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Midweek Review

Deep divisions over Rohingya ‘refugees’

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By Shamindra Ferdinando

Sri Lanka must address the developing issue of Rohingya refugees cautiously. Whatever the domestic politics, or divisions within political parties represented in Parliament, the country shouldn’t, under any circumstances, encourage more Rohingyas to seek refuge here or use northern Sri Lanka as a transit point.

Unless the National People’s Power (NPP) government reaches a consensus with the main Opposition Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB) in this regard, swiftly, interested parties here, and in Myanmar, are likely to exploit the situation to their advantage.

Bankrupt Sri Lanka, beset with political, economic and social problems, cannot afford to accommodate boat loads of Rohingyas.

Rohingyas are an ethnic group, the majority of whom are Muslims hailing from Bangladesh, but denied citizenship in Myanmar since 1982. The move has effectively rendered them stateless. Alleging constant persecution over the years by the Myanmar government, Rohingyas have sought refuge elsewhere.

The Rohingya issue attracted fresh public attention after the Navy rescued 115 persons found adrift on a fishing trawler off Mullaitivu on 19 Dec., last year. Although Rohingya shad reached Sri Lankan waters previously, it was not a favoured destination, with majority Muslim Malaysia and Indonesia being their major destinations.

Public Security and Parliamentary Affairs Minister Ananda Wijepala, on 08 January, warned Parliament that as many as 100,000 Rohingyas could reach Sri Lankan waters.

The former Private Secretary to the then JVP Parliamentarian Anura Kumara Dissanayake, and the new entrant to Parliament, based his claim on intelligence services’ assessments. Responding to a query by The Island, Minister Wijepala declared that the government wouldn’t give into human traffickers and various other interested parties, peddling the Rohingya issue, but would conduct a thorough investigation to establish the truth.

The Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka (HRCSL) on 27 Dec., 2024, took up the Rohingya issue with President Anura Kumara Dissanayake. The HRCSL found fault with the government for not allowing the HRCSL team to visit the Rohingyas held at the Kepapilavu Air Force camp in Mullaitivu. The HRCSL made its highly publicized intervention within 24 hours after the Air Force denied entry to its team.

HRCSL Chairman, retired Supreme Court Justice L.T.B. Dehideniya, in his letter dated 27 Dec., 2024, reminded President Dissanayake that, according to section 11(d) of the HRCSL Act, No. 21 of 1996, the powers and functions of the Commission extend not only to Sri Lankan citizens but to “any person” detained within Sri Lanka.

Therefore, the Commission has the statutory authority to access the said Air Force Camp and monitor the detention conditions of all asylum seekers, including the children present, Dehideniya declared.

Strangely Justice Dehideniya, however, gave a lame excuse last year not to probe serious allegation made by former Speaker Abeywardena about external involvement in President Gotabaya Rajapaksa’s forced ouster when he said that Speaker Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena’s claim of foreign interventions could be inquired into only if he received a complaint.

The Rohingya issue should receive the NPP government’s priority. The government cannot absolve itself of the responsibility for thwarting organized attempts by human traffickers to use Northern Sri Lanka to receive Rohingyas. Of the 115 rescued off Mullaitivu, the 12-member crew had been remanded by Trincomalee Acting Magistrate, Abdul Saleem, pending further investigations.

The issue at hand is whether the destination of the trawler was Sri Lanka or the vessel, after engine breakdown, and due to inclement weather, simply drifted towards Vellamullivaikkal, the scene of fierce fighting during the last phase of the ground offensive against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

Let me stress that this journey is not the first boat to reach Sri Lanka, situated about 1,750km (1,100 miles) across open seas, southwest of Myanmar. In Dec., 2022, the Navy rescued another boat carrying over 100 Rohingyas, during Wickremesinghe’s presidency.

Large groups of Rohingyas had fled Myanmar, over the past years, due to military action, but in the recent past the Myanmar government recruited some Rohingyas to the military. Myanmar turned to Rohingyas to strengthen its Army fighting the ethnic terrorist group, called the Arakan Army, in Rakhine state.

Rohingya issue taken up in Parliament

Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) leader Rauf Hakeem raised the Rohingya issue in Parliament. Attorney-at-Law Hakeem condemned the NPP administration for its response to the latest arrival of Rohingyas.

Lawmaker Hakeem discussed the issue against the backdrop of Myanmar facing a genocide trial at the International Court of Justice, in The Hague, over its treatment of the Rohingyas.

All Ceylon Makkal Congress (ACMC) leader Rishad Bathiudeen, SJB MP Mujibur Rahuman, as well as former MP, senior state counsel and ex-Ambassador in Tehran M.M. Zuhair, PC, intervened on behalf of Rohingyas. Lawmakers took up the issue in Parliament. A section of the civil society, too, intervened.

Some found fault with SJB leader Sajith Premadasa for the stand taken up by Hakeem, Bathiudeen and Rahuman as they were elected to Parliament on the SJB ticket.

