Business
Why Promoting Decent Work Matters More Than Just Any Job for Sri Lankan Women
By Dr Nisha Arunatilake
Sri Lanka’s low female labour force participation rate (FLFP) has received intense policy attention over the past several decades for many reasons. It is widely assumed that improving FLFP will not only empower women and reduce gender disparities but will also promote productivity and economic growth. Over the years, a popular strategy for promoting FLFP by successive governments has been to encourage self-employment opportunities or entrepreneurship. However, FLFP has remained below 35% for years. Self-employment jobs are highly vulnerable to economic fluctuations as social safety nets do not cover them. Furthermore, on average, self-employment income is lower than other types of income. This blog argues that to empower women and drive economic growth, policy should focus on facilitating women’s access to decent work over access to any job.
Measuring Decent Work
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), decent work refers to jobs that provide workers with dignity, equality, fair wages and safe working conditions. Further, those in decent work have a say in their work and are protected from discrimination. The main components of decent work are workplace rights, employment, social protection and social dialogue. However, the lack of standard indicators to measure decent work and the difficulty in capturing all aspects of decent work, make it challenging to determine the availability of decent work. For example, an aspect such as social dialogue is not easy to capture.
Despite the difficulty in measuring, it is important to understand whether the jobs performed by women in the market are decent jobs. The Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) reported that in 2021, 32% of women aged 15 and above (or working-age women) were in the labour force. Of these, only 29% were employed, while the rest were unemployed.
Since there is no standard measure for decent work, several indicators with varying degrees of decent work components were used to analyse the share of working-age women engaged in various aspects of decent work. These include non-vulnerable work, full-time employment, formal employment, fair wages, and fair wages for decent working hours.
Non-vulnerable work is a relatively better type of work compared to vulnerable work. The latter is categorised as any job that contributes to family work or own account work. These types of employment are considered vulnerable because the workers depend on the revenue generated by their enterprises and are not covered by social security.
Full-time employment is defined as working for more than 35 hours a week. However, the concept of part-time work is not defined in Sri Lanka. As such, many workers in part-time employment do not receive the same benefits as those in full-time employment.
Formal employment refers to paid workers in the formal sector (government/semi-government sector; private sector firms with more than ten workers; or smaller private sector firms), excluding employees without a permanent employer or employees whose employers are not contributing to their pension or provident fund.
Fair wages are defined as the minimum wage with legislated allowances. In 2018, this amounted to LKR 13,500 a month. According to the decent work concept, a fair wage should be earned during regular work hours, which are 45 hours per week in Sri Lanka.

Figure 2: Women’s Access to Decent Work by Age, Sector and Level of Education
Disparities in Women’s Access to Decent Work
Figure 1 summarises the statistics on women employed in various aspects of decent work. The share of women engaged in decent work is significantly lower than the share of total employed, and the prevalence levels decrease as more aspects of decent work are included in the measure. Specifically, only 38% of females in formal employment were covered by some form of social security. The share of employed females covered by social security and receiving a fair wage was slightly lower at 33%. However, nearly half of the formal full-time female employees receiving a fair wage need to work more than the legislated 45 hours to earn the fair wage. Such excessive work hours are a barrier to accessing decent work for females, given their care responsibilities at home.
Another issue concerning access to decent work in Sri Lanka is the inequality in access. As illustrated in Figure 2, access to decent work varies widely across age groups, residence sectors and education levels. A recent study by IPS has identified several reasons, including access to quality education, access to physical infrastructure such as secure transportation and electricity, labour market conditions in the area of residence, social norms, outdated legislation and poor implementation of legislation. These inequalities in access to decent work must be eliminated to improve overall access to decent work.
As shown in Figure 2, low-skilled females (those with an education level below General Certificate in Education – Ordinary Level [OL]) have the least access to decent work. However, access to decent work increases with higher levels of education. Furthermore, access to decent work is also low for those outside the urban sector. Lastly, access to decent work is lower for females of age 30 years or more compared to females in the age group of 25 to 29. This disparity could be due to older females choosing to work fewer hours due to their other responsibilities.
