Features
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its relevance to our lives
by Dr Laksiri Fernando
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is now 73 years old, adopted by the United Nations on 10 December 1948. At time the member states were only 58, but it has now increased to 193, consequences to decolonisation in Asia and Africa, breakup of previously large states, like the Soviet Union, and various other reasons.
The UN Charter is the foundation of the present international order between member states, adopted in 1945, and the Universal Declaration can be considered its principal manifesto looking after the matters of people’s human rights. The immediate reason for human rights taking a principal focus of the UN was the tragic experiences of fascism and harrowing atrocities during the Second World war. However, when the Declaration was drafted, the perspective was futuristic placing high standards.
As a Declaration, the UDHR does not have a strict legal binding on member states but appears a most accepted and appreciated manifesto, internationally. Academically speaking, there can be some weaknesses, or imbalances, in the UDHR. However, there is nothing to reject or object of its principles or articles.
Consisting of simply written 30 Articles, it covers the meaning of human rights, their roots, relevance to all peoples internationally, and, most importantly, five principal aspects of human rights as civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. The Declaration is available in over 500 languages, including in Sinhala and Tamil. The Sri Lanka Foundation and Foundation Institute (SLF/SLFI) were instrumental in translating the Declaration into Tamil and Sinhala.
Since 1948, while the UN has adopted nearly 200 further declarations, covenants, and conventions, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) can be considered the main international instruments transforming the UDHR into more practical relevance.
Key Guidelines
Some of the important guidelines in promoting human rights are the following as referred in the Preamble:
‘Inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family are the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.’
‘Disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind.’
‘If man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, human rights should be protected by the rule of law.’
While reflecting on the above, Sri Lanka and Sri Lankans can ask the question themselves whether they have done the necessary to promote human rights during the last 73 years? Yes, there was a time that governments and various other public agencies promoting human rights education and training. Even human rights were part of school curricula at one time. Sri Lankan army also had an extensive human rights programme during 2000-2005. But, unfortunately, all these have taken a backstage now. The purpose of celebrating the World Human Rights Day this year should be to rejuvenate these efforts again and determine to promote and protect human rights in the country.
Important Principles
In understanding human rights, and their relevance to our lives, articles in the Declaration are particularly important. Common humanity is the foundation of human rights. Article 1 enunciates this concept perhaps little idealistically saying, ‘All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason, and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.’
Birth undoubtedly has some fundamental equality. But, unfortunately, we are born into unequal societies and some people are born also with disabilities. A realistic view of human rights should accept that. Otherwise, we will be in a dream world. Yes, we all have or should have ‘reason and conscience’ and that is something we all should try to promote ourselves and among our children, siblings, and friends. That is the meaning of the second sentence.
In the application of human rights there should not be any distinction as to ‘race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,’ (Article 2). In the second sentence of the article, it also adds rejection of discrimination based on the country of origin. In the case of immigration, this principle should apply although it is disregarded by many countries. What are the other key principles?
‘Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.’
‘No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.’
‘All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.’
Above and many others in articles from 6 to 17, have articulated what we normally call civil rights. Do we have them in our countries? This is something we should ponder in ‘celebrating’ the Human Rights Day.
Political Rights
Political rights may be more important today in all countries because of trends towards authoritarianism. While ‘everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion’ in equality and without discrimination, ‘everyone also has the right to freedom of opinion and expression.’ This right includes ‘freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.’
Freedom of the media, journalists, publications, research, and teaching are cornerstones of freedom of opinion. In politically active sphere, ‘everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.’ This includes the right to form trade unions, political parties, oppositions, and civil society organizations.
For a democratic political system, Article 21 can be considered most important. The meaning of ‘everyone has the right to take part in the government of his/her country, directly and/or through freely chosen representatives’ is far reaching although not understood or explained properly. This right is not limited to election time, but all times and the public authorities are duty bound to listen and seek public opinion on all important issues. The principle that ‘everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his/her country’ which appears in the same article has relevance in Sri Lanka today where the public service is ostracized and castigated due to its so-called failure to produce profits!
The concept of ‘sovereignty of the people’ has come to our constitution from the same article which further says, ‘the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government. This will/shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.’
Economic and Social Rights
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security. That is the basis of economic, social, and cultural rights. ‘Economic, social, and cultural rights are indispensable for his/her dignity and the free development of his/her personality.’ That is what the Declaration says in Article 22.
Although in liberal democratic countries many civil and political rights are safeguarded, economic and social rights are lagging-behind except in countries where welfare policies or social democracy prevails. It is naturally difficult in developing countries to fulfil economic and social rights except through international cooperation. However, international cooperation for the ‘right to development’ is largely neglected by Western countries and multilateral organizations today. UN might be the only hope for the countries with poverty, malnutrition, health issues, vast unemployment, and large income gaps.
Right to employment is the crucial requirement in poor countries. If this is not supplied in the private sector, the State should come forward and supply them through public sector. This has been the policy in Sri Lanka in the past but threatened on various grounds at present.
The Declaration says, ‘Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.’ Everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work without any discrimination. This is also not fulfilled in Sri Lanka especially in the case of women and the estate workers. The full range of economic rights have never been achieved in Sri Lanka or in almost other countries. The following article is the basic criteria.
‘Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.’
The above quick description of the Universal Declaration shows that human rights are still a pending struggle, particularly in the economic and social sphere. All progressive political parties should embrace human rights in their policies and programmes without confining themselves to changing one government against the other. Change of governments are necessary but with a perspective of establishing and reinstating a broad range of human rights in a progressive manner mobilising people through awareness, education, and action.