Referring to the Air Force depriving HRCSL of an opportunity to visit the Rohingyas on 26 Dec., 2024, the Commission brought the incident to President Dissanayake.

Lawmaker Hakeem, in a fiery speech delivered in Parliament, threw his weight behind the HRCSL. Hakeem declared: “The HRCSL has the right to go and inspect any place where there is a report about maltreatment and ill-treatment of individuals. This is not the first time refugees from Myanmar arrived in Sri Lanka. Way back in 2008, 2017 and 2018 such people came here”

The Air Force action is a total violation of the HRCSL Act, the one-time Justice Minister alleged, warning the Air Force could be held in contempt.

The Kandy district lawmaker also referred to the strong statement issued by PC Zuhair in this regard. Hakeem slammed Public Security Minister Wijepala for the government’s stand on the developing issue. He questioned the rationale in the NPP government consulting the Myanmar government responsible for the massive exodus of people.

Alleging that Myanmar relentlessly persecuted the Rohingyas, the SLMC leader declared that hundreds of thousands of people had left the country. Hakeem estimated the number of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and Malaysia almost at a million and nearly 500,000, respectively. Indonesia, the UAE and Saudi Arabia, as well as Western countries, had given them refuge, the ex-Minister said. Hakeem censured Minister Wijepala for calling the Rohingya refugees human traffickers. “How dare you say this? How dare you say this? Do you forget your own members, way back in the ’70s ’80s, when you were persecuted and you took refuge in Italy, in the UK, France, all over, and in Lebanon? How many JVP activists were there as refugees?’

Hakeem was referring to the 1971 and 1987-1990 JVP-led terror campaigns that were ruthlessly suppressed by the SLFP and UNP administrations, respectively.

The SLMCer also found fault with the Public Security Minister and his Deputy Attorney-at-Law Sunil Watagala for simply acting on the advice of officials without realizing the responsibility on their part to properly function as MPs.

Hakeem demanded that the government act in accordance with international law and UNHCR must be asked to provide the necessary security. “The government is bound under humanitarian law and under UN declaration of human rights, where specific sections have been highlighted.”

The SLMC leader asked the government not to forcefully repatriate the Rohingyas. The right of Hakeem, Bathiudeen, Rahuman and Zuhair to represent the interests of the Rohingyas cannot be disputed.

Eminent lawyer Zuhair pointed out that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948, in Article 14 states, “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution”. Sri Lanka is a party to this United Nations sponsored international convention. Persecution in Myanmar is well known. Violent persecution of Rohingyas is well documented and established beyond debate.

The ex-Ambassador said that the HRCSL should be allowed to operate in terms of article 14 of the UDHR and related provisions of the applicable treaties. Amidst the continuing controversy over the Rohingya refugees, The Island carried hard-hitting statements issued by Zuhair, Rahuman and Bathiudeen.

SJB’s stance questioned

Political analyst Shenali Waduge blamed the SJB’s stand on the Rohingya issue. Referring to a Rohingya refugee woman delivering a baby boy at Mullaitivu hospital on 21 January, 2025, Ms. Waduge sarcastically said that the SJB could adopt the child.

The prolific writer questioned the SJB pursuing a politically motivated strategy meant to encourage more boat loads of Rohingyas. She warned of dire consequences unless political parties represented in Parliament took a national stand instead of seeking political advantage. The crux of the matter is the possibility of external elements having influence over a political party represented in Parliament or individual lawmakers.

The bottom line is Sri Lanka lacked the wherewithal to engage in such a risky project. In other words, Sri Lanka shouldn’t get entangled in the Rohingya matter. Let the government address this issue in consultation with the Myanmar government and UNHCR.

The Rohingya issue took a different turn when the North-East Coordination Committee spearheaded a protest in Mullaitivu demanding that the refugees shouldn’t be deported. Jesumaney Yartan Figurado, the joint co-ordinator of the grouping, was among the participants. The CID’s Human Trafficking and Maritime Crime Division recorded a statement from Figurado regarding his involvement in the protest.

It would be pertinent to mention that the North-East Coordination Committee campaigns for permanent devolution of power to the North and East. The Committee has repeatedly urged Tamil political parties not to pursue strategies that may undermine their efforts to secure international recognition.

Obviously various interested parties cooperate on movement of refugees across national boundaries. The recent actions taken by US President Donald Trump underscores the importance the new Republican administration attaches to protecting US borders. Over the past several decades, for want of cohesive international cooperation against organized but illegal and lucrative movement of various people gathered momentum with America, Canada and Europe being flooded with uninvited guests.

Australia is one of the countries that has adopted a tough military-led initiative called ‘Operation Sovereign Borders’ launched in 2013 to curb illegals reaching land. In spite of the change of governments, both here and Australia, successive administrations remained fully committed to the high profile operation that facilitated the forceful repatriation of Sri Lankan illegals.

