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Key to resilient plantation agriculture in Sri Lanka

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Sustainable soil health:

by Lalin I De Silva

With the escalating impacts of climate change, Sri Lanka’s plantation sector—spanning tea, rubber, coconut, spices, and oil palm—faces critical challenges in maintaining soil health. As fluctuating weather patterns affect nutrient availability and increase erosion, achieving sustainable crop productivity requires rethinking soil management. This article explores why a shift to adaptive soil practices is essential, discussing the role of nutrient management, organic matter enhancement, and precision techniques that can support a climate-resilient future for Sri Lankan planters.

Understanding Soil Health and Climate Adaptation

In Sri Lanka, where agriculture is deeply interwoven with economic stability and cultural heritage, soil is a foundational asset. Healthy soil not only sustains high yields but also contributes to carbon sequestration and water retention. However, climate change introduces frequent rainfall variability, which accelerates nutrient leaching, affects soil structure, and increases erosion risk—especially in sloped plantation areas common in tea production. Understanding the specific nutrient needs of each crop and adapting soil practices accordingly can help mitigate these adverse impacts.

Key Soil Nutrients and Their Importance

The macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) play vital roles in crop health, but their optimal levels vary between plantation crops:

Nitrogen (N): Essential for foliage growth, nitrogen requirements are particularly high for tea, which thrives with approximately 20-25 mg/kg. For other crops like coconut and oil palm, nitrogen supports broader canopy development, which is important for resilience against drought.

Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus supports root development, critical in early plant growth and essential for strong, resilient crops. A good level for most plantation soils falls between 10-30 mg/kg, depending on soil type and crop. Coconut, which requires strong roots for water absorption, greatly benefits from adequate phosphorus levels.

Potassium (K): Often called the “quality nutrient,” potassium improves crop resilience and quality. For example, tea thrives with potassium levels of 120-150 mg/kg, while rubber and coconut need slightly higher levels to promote nutrient distribution across the plant structure, supporting resilience during dry spells.

Tailoring Soil Practices for Plantation Resilience

Plantations must adopt region-specific soil management practices to meet crop needs while minimizing environmental impact. Here are some effective techniques for sustainable soil management:

Cover Crops and Erosion Control: By planting cover crops like legumes, farmers can reduce erosion while adding nitrogen to the soil naturally. Cover crops shield soil from heavy rain, reducing topsoil loss and adding organic matter as they decompose, which improves nutrient availability and soil structure over time.

Organic Matter Management: Increasing organic matter in the soil improves moisture retention and overall fertility. Applying compost, mulches, or green manure boosts organic carbon levels, which is particularly beneficial in tropical climates with high decomposition rates. Mulching, for instance, helps regulate soil temperature, retain moisture, and add essential nutrients as it decomposes.

Biochar Application: Biochar, a type of charcoal added to the soil, improves water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial health. In tea estates or high-rainfall areas, biochar acts as a stabilizer, helping the soil retain nutrients that might otherwise be washed away. Its porous structure holds onto moisture, benefiting root health during dry periods.

Precision Fertilisation

Implementing a targeted fertilisation approach ensures the soil receives just the nutrients it needs. Slow-release fertilisers and digital soil sensors reduce nutrient leaching, prevent over-application, and support a balanced nutrient profile. For example, the use of a portable spectrophotometer can measure soil nutrient levels, guiding adjustments that enhance productivity and reduce waste.

Carbon Sequestration Techniques: Practices like agroforestry and low-tillage farming promote carbon storage in the soil, contributing to climate resilience and soil fertility. By integrating trees with crops, agroforestry not only sequesters carbon but also protects against soil erosion and provides shade, which reduces crop stress during high temperatures.

Implementing Soil Testing and Monitoring

For Sri Lankan planters, regular soil testing and monitoring are essential to maintain optimal soil health. Digital tools such as portable pH meters, EC (Electrical Conductivity) meters, and NPK soil test kits provide valuable data on soil composition and health. By regularly testing for pH, organic carbon, and nutrient levels, planters can make informed decisions on crop nutrition and soil amendments. Mapping plantation areas using handheld GPS devices also aids in precision agriculture, allowing farmers to apply fertilizers and water only where necessary, minimizing environmental impact.

Promoting Soil Biodiversity and Microbial Health

Healthy soils host a diverse range of micro organisms, essential for nutrient cycling and disease suppression. Adopting organic inputs and minimising chemical usage help sustain beneficial bacteria, fungi, and earthworms, all of which improve soil structure and fertility. Mycorrhizal fungi, for instance, form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing phosphorus uptake and strengthening plants against drought stress. Encouraging these organisms through organic farming practices is a vital component of sustainable soil health.

