committed against Bengali women leaked out. But by January 1972 volunteers began assessing the scale of the tragedy. An Asian Relief Secretary from the World Council of Churches, Rev Kentaro Buma on his return from Bangladesh reported that more than 200,000 Bengali women had been raped, some estimated that the toll was nearer 400,000.

Susan Brownmiller in her 1975 seminal work on men, women and rape, titled ‘Against Our Will’, claimed that “girls of eight and grandmothers of seventy five had been assaulted…Eighty percent of the raped women were Moslems, reflecting the population of Bangladesh, but Hindu and Christian women were not exempt….Despite a shared religious heritage Punjabi Pakistanis are taller, lighter-skinned and ‘rawboned’ compared to dark small boned Bengalis. This racial difference would provide added anguish to those Bengali women who found themselves pregnant after their physical ordeal.”

Berengera d’Aragon, a Photo Reporter for Black Star, explained that as the Pakistani regulars swept through the tiny hamlets of rural Bangladesh, a high incidence of forcible rape took place. The Razakars (pro-Pakistan Bengalis and Urdu-speakers in Bangladesh) who acted as mercenaries were even worse offenders. The Bahini also committed rape in the process of ‘liberation.’

Khadiga and Kamala

d’Aragon tells the story of 13-year-old Khadiga walking home from school when she, along with four others, was kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers and put in a military brothel at Mohammadpur, where she was held captive for six months till the end of the war. She was abused by two soldiers a day, others had to service seven to ten daily. “At first Khadiga said the soldiers tied a gag around her mouth to keep her from screaming. As months wore on and the captives’ spirit was broken, the soldiers devised a simple quid pro quo. They withheld the daily ration of food till the girls submitted to the full quota.”

d’ Aragon also wrote about Kamala Begum, a wealthy widow living in a Dacca suburb, who had packed her two daughters to the countryside for safety, confident that she was ‘too old’ to attract attention. But she was assaulted by two Pakistani soldiers and a Razakar in her home.

In the New York Times Magazine Aubrey Menen recorded the case of a 17-year-old Hindu bride living with her parents. “At ten one night a truckload of six soldiers burst into their home. Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind, one of them covering the family with his gun. They heard a barked order, the groom’s voice protesting, then silence until the bride screamed. In a few minutes one of the soldiers exited the room, his uniform in disarray, grinned to his companions and another soldier took his place.

“And so on until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then they hurriedly left. The father found his daughter lying on the string cot unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.”

Susan Brownmiller wrote that “the most serious crises was pregnancy…25,000 is the generally accepted figure…the bastard children with their fair Punjabi features would never be accepted into Bengali culture – and neither would their mothers.”

Unwanted babies

The stigma of rape in traditional Muslim societies and the appalling consequences were grotesquely displayed in Bangladesh where Mujibur’s plea on behalf of the victims, that the victims be reintegrated into society by their husbands and families taking them back, and by marriage for those who were single, to suitors from among Bahini combatants, fell on deaf ears.

Susan Brownmiller says that sadly “the marry-them-off campaign never got off the ground. Few prospective bridegrooms stepped forward, and those who did made it plain that they expected the government as the father figure to present them with handsome dowries.”

“The demands of the men have ranged from the latest model of Japanese car, painted red, to the publication of unpublished poems,” a government official bitterly complained.

Robert Trumbull in the New York Times quoted an Australian physician in Bangladesh who said that “almost every rape victim had a venereal disease.” The other horrific consequence was mass abortion. Planned Parenthood offered terminations in Dacca and seventeen provincial centres. Indigenous terminations were widespread. Dr. Geoffrey Davis of the International Abortion Research and Training Centre also reported that countless incidents of suicide and infanticide were recorded.

Overcoming their conservative aversion to abortion, Bengali women volunteers set up indigenous facilities on their own. Tahera Shafiq who headed the work was adamant. Rape was the wrong word, she said torture better described the experience of Bengali women.

Meanwhile Mother Theresa’s shelters opened their doors in Dacca to accept babies for adoption.

Was the rape of women in the East by Pakistan’s own army something inevitable, ad hoc, an unavoidable consequence of war? The renowned Indian novelist Mulk Raj Anand asserts that the rapes were so systematic and pervasive that they had to be the result of conscious policy, a “planned attempt by the West Pakistanis to create a new race or at least to dilute Bengali nationalism.”