Sri Lanka needs a national policy to address the contentious issue of illegals. Australia has underscored that their policy in this regard is beyond party politics.

Over the past several decades EU countries, the UK, Canada, Scandinavian countries and the US, have accommodated thousands of ex-Sri Lankan terrorists, including those who had received weapons training in India, and in Sri Lanka also by Indian instructors. Foreign governments granted them citizenship on the pretext of them being political refugees.

The possibility of wanted men being among those Rohingyas who had fled to different countries cannot be ruled out.

Let us remind our readers of the case of Antonythasan Jesuthasan, the male star of renowned French filmmaker Jacques Audiard’s Deepan that won the Palme d’Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. Jesuthasan, an ex-Sri Lankan terrorist, and most probably still categorized as missing/disappeared from here, is on record as having revealed how he inflicted injury on himself to secure political asylum.

In an interview with Tom Seymour (TS) posted in The Guardian nearly a decade ago, in the wake of Palme d’Or, Jesuthasan, while revealing what TS called a dense lattice of scars, said: “I did those to myself.” Having mimicked running a blade across his skin, Jesuthasan told TS. “I was 22, and I had spent years trying to come to the west. I wanted to get a fake French passport, but I had to be accepted as a refugee. I went to the UNHCR [the UN High Commissioner for Refugees], but they wouldn’t believe my story. So I cut myself, and held up my arm, and said to them: ‘Look at my blood. This is my word.”

Jesuthasan’s story is not different from millions of similar tales. They are all beneficiaries of governments which knowingly accepted fake documents and clandestine operations of illegal traffickers. That is the truth some do not want to accept.

SW’s take on Rohingya

Former Public Security Minister and retired Rear Admiral Sarath Weerasekera emphasized the responsibility on the part of the government to counter propaganda meant to compel the country to accept groups of Rohingya. Some people with vested interests questioned the government’s authority to hold a group of Rohingyas in an Air Force camp, the former Navy Chief of Staff pointed out.

Acknowledging that Rohingyas had been brutally treated by the Myanmar military over the years, the former lawmaker emphasized that the violence therein should be examined against the backdrop of attacks on 30 Myanmar military camps in August 2017 carried out by ARSA (Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army).

Quoting Amnesty International, Weerasekera said that armed Rohingyas carried out attacks on Hindus in August 2017, killing 99 persons over the latter’s refusal to embrace Islam.

The former Minister pointed out that Premier Narendra Modi ordered the deportation of Rohingyas who entered India following the 2021 military coup. Referring to different Asian governments’ response to the Myanmar crisis, Weerasekera urged the government to be extra cautious in addressing this issue.

It would be a great mistake on Sri Lanka’s part if the government failed to reach a consensus on this vexed issue as quickly as possible, the ex-Minister said.

Political parties represented in Parliament hadn’t been able to reach an agreement on major national issues. There cannot be a better example than their failure to agree on the need to defeat terrorism that caused immense death and destruction for three decades.

The executive, legislature and judiciary should work collectively to address major issues that may spiral out of control unless dealt swiftly and decisively. Regardless of party politics and whatever differences among political parties represented in Parliament, MPs couldn’t act regardless of collective responsibility towards the wellbeing of the country.



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Midweek Review

Impact of US policy shift on Sri Lanka

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Early honeymoon period after mission accomplished with toppling of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa. Julie Chung shares a light moment with Ranil Wickremesinghe during a three-day visit to Nuwara Eliya and Ella in early July 2023. Ella Odyssey was part of Sri Lanka’s commemoration of 75 years of independence. Colombo-based foreign heads of missions and nine heads of mission, based in New Delhi, joined the journey (pic courtesy PMD)

President Trump has unceremoniously overturned US foreign policy. His decision to deport illegal Indian migrants just ahead of a summit with Premier Narendra Modi, underscored the tough stance taken by the new US admiration. The much-touted US-India strategic partnership didn’t deter Trump from carrying out the much-publicized humiliating deportations of Indians. US Vice President J.D. Vance’s speech at the Munich Security Conference, recently, indicated that Trump has terminated his special relationship with Europe and is charting his own course. The upcoming Trump and Russian leader Putin’s meeting stressed that the US policy wouldn’t be shaped by European concerns over Russia. Against that background, the US is very much unlikely to pursue the Biden policy as regards bankrupt Sri Lanka. Actually, Sri Lanka’s political leadership will have to do some serious thinking and re-examining our position as Trump redraws US foreign policy.

By Shamindra Ferdinando

Since the successful conclusion of the war in mid-May 2009, despite all the naysayers, and even the likes of the then British Foreign Secretary David Milliband and French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner, rushing here at the eleventh hour with the hope of getting President Mahinda Rajapaksa to halt the offensive to enable them to evacuate the LTTE supremo, his family and their surviving fanatical terrorist band to safety abroad, the US appointed five Ambassadors to Colombo. Of them four were women, namely Patricia A. Butenis, Michele J. Sison, Alaina B. Teplitz and incumbent Julie J. Chung. Between the tenures of Sison and Teplitz, the only male Atul Keshap, of Indian origin, served here for a period of four years (Aug. 2015-July 2018) during the Yahapalana administration.