Way Forward: Embracing a Soil-Centric Approach in Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan planters face unique challenges from climate change, but by adopting a soil-centric approach, they can maintain crop yields and enhance environmental resilience. Partnerships with agronomists and value chain consultants can assist in identifying effective practices suited to local soil types and climate conditions. Additionally, government support for sustainable farming incentives and education initiatives would empower farmers to adopt these practices.

Implementing soil-friendly practices at scale requires both knowledge-sharing and community cooperation. Initiatives like training programes in precision agriculture, digital tools for soil monitoring, and organic fertiliser subsidies could be valuable. By aligning these practices with Sri Lanka’s climate resilience goals, the plantation sector can enhance productivity sustainably.

Maintaining healthy soils is not only a matter of crop productivity; it is a defence strategy against the unpredictable impacts of climate change. Through sustainable soil management practices—such as increasing organic matter, precise nutrient application, and encouraging soil biodiversity—Sri Lanka’s planters can create resilient agricultural systems that support long-term economic stability. Embracing these practices will enable the plantation sector to flourish sustainably, preserving the environment while continuing to contribute to the nation’s economy. With a soil-centric approach, the future of Sri Lankan agriculture holds promise for both productivity and resilience in the face of climate change.

Lalin I De Silva is a value chain journalist of www.vivonta.lk, Senior Planter, Agricultural Advisor / Consultant, Secretary General of Ceylon Planters Society, Editor of Ceylon Planters Society Bulletin and freelance journalist.



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Opinion

Imagining what the Buddha looked like

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A Buddha statue

by Dr Upul Wijayawardhana

How would the Buddha have looked like in real life?” This question was posed by Prof. Asanga Thilakaratna, the Chief Editor of the Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, during one of the two analytical lectures delivered at the launch of the Sinhala translation of Bhante Dhammika’s ‘unusual’ biography of the Buddha “Footprints in the Dust”, by Venerable Kudagammana Seelarathana, on 8th January at the Nagananda Buddhist Institute in Kelaniya. “The image we get by looking at numerous sculptures, drawings and paintings of the Buddha as a plump, round faced individual may be far from the reality. After all, the Buddha went through a period of extreme starvation prior to attaining enlightenment and had a hard life, as well illustrated in this realistic biography” he commented prior to posing this question. As the title itself indicates, the Buddha travelled the length and breadth of ancient India on foot, most likely barefoot. Prof. Thilakaratna highlighted the uniqueness of this biography and pointed out the high quality of the translation by stating that when one reads Venerable Seelarathana’s work one does not get the feel that it is a translation.

No one who had seen the Buddha during life has made an accurate record of what He looked like and for centuries after Parinibbana, the Buddha was depicted in symbols. He never encouraged idol worship and named the Dhamma as His successor. He wanted us to tread the path shown but what have we done instead? We have made the Buddha supernatural and the deification is seen in all paintings and sculptures. Instead of following the Dhamma, we have wrapped it around in rituals and produced the religion of Buddhism, supplanting the philosophy, metaphysics and science of Buddha’s teachings.

The first sculptural depictions of the Buddha were made around the first century BCE, probably by Greek sculptors, in Gandhara region, currently in Afghanistan and Pakistan where once flourishing Buddhist civilisation has been replaced by Islamic culture. From then onwards, Buddha started being depicted in various parts of the world where Buddhism spread, giving the Buddha the appearance of that particular area. This is no surprise as Buddhism was a ‘religion’ that was interpreted through the lens of the culture of each respective area. The answer to Prof Thilakaratna’s question is that it probably is an almost impossible task but by reading Bhante Dhammika’s book, or the excellent Sinhala translation Duwille Renduna Piyasatahan by Venerable Seelarathana, we can imagine how the Buddha operated during his lifetime.

Although I was not able to be physically present, thanks to modern technology I was able to watch the proceedings on a Zoom broadcast and it was a gratifying moment for me.

In an article titled “Is there a need for another ‘Life of the Buddha’?” (The Island, 28 May 2022), I wrote the following:

“Bhante Shravasti Dhammika of Australia, a prolific writer, who has authored many books, keeps us informed of various aspects of Buddhism by his regular contributions to The Island and the Sunday Island. Thanks to an introduction by my good friend Tissa Devendra, I have been in regular touch with Bhante Dhammika and turn to him whenever I have a question on Buddhism. When he sent me a soft copy of his latest book, “Footprints in the Dust”, which carries the subtitle, “The Life of the Buddha from the Most Ancient Sources”, I asked myself, ‘Is there a need for yet another Life of the Buddha’? After all, there’s plenty to choose from!”