Way Forward
In Sri Lanka, less than 17% of female workers are in decent work. Access to decent work varies widely across women of different ages, from different localities, and with different skill levels. If the government intends to reduce inequality and promote growth by improving women’s access to jobs, it should prioritise promoting access to decent work. Facilitating access to other types of work is unlikely to push women out of poverty and provide them with better social security and a fair income.
According to the IPS’ State of the Economy 2022 report, improving women’s access to decent work should prioritise job creation in productive sectors. This can be achieved by investing in expanding productive sectors and innovating to improve productivity and job creation. Further, attention should be given to policies that reduce barriers to accessing decent work.
Acknowledgements: The above blog benefits from research on “Addressing context-specific barriers to female labour force participation in decent work in Sri Lanka”, a project funded by Co-Impact and coordinated by PEP.
Link to original blog: https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2023/03/14/why-promoting-decent-work-matters-more-than-just-any-job-for-sri-lankan-women/
Dr Nisha Arunatilake is the Director of Research at IPS. She heads the Labour, Employment and Human Resource Development unit at the IPS. Her research interests include labour market analysis, education and skills’ development, migration and development, and health economics. She holds a BSc in Computer Science and Mathematics summa cum laude from the University of the South, USA and an MA and PhD in Economics from Duke University, USA.
(nisha@ips.lk)
Business
“RDB Drives Unprecedented Growth with Record Profits Fueling Expansion and Development Impact”
The Regional Development Bank (RDB) delivered an exceptional financial performance for the year ended 31 December 2025, recording an 86% year-on-year increase in Profit After Tax to LKR 2.37 billion. The Bank’s total income reached LKR 42.81 billion, driven by a 23.89% growth in Net Interest Income to LKR 24.23 billion, complemented by steady contributions from both interest and fee-based income streams. This performance highlights the Bank’s ability to optimise its asset base while sustaining a well-diversified and resilient revenue profile.
Marking its 40th anniversary in 2025, the Bank’s exemplary performance underscores the strength of its resilient operating model, disciplined execution, and its growing role as a catalyst for inclusive economic progress in Sri Lanka. Profitability metrics strengthened notably, with Return on Assets (ROA) improving to 1.70% and Return on Equity (ROE) increasing to 11.77%, demonstrating enhanced efficiency in capital deployment and earnings generation.
Commenting on the Bank’s performance, Chairman Lasantha Fernando stated,
“Our performance in 2025 reflects the strength of a purpose-driven banking model that successfully balances financial sustainability with national development priorities. As Sri Lanka progresses on its path to recovery, our commitment to enabling inclusive growth remains unwavering.”
The Bank continued to expand its development-focused lending portfolio, with loans and receivables growing by 23.59% to LKR 302.54 billion. This growth supported priority sectors including agriculture, SMEs, manufacturing, housing, and rural enterprises representing segments critical to national economic revitalisation. Importantly, this expansion was achieved alongside improved asset quality, with the Stage 3 impaired loans ratio declining to 4.06% from 6.25%, demonstrating robust credit risk management and effective recovery strategies.
Customer confidence remained strong, with deposits increasing by 11.85% to LKR 283.72 billion, driven by growth in both savings and fixed deposits. The Bank also maintained liquidity ratios well above regulatory thresholds, reinforcing its financial stability and resilience
Asanga Tennakoon General Manager/Chief Executive Officer, highlighted” last year’s results underscore the impact of disciplined execution, prudent risk management, and a strong customer-centric approach. Looking ahead, we will continue to expand our reach, strengthen digital capabilities, and deepen financial inclusion to create sustainable value for all stakeholders.”
Business
SLIC Life and SLIC General Create New Employment Opportunities
Sri Lanka Insurance Life Ltd (SLICLL) and Sri Lanka Insurance General Ltd (SLICGL) together appointed 112 Trainee Insurance Assistants, marking one of the largest recruitments across both companies in recent years.
Of the total intake, 87 candidates joined SLICGL while 25 candidates were appointed to SLICLL. This recruitment reflects the continued efforts of both companies to strengthen their workforce while contributing to employment opportunities.