Ambassador Chung oversaw President Gotabaya Rajapaksa’s forced ouster in 2022. In spite of her denial, Amb. Chung’s role in President Rajapaksa’s removal is clear and cannot be disputed. Amb. Chung will soon be replaced by Elizabeth Kathryn Horst, currently the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary and Deputy Assistant Secretary responsible for Pakistan, yet another country in which Washington is mired in regime change operations in the region.

Amb. Chung presented her credentials on Feb. 25, 2022, to President Rajapaksa, at the Janadhipathi Mandiraya. The President was flanked by State Foreign Minister Tharaka Balasuriya and Presidential Secretary Gamini Senarath. The new US envoy took office close on the heels of a major crisis within the government that compelled the President to ask for his Secretary Dr. P.B. Jayasundera’s resignation. Just five weeks after Amb. Chung took over the mission, the ‘GotaGoHome’ campaign got underway and a President, elected with over 6.9 mn votes on the SLPP ticket, was thrown out of office within four and half months by violent mobs armed with meticulous intelligence as to which politicians’ houses were to be ransacked and torched, along with those of their close supporters in a matter of a few hours, especially on May 09, 2022. Exactly two months later they completed their despicable mission by storming the Presidential palace.

The SLPP, both in and outside Parliament, accused Amb. Chung of staging the ouster of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa. Award-winning author Sena Thoradeniya (Galle Face Protest: System Change or Anarchy) and (Nine: The Hidden Story) by National Freedom Front (NFF) leader Wimal Weerawansa, MP, dealt with Amb. Chung’s sordid involvement.

However, the writer believes that the whole exercise should be examined as another arrogant US intrusion rather than Amb. Chung’s private agenda. Her job was to do the bidding of Washington. Let me stress that the US made a serious but an abortive attempt to bring President Mahinda Rajapaksa’s reign to an end in 2010. Thanks to Wikileaks we know how the US used a UNP-led coalition, that included the wartime LTTE ally the Tamil National Alliance (TNA), and the JVP, to back retired General Sarath Fonseka at the presidential election. That gamble failed. The war-winning Army Chief ended up with egg on his face with an unforgettable thrashing from the overwhelming southern electorate.

Eyebrows were raised when the outgoing American envoy recently expressed her desire to meet Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) leaders at the Nelum Mawatha party office as she never bothered to do so since her arrival in early 2022.

Contrary to speculation, the outgoing US Ambassador had sought a meeting about two weeks ago before the unprecedented public exposure about the USAID’s (United States Agency for International Agency) sinister operations here and worldwide in the wake of the new US administration deciding to curtail drastically its operations for being a white elephant as America itself is being confronted with a fast developing and yet to be fully fathomed economic crisis, which might even exceed the worldwide Great Depression that came with the 1929 stock market crash. On her arrival at Nelum Mawatha last Friday (14) Amb. Chung was received by SLPP General Secretary and Attorney-at-Law Prasad Kariyawasam. The SLPP delegation was led by its National Organizer Namal Rajapaksa and one of the three lawmakers in the current Parliament. Having accused her of being in the thick of the regime change, the SLPP’s readiness to meet Amb. Chung, too, is a mystery.

It would be pertinent to briefly explain the USAID’s global objectives as the vast majority wrongly believed the agency is meant for humanitarian work. It is definitely not a charity. Its main objective is to strengthen capabilities of US agents, or assets, at local and regional levels regardless of the status of Washington’s relationship with the targeted country.

These agents, or assets, are available for the US at any time as Washington desired. Pentagon, the State Department or even the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used its resources under whatever circumstances. If we closely examine the pattern of USAID operations, as well as other related organizations that had been active here over a period of time, even our legislature is within the sphere of their influence. In other words, they obviously have direct access to politicians and officials who wield power over key institutions. The private sector, too, became part of the US operation carefully expanded countrywide.

By the time Amb. Chung arrived here. US assets were in place at different levels ready to carry out directives. Those who pointed a finger at Amb. Chung never bothered to examine the background and comprehend the gradual build-up that allowed the gathering of all elements, under the social media fuelled ‘GotaGohome’ campaign.

The US mission here had done a tremendous amount of work, especially beginning with the Amb, Keshap’s time, to enhance the capacities of their existing assets and identify and develop new assets.

What really prompted Amb. Chung to suddenly seek a meeting with the SLPP? Did National List MP Namal Rajapaksa’s call for the setting up of a Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) to probe USAID funding, influence her decision? But that cannot be as the US Embassy made the request before the USAID controversy. Perhaps, SLPP General Secretary Kariyawasam expressed concern over Amb. Chung’s frequent visits to the JVP headquarters at Pelawatte, whereas she ignored the SLPP.