In fact, the other analytical presentation at this event was by Venerable Uduhawara Ananda, Head of the Department of Pali and Buddhist studies of the University of Colombo, who traced the lineage of biographies of the Buddha from ancient times to modern, emphasising the differences of Bhante Dhammika’s work, confirming what I stated in my piece:

“My doubts regarding the need for another biography of the Buddha started to melt away, as soon as I started reading this absorbing book with very realistic analysis of events. In fact, the book deals with much more than the title suggests and is an analysis of the life and the times of the Buddha. Most books on Buddha’s life are written with a reverential than an analytical attitude and do not put the prevailing conditions in India in context. These are the two major differences and the great strength of this monograph. Though some traditional Buddhists may not agree with Bhante Dhammika’s interpretations, as he is not shy in pointing out exaggerations, I have no disagreements whatsoever and have come to know the Buddha better; as an extraordinary human being, far ahead of his time who led a very simple life, walking barefoot across India, disseminating His message.”

Having written thus, I was convinced that Sinhala readers too should have the opportunity to explore this wonderful work but even before I could make this suggestion, Bhante Dhammika contacted me to find out whether I could translate or find a suitable translator. I had to admit that I had not inherited the translation abilities of my late father but was able to suggest Venerable Seelarathana on the basis of an excellent translation he made of an article of mine on the genius of Karunaratna Abeysekara. Though I am yet to meet Venerable Seelarathana, who is resident in the USA, I have learned since about his very significant contribution to Sinhala literature.

At the request of Bhante Dhammika, when I made the proposal, Venerable Seelarathana readily accepted the challenge and offered to be in contact with Bhante Dhammika and as they say ‘rest is history’. The proceedings commenced with Bhante Dhammika joining via Zoom from Australia to confer his blessings and I am much obliged to him for calling me the facilitator, though he got my name mixed up as Upali! Perhaps, Upali resonated better for Bhante Dhammika as Arahant Upali was one of the chief disciples of the Buddha, who specialised in monastic discipline. However, in Sri Lankan politics I have been occasionally confused with the great Upali Wijewardena. Then Upali wanted to contest a general election from Kamburupitiya and many thought it was me, as my father had contested from that electorate!

The two lectures delivered by Venerable Uduhawara Anada and Prof. Asanga Thilakaratna were masterful discourses and I hope that Venerable Seelarathana will be able to find time to translate them into English.

I do hope the Sinhala readers will extend a warm welcome to this valuable translation and no doubt it would evoke much discussion as some of the facts may go against the traditionally held beliefs, but it is high time we started appreciating the achievements of the Buddha as that of a human being; a supreme one at that, even though we cannot imagine what he looked like!

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Opinion

When absolute power corrupts absolutely

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Only Americans can elect a maverick like Donald Trump as President a second time to take office as the 47th President.

Dozens of countries have expressed “unwavering support” for the International Criminal Court (ICC) after US President Donald Trump imposed sanctions on its staff. A majority of member states, including the UK, Germany and France, said that the ICC was “a vital pillar of the international justice system”. Trump announced the sanctions after hosting Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu – the first foreign leader to visit him since returning to power. Last year, the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Netanyahu over alleged war crimes in Gaza – which Israel denies – as well as for a Hamas commander. The US has condemned the court’s “shameful moral equivalency” between Israel and Hamas.

The US and Israel do not recognise the authority of the ICC, the only global court with powers to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. It has also previously launched investigations into US citizens. The ICC counts 125 member states around the world, including the UK and many European nations. The UK, France and Germany were among the 79 signatories to a joint statement issued on Friday to condemn Trump’s executive order. Australia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Italy were conspicuous by their absence! The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a global court with the power to bring prosecutions for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. US President Donald Trump has announced sanctions against the court, which he accuses of “illegitimate and baseless actions targeting America and our close ally Israel”. They are partners in crime! The court, based in the Dutch city of The Hague, was established in 2002 to hold rogue leaders responsible for atrocities to account. World leaders had increasingly pushed for its creation in the wake of the Yugoslav wars and the Rwandan Genocide. It is a court of last resort, intervening only when national authorities cannot, or will not, prosecute. It can only deal with crimes committed after 1 July 2002, when the Rome Statute – which established the court – came into force.

The Rome Statute has been ratified by 125 countries, including the UK and many European nations. More than 30 others have signed and may ratify it in the future.

However, the US and Israel are not members of the ICC. Judges at the court said there were “reasonable grounds” that Netanyahu and his former Defence Minister Yoav Gallant, and Hamas military commander Mohammed Deif bore “criminal responsibility for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity”.

The Rome Statute has been ratified by 125 countries, including the UK and many European nations. More than 30 others have signed and may ratify it in the future.

It is sheer hypocrisy to see how the so called democracies condemn unequivocally invasion of Ukraine by Putin’s Russia while illegal occupation of Palestine by Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel is acceptable to Trump who seems to think he owns USA to do whatever he wants! Fair to say all the same some aspects of his political agenda under the caption of “America First” – deport illegal immigrants, to impose heavy tariffs to contain China flooding the world with its manufactured goods, etc., do make sense. But, as leader of the world’s richest country, he cannot behave like a loose cannon!