The recruitment process was conducted through a structured and independent evaluation framework to ensure transparency and merit-based selection. Applications were invited from eligible candidates island-wide, followed by a written examination. Candidates who met the required benchmarks were shortlisted for interviews conducted by an independent panel, reinforcing fairness and credibility throughout the process.
The newly appointed Trainee Insurance Assistants represent a diverse and capable talent pool. Approximately 30% of the recruits are graduates, while all candidates possess the required academic qualifications, including G.C.E. Ordinary Level and Advanced Level certifications, or equivalent diplomas and higher qualifications.
This intake is aligned with the long-term focus of SLICLL and SLICGL on developing human capital and nurturing future-ready professionals within the insurance industry. The new recruits will have access to structured career growth opportunities, enabling them to build sustainable careers within the organisations. Efforts have also been made to assign employees to locations closest to their places of residence, subject to operational requirements, ensuring both efficiency and employee convenience.
Commenting on the appointments, Nusith Kumaratunga, Chairman of Sri Lanka Insurance stated, “The onboarding of this new group of Trainee Insurance Assistants reflected our continued focus on building strong and capable teams across both SLICLL and SLICGL. By maintaining a transparent and merit-based selection process, we remained committed to creating opportunities for talented individuals while strengthening the foundations for long-term organisational growth. This initiative also aligned with our broader role in supporting employment generation and contributing to the country’s economic progress.”
The official appointment ceremony was held on 7th April 2026 at the SLIC Head Office, in the presence of the Chairman and the Corporate Management of SLICLL and SLICGL, marking an important milestone in the organisations’ ongoing people development journey.
Business
99x Wins Five Awards at Best Management Practices Awards ‘26, Showcasing AI-led Transformation
99x, a leading global product engineering company, has secured five major accolades at the CPM Best Management Practices Awards 2026, including an Overall Gold Award, positioning the company among Sri Lanka’s top-performing organisations in management excellence. The company was also recognised as the Sector Winner for IT, Software & BPO Services, named among the Forty Outstanding Companies, and received the Best Management Practices Excellence Award. In addition, Hasith Yaggahavita, CEO of 99x, was honoured with the Leadership Excellence Award, acknowledging his role in driving the organisation’s AI-led transformation.
The recognition was awarded for 99x’s submission titled ‘Embracing AI: Rethinking Talent, Products & Services,’ which addressed one of the most pressing shifts facing the global technology services industry today. As AI continues to redefine how software is built and delivered, traditional outsourcing models are being challenged from reduced reliance on large engineering teams to a growing shift toward outcome-based delivery and faster go-to-market expectations.
Chatura De Silva, Chief AI Officer at 99x, stated, “Winning five awards at one stage is a proud moment for us as a team. While AI is driving change across the industry, what made this possible is how we chose to adapt to it. We recognised that AI is not just a layer on top of what we do, but that it changes the foundation of how value is created. This transformation was about connecting both our talent and delivery, while embedding AI across everything we do”.
Selected from over 150 award submissions, 99x was also among the top 10 organisations invited to present its journey at the CPM Management Insights Summit 2026, placing its transformation on a national stage among the country’s most forward-thinking enterprises. Chatura De Silva, Kalana Wijesekara, Chief Developer Experience Officer and Chrishan de Mel, Chief Marketing and Corporate Affairs Officer, presented 99x’s story.
Commenting on the significance of this year’s awards, Dilshan Arsakularathna, CEO of The Institute of Chartered Professional Managers of Sri Lanka, stated, “99x securing the Overall Gold Award among organisations across multiple industries reflects the level at which Sri Lanka’s IT sector is progressing today. It demonstrates how companies are building real capability and driving innovation that can confidently stand on a global stage. Notably, 99x has now become the first organisation to secure the Overall Gold Award twice across the five editions of the BMPC Awards. This remarkable achievement reflects their strong commitment to sustaining excellence and continuously embedding best management practices within their operations. What stood out with 99x was how they have adapted to change in a practical and forward-thinking manner, reshaping how they operate and deliver value, while setting a compelling benchmark for modern management practices.”
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