Appearing on a live television programme, Kariyawasam pointed out that Amb. Chung had plenty of time for the JVP, a party with just three MPs, while the SLPP, in spite of being represented by 145 MPs, never received the US envoy’s attention.

Perhaps Amb. Chung didn’t really feel the requirement to visit Nelum Mawatha as she maintained a close contact with the SLPP founder Basil Rajapaksa.

Ambiguity over objectives

It would be pertinent to ask both the sponsors and recipients whether various foreign-funded projects achieved their objectives.

The following are some of the USAID-funded projects launched, beginning 2017: [1] USD 19 mn social cohesion and reconciliation project implemented by Global Communities (July 2018-Dec, 2023) [2] Analysis of social cohesion and reconciliation implemented by US Institute of Peace at a cost of USD 700,000 (Aug. 2018-Feb. 2024) [3] USD 15 mn project implemented by Chemonics International Inc. to strengthen the justice sector, including the Justice Ministry and Office of Attorney General (Sept. 2021-Sept. 2026) [4] USD 17 mn project carried out by National Democratic Institute, International Republican Institute and International Foundation for Electoral System in support of Parliament and other government institutions, including the Election Commission (June 2020 – June 2024) [5] USD 14 mn worth project in support of civil society meant to achieve good governance reforms and strengthen accountability. Implemented by Management Systems International (Feb. 2018-Aug. 2024) [6] USD 7.9 mn scheme to strengthen media implemented by International Research and Exchanges Board Inc. (Aug. 2017-April 2023) [7] SAFE Foundation implemented a programme at a cost of USD 3.9 mn aimed at combating human trafficking (Oct. 2021-Sept. 2026) [8] USD 1.6 mn project to enhance protection for those threatened by gender-based violence (Oct. 2021-Sept. 2026). Implementing agency Women-in-Need [9] USD 3.6 mn project for the benefit of plantation community implemented by Institute of Social Development (June 2022-June 2027) and [10] a staggering USD 19 mn project meant to strengthen the civil society by unnamed private agencies (Sept. 2022-August 2027).

Interestingly, high profile USAID operations implemented in collaboration with successive governemnts covered the Justice sector (Justice Ministry and Office of Attorney General), Parliament as well as the Election Commission.

Over the years USAID with a massive budget that even exceeded the CIA’s and allied organizations have built up a system that served the interests of the US. That is the truth. Sri Lanka has cooperated not only with the US but other organizations, such as the UNDP, to allow them influence in Parliament. The USAID and UNDP have ‘secured’ Parliament by lavishly spending funds on various projects. In spite of spending millions in USD with the 2016 agreement between Parliament and USAID being the single largest project, what they have achieved here is nothing but a mystery.

Successive governments have encouraged USAID, UNDP and other interventions. They felt happy as external sources provided the funding. Let me give an example of how the UNDP stepped-in for want of sufficient public funding for vital government initiatives. Sometimes, they advanced their political project in the guise of helping the government of the day.

On May 13, 2021, the then Attorney General Dappula de Livera, PC, opened the USAID funded state-of-the-training facility that included a boardroom, auditorium, computer laboratory, and other facilities. The outspoken AG also launched an electronic system to track cases and legal files. The launch of the training facility, electronic diary and file management system, and the Attorney General’s Department website were also attended by Supreme Court Judge Justice Yasantha Kodagoda P.C., Acting Solicitor General Sanjay Rajaratnam P.C., the Secretary of the Ministry of Justice M.M.P.K. Mayadunne, and virtually by DCM Kelly and USAID Mission Director Reed Aeschliman.

The US Embassy, in a statement issued on that quoted AG Livera as having said: “This is another first in the 136-year history of the Attorney General’s Department. The opening of the training centre is a notable, salutary achievement that meets a long-felt need for continuous learning and professional development.” The AG was further quoted as having said these new tools would “drive the institution from strength to strength.”

If such facilities were so important why on earth the Attorney General’s Department failed to take tangible measures to meet that particular requirement.

Those who demand investigations into USAID must realize that their role is much more complicated than alleged and reported in some sections of the media. Among the beneficiaries were the Sri Lanka Judges’ Institute.

American Corner in Jaffna

The US Embassy established an American Corner in Jaffna with the collaboration of Jaffna Social Action Centre (JSAC), an NGO that particularly promoted women and children rights. Formed in 2003 in the North as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was preparing to launch Eelam War IV, JSAC, over the years, developed into a recipient of US funding. JSAC is among the groups promoting LGBTQ in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. JSAC annually participates in the much-touted 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Based Violence campaign. The then US Ambassador Butenis attended the opening of the American Corner. JSAC, in its website, has revealed an impressive list of partners and donors.

Perhaps JSAC should explain how it served the interests of ordinary people, especially during the 2003-2009 period when the LTTE stepped up forcible recruitment of children, including girls. Forced conscription continued unabated as the military slowly but steadily rolled back the LTTE fighting formations, towards the east coast, until they were trapped in a sliver of land in the Mullaitivu district.