Sunil Dharmabandhu
Wales, UK

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Opinion

The Birth of the Harry Jayawardena Empire (1977)

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Harry Jayawardena

When I heard of the death of Harry Jayawardena, I remember the reaction of my father when he heard of the death of H.V.Perera , a legend of the legal profession in post independence days. My father H.A.J Hulugalle spluttered “A mighty oak has fallen”. I felt very much the same when I heard of Harry’s death.

It feels almost ridiculous for an 87-year-old like myself to write an appreciation of Harry Jayawardena. He was such an overwhelming public figure. My main qualification for doing this is that I saw his ascent over 48 years.

Not many knew of him back then in 1977, though some may have recognized him as the dynamic Manager in the Consolexpos’ Tea Department.

Harry, like my brother Haris Hulugalle, was a strong supporter of Mrs. Bandaranaike’s policies and stood by her through thick and thin.

While working for Mrs. Bandaranaike, especially during the 1977 election, my brother Haris could see Harry’s exceptional abilities. But after Mrs. Bandaranaike’s party was routed by the UNP, Harry knew his days as the Manager at Consolexpo were numbered. Feeling disheartened and demoralized, he confided in Haris about his uncertain future.

Harry was brought into our office and reassured, “If you cannot return to Consolexpo, we will help you start your own tea business.” Harry’s concern was, “But where will we get the money, Sir?” he asked us. “We’ll find it. Just come to our office, and we’ll give you some chairs and tables, and you can start working right away if you have the business to back it.” Our office was at “Holywell”, 90, Galle Road Kollupitiya, a hundred year old dilapidated office built by the Steuarts. Today, Seylan Bank has replaced “Holywell” with a modern office Building.

Harry accepted the invitation and 13 members of his staff from Consolexpo were housed in a hall in relatively simple surroundings in our humble but vibrant office. This was 1977 and life was in any case much simpler.

Barely, 10 days before Harry passed away, he telephoned me and spoke about those days. He told me that he missed Haris very much. Did Harry have the premonition that his days were numbered and he was going to meet Haris elsewhere?

Harry throughout his business career claimed that it was Haris who had inspired him on his business trajectory. There is some element of truth in this. Haris was born on the March 3, 1930, birthday of C.H. de Soysa. Dr D.E. Wijewardene, brother of D.R.Wijewardene, a leading gynecologist while delivering the baby proclaimed “C.H. de Soysa is reborn”.

Harry and Haris had a common interest in business and that was to create businesses for the common betterment.

At that time Haris and I operated a successful printing and publishing establishment which enabled us to support Harry on his new venture. Haris had recognized Harry as a genius, way beyond his own capacity.

At that stage, there were three matters that had to be attended to at the Sri Lankan end. They were 1) formation of a company, 2) relationship with a Bank and 3) a license to trade in tea for export.

To form a company, we needed a name. We asked Harry “What are your names?”

“Harold” said Harry.

Harry Jayawardana (right) with Haris Hulugalle (left) at a wedding reception. The bridegroom is in the center

“That won’t do. Have you any other names?” said Haris.

“Yes, I am Don Harold Stassen” came the answer.

The quick reply was “Stassen it has to be”. So the name was accepted without any further discussion. The name of this future conglomerate was born.

The next move was to establish a relationship with the Bank. The relationship with the new government was hostile towards Harry. No State Bank would touch him.

Harry and V.P.Vittachi, who later was Chairman of Stassens went to the Commercial Bank. There they drew a blank. Co-laterals were asked for leading to a refusal of granting a facility.

I then went with Harry to the DGM Hatton National Bank, L.S.D.Peiris. Peiris listened to the young Harry, who Sir d him from beginning to the end of the conversation. Harry had Letters of Credit from first class Middle Eastern Banks. Another DGM, Gaston Goonewardene was brought into the discussion and the deal was sealed.

The facility given was Rs 250,000 Overdraft and Rs 1,000,000 packing credit. Ten years later Harry took control of the Bank as its Chairman.

I am not familiar with the story of the Tea License. That I understand would have been negotiated by V.P. Vittachi using his civil service connection to Ronnie de Mel, the Minister Of Finance.

Many others will have interesting narratives about the birth of Stassens. What I touch here is what I saw firsthand. Harry Jayawardena created an Empire which was in the league of C.H. de Soysa (who owned 80,000 acres of land) and other outstanding entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka.

I will deeply miss Harry, his sincerity and friendship. He was a devout Catholic, his faith served as the intellectual and spiritual foundation that fueled his dynamism. He cherished his family—his wife, Priya, and their three children.

Arjuna Hulugalle

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