(Concluded)



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US’ drastic aid cut to UN poses moral challenge to world

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An UN humanitarian mission in the Gaza. [File: Ashraf Amra/Anadolu Agency]

‘Adapt, shrink or die’ – thus runs the warning issued by the Trump administration to UN humanitarian agencies with brute insensitivity in the wake of its recent decision to drastically reduce to $2bn its humanitarian aid to the UN system. This is a substantial climb down from the $17bn the US usually provided to the UN for its humanitarian operations.

Considering that the US has hitherto been the UN’s biggest aid provider, it need hardly be said that the US decision would pose a daunting challenge to the UN’s humanitarian operations around the world. This would indeed mean that, among other things, people living in poverty and stifling material hardships, in particularly the Southern hemisphere, could dramatically increase. Coming on top of the US decision to bring to an end USAID operations, the poor of the world could be said to have been left to their devices as a consequence of these morally insensitive policy rethinks of the Trump administration.

Earlier, the UN had warned that it would be compelled to reduce its aid programs in the face of ‘the deepest funding cuts ever.’ In fact the UN is on record as requesting the world for $23bn for its 2026 aid operations.

If this UN appeal happens to go unheeded, the possibilities are that the UN would not be in a position to uphold the status it has hitherto held as the world’s foremost humanitarian aid provider. It would not be incorrect to state that a substantial part of the rationale for the UN’s existence could come in for questioning if its humanitarian identity is thus eroded.

Inherent in these developments is a challenge for those sections of the international community that wish to stand up and be counted as humanists and the ‘Conscience of the World.’ A responsibility is cast on them to not only keep the UN system going but to also ensure its increased efficiency as a humanitarian aid provider to particularly the poorest of the poor.

It is unfortunate that the US is increasingly opting for a position of international isolation. Such a policy position was adopted by it in the decades leading to World War Two and the consequences for the world as a result for this policy posture were most disquieting. For instance, it opened the door to the flourishing of dictatorial regimes in the West, such as that led by Adolph Hitler in Germany, which nearly paved the way for the subjugation of a good part of Europe by the Nazis.

If the US had not intervened militarily in the war on the side of the Allies, the West would have faced the distressing prospect of coming under the sway of the Nazis and as a result earned indefinite political and military repression. By entering World War Two the US helped to ward off these bleak outcomes and indeed helped the major democracies of Western Europe to hold their own and thrive against fascism and dictatorial rule.

Republican administrations in the US in particular have not proved the greatest defenders of democratic rule the world over, but by helping to keep the international power balance in favour of democracy and fundamental human rights they could keep under a tight leash fascism and linked anti-democratic forces even in contemporary times. Russia’s invasion and continued occupation of parts of Ukraine reminds us starkly that the democracy versus fascism battle is far from over.

Right now, the US needs to remain on the side of the rest of the West very firmly, lest fascism enjoys another unfettered lease of life through the absence of countervailing and substantial military and political power.

However, by reducing its financial support for the UN and backing away from sustaining its humanitarian programs the world over the US could be laying the ground work for an aggravation of poverty in the South in particular and its accompaniments, such as, political repression, runaway social discontent and anarchy.

What should not go unnoticed by the US is the fact that peace and social stability in the South and the flourishing of the same conditions in the global North are symbiotically linked, although not so apparent at first blush. For instance, if illegal migration from the South to the US is a major problem for the US today, it is because poor countries are not receiving development assistance from the UN system to the required degree. Such deprivation on the part of the South leads to aggravating social discontent in the latter and consequences such as illegal migratory movements from South to North.

Accordingly, it will be in the North’s best interests to ensure that the South is not deprived of sustained development assistance since the latter is an essential condition for social contentment and stable governance, which factors in turn would guard against the emergence of phenomena such as illegal migration.

Meanwhile, democratic sections of the rest of the world in particular need to consider it a matter of conscience to ensure the sustenance and flourishing of the UN system. To be sure, the UN system is considerably flawed but at present it could be called the most equitable and fair among international development organizations and the most far-flung one. Without it world poverty would have proved unmanageable along with the ills that come along with it.

Dehumanizing poverty is an indictment on humanity. It stands to reason that the world community should rally round the UN and ensure its survival lest the abomination which is poverty flourishes. In this undertaking the world needs to stand united. Ambiguities on this score could be self-defeating for the world community.

For example, all groupings of countries that could demonstrate economic muscle need to figure prominently in this initiative. One such grouping is BRICS. Inasmuch as the US and the West should shrug aside Realpolitik considerations in this enterprise, the same goes for organizations such as BRICS.

The arrival at the above international consensus would be greatly facilitated by stepped up dialogue among states on the continued importance of the UN system. Fresh efforts to speed-up UN reform would prove major catalysts in bringing about these positive changes as well. Also requiring to be shunned is the blind pursuit of narrow national interests.