Sri Lanka should be grateful for US assistance over the past decades. The ordinary people benefited from such help but later Washington weaponized the setup as various interested parties queued up to secure lucrative contracts.

Amb, Chung, in late Sept. 2022, moved the American Centre in Colombo, that had been in existence for over seven decades, to the new US Embassy building. This was a couple of months after Aragalaya (March – July 2022) forced Gotabaya Rajapaksa out of office. The American Centre in Colombo had been first located at the Millers Building in Colombo, then at Galle Face Court, followed by Flower Road, before moving to the Sri Ramya at 44, Galle Road.

The American Corner in Kandy was established in 2004. In addition to Jaffna, Colombo and Kandy, there are similar facilities in Matara and Batticaloa.

The recent declaration by Bharatiya Janata Party MP Nishikant Dubey, in the Indian Parliament, that the USAID had been funding organisations with a view to creating unrest cannot be ignored. The BJP’s declaration underscored the gravity of the situation. Those who discarded repeated accusations by National Freedom Front (NFF) leader Wimal Weerawansa as regards US interventions here must take a fresh look at the developments taking place since Donald Trump’s return for a second term.

Dubey alleged the USAID funded organizations that carried out protests against the Agniveer initiative of the government, backed caste census, and supported Naxalism in India.

On behalf of the BJP, Dubey asked for a probe into whether Congress and the Gandhi family-controlled Rajiv Gandhi Foundation had received USAID funds through George Soros’ Open Society Foundations (OSF) for conducting activities, including the campaign for a caste census and against the Agniveer scheme introduced by the government. The MP claimed OSF received ₹5,000 crores from USAID to “break up India”. He raised the issue during zero hour.

The BJP MP’s accusations seemed somewhat surprising as India, under Narendra Modi’s leadership, established close relations with Washington and is a member of the four-country Quad, comprising the US, Australia, Japan and India meant to counter Chinese expansion.

Why subvert India? Is the question in everybody’s mind? President Trump, during a joint press conference with Premier Modi, speculated about the possibility of USAID role in the Lok Sabha elections last year. Perhaps Trump is playing politics even at the expense of the US as he sought to dismantle USAID.

The Trump administration has imposed a global stop-work directive on USAID, suspending most aid initiatives, except for critical food relief programmes.

However, India, too, had been blamed for interfering in internal affairs of other countries. Recently Canada alleged that India intervened in its electoral process. Canada named China as the other offender. India has strongly refuted the Canadian allegation. It would be pertinent to mention that Canada had been playing politics with Sri Lanka for many years as major political parties sought to exploit the post-war developments for their advantage. New Delhi also accuses Canada of encouraging Khalistan separatists operating from there.

Canadian Parliament, in May 2022, unanimously declared that Sri Lanka perpetrated genocide in a bid to appease Canadian voters of Sri Lanka origin.

The expansion of the USAID project here should be examined against the backdrop of Geneva adopting a US accountability resolution, co-sponsored by the treacherous Sirisena-Wickremesinghe government in 2015. The US backed Sirisena’s candidature at the 2015 presidential election. That was in line with their overall strategy to end the Rajapaksas rule, perceived to be China-friendly. The US funded the 2015 UNP-led campaign that involved the TNA and JVP as well. A group of civil society groups, led by the National Movement for Social Justice (NMSJ), backed Sirisena’s candidature, who switched sides at the last moment having been in the Rajapaksas camp throughout his political career and it was done after having a hopper feed with them the previous night.

Having betrayed his own party in 2014, Sirisena has ended up politically irrelevant. That is the price the one-time SLFP General Secretary had to pay for switching sides for personal gain. The former President is most unlikely to get an opportunity to re-enter Parliament ever again.

The NPP will have to be cautious how it handles the situation against the backdrop of developing political and economic upheaval in Washington as we may have never seen hitherto. The way the new administration addressed much more complicated issues, such as the Russia-Ukraine war in a manner seriously inimical to the European powers and pullout from the Geneva-based UNHRC and WHO meant that Trump has already turned US foreign policy upside down.

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Midweek Review

Revisiting Humanism in Education:

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Tagore

Insights from Tagore – III

by Panduka Karunanayake

Professor in the Department of Clinical Medicineand former Director, Staff Development Centre,

University of Colombo

The 34th J.E. Jayasuriya Memorial Lecture

14 February 2025

SLFI Auditorium, Colombo

(Continued from18 Feb.)

Tagore had an important answer to the question of whether the economic or the political should enjoy the primacy of place, in designing educational policy. He said: “Economic life covers the whole base of society, because its necessities are simplest and the most universal. Educational institutions, in order to obtain the fullness of truth, must have close association with this economic life.”

Sometimes I have difficulty understanding why Tagore, in spite of his appreciation of science and disdain for superstition, still lavishly exalted his traditional dieties and the scriptures. I think he did so because he saw a remarkable practical utility in them for the organisation of society and because they carried innumerable lessons for human conduct – for which science and technology, or even modern administration, had not yet furnished any suitable alternative.