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Egg white scene …

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Hi! Great to be back after my Christmas break.

Thought of starting this week with egg white.

Yes, eggs are brimming with nutrients beneficial for your overall health and wellness, but did you know that eggs, especially the whites, are excellent for your complexion?

OK, if you have no idea about how to use egg whites for your face, read on.

Egg White, Lemon, Honey:

Separate the yolk from the egg white and add about a teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice and about one and a half teaspoons of organic honey. Whisk all the ingredients together until they are mixed well.

Apply this mixture to your face and allow it to rest for about 15 minutes before cleansing your face with a gentle face wash.

Don’t forget to apply your favourite moisturiser, after using this face mask, to help seal in all the goodness.

Egg White, Avocado:

In a clean mixing bowl, start by mashing the avocado, until it turns into a soft, lump-free paste, and then add the whites of one egg, a teaspoon of yoghurt and mix everything together until it looks like a creamy paste.

Apply this mixture all over your face and neck area, and leave it on for about 20 to 30 minutes before washing it off with cold water and a gentle face wash.

Egg White, Cucumber, Yoghurt:

In a bowl, add one egg white, one teaspoon each of yoghurt, fresh cucumber juice and organic honey. Mix all the ingredients together until it forms a thick paste.

Apply this paste all over your face and neck area and leave it on for at least 20 minutes and then gently rinse off this face mask with lukewarm water and immediately follow it up with a gentle and nourishing moisturiser.

Egg White, Aloe Vera, Castor Oil:

To the egg white, add about a teaspoon each of aloe vera gel and castor oil and then mix all the ingredients together and apply it all over your face and neck area in a thin, even layer.

Leave it on for about 20 minutes and wash it off with a gentle face wash and some cold water. Follow it up with your favourite moisturiser.

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Confusion cropping up with Ne-Yo in the spotlight

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Ne-Yo: His management should clarify the last-minute cancellation

Superlatives galore were used, especially on social media, to highlight R&B singer Ne-Yo’s trip to Sri Lanka: Global superstar Ne-Yo to perform live in Colombo this December; Ne-Yo concert puts Sri Lanka back on the global entertainment map; A global music sensation is coming to Sri Lanka … and there were lots more!

At an official press conference, held at a five-star venue, in Colombo, it was indicated that the gathering marked a defining moment for Sri Lanka’s entertainment industry as international R&B powerhouse and three-time Grammy Award winner Ne-Yo prepares to take the stage in Colombo this December.

What’s more, the occasion was graced by the presence of Sunil Kumara Gamage, Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs of Sri Lanka, and Professor Ruwan Ranasinghe, Deputy Minister of Tourism, alongside distinguished dignitaries, sponsors, and members of the media.

Shah Rukh Khan: Disappointed his fans in Sri Lanka

According to reports, the concert had received the official endorsement of the Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau, recognising it as a flagship initiative in developing the country’s concert economy by attracting fans, and media, from all over South Asia.

Nick Carter: His concert, too, was cancelled due to “Unforeseen circumstances

However, I had that strange feeling that this concert would not become a reality, keeping in mind what happened to Nick Carter’s Colombo concert – cancelled at the very last moment.

Carter issued a video message announcing he had to return to the USA due to “unforeseen circumstances” and a “family emergency”.

Though “unforeseen circumstances” was the official reason provided by Carter and the local organisers, there was speculation that low ticket sales may also have been a factor in the cancellation.

Well, “Unforeseen Circumstances” has cropped up again!

In a brief statement, via social media, the organisers of the Ne-Yo concert said the decision was taken due to “unforeseen circumstances and factors beyond their control.”

Ne-Yo, too, subsequently made an announcement, citing “Unforeseen circumstances.”

The public has a right to know what these “unforeseen circumstances” are, and who is to be blamed – the organisers or Ne-Yo!

Ne-Yo’s management certainly need to come out with the truth.

However, those who are aware of some of the happenings in the setup here put it down to poor ticket sales, mentioning that the tickets for the concert, and a meet-and-greet event, were exorbitantly high, considering that Ne-Yo is not a current mega star.

We also had a cancellation coming our way from Shah Rukh Khan, who was scheduled to visit Sri Lanka for the City of Dreams resort launch, and then this was received: “Unfortunately due to unforeseen personal reasons beyond his control, Mr. Khan is no longer able to attend.”

Referring to this kind of mess up, a leading showbiz personality said that it will only make people reluctant to buy their tickets, online.

“Tickets will go mostly at the gate and it will be very bad for the industry,” he added.

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