Besides, it is clear that he admired religion’s potential to bring peoples together. In The Religion of Man, he wrote: “On the surface of our being we have the ever-changing phases of the individual self, but in the depth there dwells the Eternal Spirit of human unity beyond our direct knowledge.” But of course, religion seldom brought humanity together. And whenever it played the divisive role, he did not blindly follow its precepts.

The stickiest issue in India for the modern philosopher is probably its caste system, and Tagore had no qualms about repudiating it:

“…differentiation and separation of vocations and trades, professions and callings on which the caste system originally rested has become totally extinct and it is altogether impossible to maintain it any longer. Yet all the taboos, external restrictions and customs associated with the varna system are still in place, static and intact. It seems we must put up with the cage with all its iron bars and fetters though the bird for which it was made is dead and gone. We provide bird feed every day but no bird feeds on it. In this way, due to the cleavage between our social life and social customs, we are not only being inhibited and obstructed by unnecessary, outmoded arrangements, we cannot live up to our professed social ideals, either.”

Prof. Carlo Fonseka / Dr. Abrahm T. Kovoor

I wish that for our country, we could replace the phrase ‘caste system’ with our own ‘outmoded arrangements’ – such as astrology, superstitious rituals and harmful so-called healing practices – and carefully re-read that quote. Sadly, our populace is filled with superstition, myth and pseudoscience – as a cursory glance at the supplements of any weekend Sinhala newspaper would show. Here, the high literacy rate actually works against the nation! Our public intellectuals must also take the blame, because they have failed to sustain the good work that had been done in the 1970s by intellectuals like Dr E.W. Adikaram, Abraham Kovoor and Professor Carlo Fonseka.

Another interesting point in his ideas is his desire to see education as a tool for everyone, not just the educated few. Reminding us on ancient Indian education and learning, he said:

“There was a regular traffic between specialised knowledge and ordinary knowledge. Scholars, pundits or learned society did not have an antithetical relationship with the less learned segments of society…There was hardly a place in the country where the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Puranic myths and religious discourse did not spread in a variety of ways. Even the theoretical philosophical issues which were rigorously, relentlessly discussed and debated in philosophy and metaphysics always filtered down to the mind of the people…In those days learning was the asset of the entire society and not the acquisition of the learned few.”

In our own country, in contrast, I wonder whether expanded access to education has had a similar effect. In spite of decades of education in swabhasha and wide access to education, knowledge is a tool of separation, seclusion and self-aggrandisement for the few who win the lottery. Is this the fault of the education or the educated? Perhaps both. The educated use their learning as a weapon rather than as a tool to serve, a manifestation of the fierce competitiveness and the fixed mindset that pervades the successful products of our education. At the same time, as Tagore pointed out, it is the fault of education too:

“The rains of our education are falling a long distance away from where the roots of our whole life lie…Our ordinary daily life has no use for the education we acquire…It is unjust to blame this on students. Their world of books and the world in which they live everyday are poles apart…That is why it is seen that the same person who has formidable erudition in European philosophy, science and ethics tenaciously clings to the age old superstitions…We are no more amazed when we see that on the one hand he is separately enjoying literature full of varied sentiments while on the other he is busy only with making money…”

These are a few fundamentals that can be gleaned from Tagore’s second phase. They aren’t many, and perhaps they aren’t as earth-shattering as one might expect. But I feel that they are exactly what we are lacking today and prevent education from playing a nation-building role. If we can get these right, we actually need to get very little else right.

Phase 3: ‘Freedom from bondage’

Tagore’s role and position as an unrepentant internationalist at the time when India was demanding swaraj is well known. He was opposed to nationalism, and in fact correctly identified colonialism itself as a manifestation of the nationalism of the British – so he asked, if one were anti-colonialist, how could one be nationalist also?

But his internationalism was not a rootless existence floating aimlessly in the air. He was clear that one must be rooted in one’s own soil, strongly and firmly – it is from here that one must reach out to the wealth of the world. In another beautiful simile, he urged us not to fear the wind, and to open the windows of our house to let that wind in. He would assure us that we would be able to retain the good that the wind blew in and get rid of the bad. He also said that as long as our house had a firm foundation, the wind will not blow it away. So for him, the first step of being an internationalist is studying one’s own soil and placing a firm foundation for one’s existence. He admired and studied tradition without being a traditionalist.

With regard to Indian universities of his day, he lamented the fact that these were European grafts and nothing like India’s ancient intellectual heritage, such as Nalanda, Wikramshila or Takshasila. He lamented the type of intellectual this would produce. He wrote in 1932:

“We receive European learning as something static and immutable and consider it the height of modernity to cull and recite sentences from it. For this reason we lack the courage to reconsider it or think about it from a new angle. Our universities have nothing to do with and are cut off from the acute questions, dire necessities and extreme hardship facing the people of the country…Like parasites our mind, attached to text books, has lost its ability to find its food and invent by itself.”

These words seem no less relevant to our own universities, 90 years after they were written.

Tagore’s belief in internationalism and its effect on his philosophy of education is captured by his description of Visva-Bharati, the higher education institute he set up in 1921 using the Nobel Prize money: “Visva-Bharati represents India where she has her wealth of mind which is for all. Visva-Bharati acknowledges India’s obligation to offer to others the hospitality of her best culture and India’s right to accept from others their best.”

Conclusion

Prof. J. E. Jayasuriya / Dr. E. W. Adhikaram

Ladies and Gentlemen: I am afraid time would not permit me to cover the whole breadth of Rabindranath Tagore’s complete educational philosophy, and I wouldn’t even pretend to cover it in depth. For example, I didn’t touch on other important aspects that Tagore spoke of, such as school administration, advice for teachers, maintaining discipline without corporeal punishment, carrying out research and promoting creativity, women and education and so on. Forgive me for only scratching the surface. But the topic of Tagore’s educational philosophy is so vast that nothing wider would be possible in a short time.

You will also note that my talk was not filled with anecdotes of incidents and peculiarities at Santiniketan – like how classes were conducted under trees or how the gurudev once conducted a class in the rain for cattle when the students didn’t want to come out and get wet. These are not the timeless substance of the tale; they are only its time-sensitive ornaments.

If, on the other hand, I have been able to whet your appetite for his educational philosophy, and also convinced you that he had patiently worked on and presciently invented an antidote to today’s problems of education, I would be content for now. Balance was his antidote. My goal this evening was to place the seeds of his ideas in your minds, and hope that they will grow, be nourished and be pruned and manicured into a contextually appropriate shape in the months or years to come.

Selected bibliography

Dasgupta, U. (2013). Rabindranath Tagore: A Biography. Oxford University Press. (Translated by hiisß ckl l=udr- mßj¾;l (2024).rúkaøkd;a ;df.da¾-udkj ksoyi iy úúO;ajh kqf.af.dv iriú m%ldYlfhdaව)

Dore, R. (1976). The Diploma Disease: Education, Qualification and Development. London: George Allen & Unwin (republished in 1977 by Institute of Education, University of London).

Gunasekara, P. (2013). moaud .=Kfialr – kkaofiak .%duSh wOHdmk l%uh^1932-1939) lkakka.r;=udf.a wu;l l< fkdyels w;ayod ne,Sula fld<U iQßh m%ldYlfhda: කන්නunasekara, S.P. (2012). iuka mqIamd .=Kfialrම(2012). rúkaøkd;a ;df.da¾ fld<U tia f.dvf.aසහiyifydaorfhda(Basedon Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad Minded Man (1995) by Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson, and other works.)

Illich, I. (1970). Deschooling Society. USA: Harper & Row (republished in 1973 by Penguin Education, Harmondsworth, England).

Iyengar, K.R.S. (1987). Rabindranath Tagore: A Critical Introduction. London: Oriental University Press.

Kripalani, K. (1961). Tagore: A Life. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India (author publication, republished in 1971 by National Book Trust, India).

Maithra, S., translator (2014). Education as Freedom: Tagore’s Paradigm. New Delhi: Niyogi Books.

Navaratnam, R. (1958). New Frontiers in East-West Philosophies of Education. Calcutta: Orient Longmans.

Neogy, A.K. (2010). Santiniketan and Sriniketan: The Twin Dreams of Rabindranath Tagore. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India.

Samuel Ravi, S. (2024). Philosophical and Sociological Bases of Education (2nd edn). Delhi: PHI Learning. (Chapter 13: ‘Rabindranath Tagore’, pp. 163-179.)

Sarathchandra, E.R. de S. (1942). ‘Through Santiniketan eyes’. Kesari People’s Weekly (Jaffna) serialised from 2(9) to 2(17) and compiled by Goonetileke, H.A.I., also available translated to Sinhala ^iqpß; .ï,;a-mßj¾;l ප(2001). ශYdka;s ksfla;kfha weiska fld<U tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda).

Venn, G. (1965). Man, education and work. In, Cosin, B.R., editor: Education: Structure and Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. (Chapter 6, pp. 97-107.)

Venn, G. (1971). Preparation for further preparation (editorial). Educational Leadership 1: 339-341.

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Midweek Review

Posy for the Unsung

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By Lynn Ockersz

You may call it a pilgrimage,

This yearly trudge she undertakes,

A posy of dainty flowers in hand,

To a rock-pile on a secluded hill,

Reeking of the graveyard’s silence,

Which covers her son’s remains,

Whom they bound and whisked away,

With dozens of other angry young men,

To a high place where elders say,

They were made to dig their graves,

At the point of smoking Ak-47 guns,

But all that scores of mothers such as her,

Have earned for their long nights of pain,

Are yellowing number tags for the missing,

Issued within stone walls of official silence.

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