Features
Acid test emerges for US-EU ties
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen addressing the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on Tuesday put forward the EU’s viewpoint on current questions in international politics with a clarity, coherence and eloquence that was noteworthy. Essentially, she aimed to leave no one in doubt that a ‘new form of European independence’ had emerged and that European solidarity was at a peak.
These comments emerge against the backdrop of speculation in some international quarters that the Post-World War Two global political and economic order is unraveling. For example, if there was a general tacit presumption that US- Western European ties in particular were more or less rock-solid, that proposition apparently could no longer be taken for granted.
For instance, while US President Donald Trump is on record that he would bring Greenland under US administrative control even by using force against any opposition, if necessary, the EU Commission President was forthright that the EU stood for Greenland’s continued sovereignty and independence.
In fact at the time of writing, small military contingents from France, Germany, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands are reportedly already in Greenland’s capital of Nook for what are described as limited reconnaissance operations. Such moves acquire added importance in view of a further comment by von der Leyen to the effect that the EU would be acting ‘in full solidarity with Greenland and Denmark’; the latter being the current governing entity of Greenland.
It is also of note that the EU Commission President went on to say that the ‘EU has an unwavering commitment to UK’s independence.’ The immediate backdrop to this observation was a UK decision to hand over administrative control over the strategically important Indian Ocean island of Diego Garcia to Mauritius in the face of opposition by the Trump administration. That is, European unity in the face of present controversial moves by the US with regard to Greenland and other matters of contention is an unshakable ‘given’.
It is probably the fact that some prominent EU members, who also hold membership of NATO, are firmly behind the EU in its current stand-offs with the US that is prompting the view that the Post-World War Two order is beginning to unravel. This is, however, a matter for the future. It will be in the interests of the contending quarters concerned and probably the world to ensure that the present tensions do not degenerate into an armed confrontation which would have implications for world peace.
However, it is quite some time since the Post-World War Two order began to face challenges. Observers need to take their minds back to the Balkan crisis and the subsequent US invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq in the immediate Post-Cold War years, for example, to trace the basic historic contours of how the challenges emerged. In the above developments the seeds of global ‘disorder’ were sown.
Such ‘disorder’ was further aggravated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine four years ago. Now it may seem that the world is reaping the proverbial whirlwind. It is relevant to also note that the EU Commission President was on record as pledging to extend material and financial support to Ukraine in its travails.
Currently, the international law and order situation is such that sections of the world cannot be faulted for seeing the Post World War Two international order as relentlessly unraveling, as it were. It will be in the interests of all concerned for negotiated solutions to be found to these global tangles. In fact von der Leyen has committed the EU to finding diplomatic solutions to the issues at hand, including the US-inspired tariff-related squabbles.
Given the apparent helplessness of the UN system, a pre-World War Two situation seems to be unfolding, with those states wielding the most armed might trying to mould international power relations in their favour. In the lead-up to the Second World War, the Hitlerian regime in Germany invaded unopposed one Eastern European country after another as the League of Nations stood idly by. World War Two was the result of the Allied Powers finally jerking themselves out of their complacency and taking on Germany and its allies in a full-blown world war.
However, unlike in the late thirties of the last century, the seeming number one aggressor, which is the US this time around, is not going unchallenged. The EU which has within its fold the foremost of Western democracies has done well to indicate to the US that its power games in Europe are not going unmonitored and unchecked. If the US’ designs to take control of Greenland and Denmark, for instance, are not defeated the world could very well be having on its hands, sooner rather than later, a pre-World War Two type situation.
Ironically, it is the ‘World’s Mightiest Democracy’ which is today allowing itself to be seen as the prime aggressor in the present round of global tensions. In the current confrontations, democratic opinion the world over is obliged to back the EU, since it has emerged as the principal opponent of the US, which is allowing itself to be seen as a fascist power.
Hopefully sane counsel would prevail among the chief antagonists in the present standoff growing, once again, out of uncontainable territorial ambitions. The EU is obliged to lead from the front in resolving the current crisis by diplomatic means since a region-wide armed conflict, for instance, could lead to unbearable ill-consequences for the world.
It does not follow that the UN has no role to play currently. Given the existing power realities within the UN Security Council, the UN cannot be faulted for coming to be seen as helpless in the face of the present tensions. However, it will need to continue with and build on its worldwide development activities since the global South in particular needs them very badly.
The UN needs to strive in the latter directions more than ever before since multi-billionaires are now in the seats of power in the principle state of the global North, the US. As the charity Oxfam has pointed out, such financially all-powerful persons and allied institutions are multiplying virtually incalculably. It follows from these realities that the poor of the world would suffer continuous neglect. The UN would need to redouble its efforts to help these needy sections before widespread poverty leads to hemispheric discontent.
Features
Brighten up your skin …
Hi! This week I’ve come up with tips to brighten up your skin.
* Turmeric and Yoghurt Face Pack:
You will need 01 teaspoon of turmeric powder and 02 tablespoons of fresh yoghurt.
Mix the turmeric and yoghurt into a smooth paste and apply evenly on clean skin. Leave it for 15–20 minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water
Benefits:
Reduces pigmentation, brightens dull skin and fights acne-causing bacteria.
* Lemon and Honey Glow Pack:
Mix 01teaspoon lemon juice and 01 tablespoon honey and apply it gently to the face. Leave for 10–15 minutes and then wash off with cool water.
Benefits:
Lightens dark spots, improves skin tone and deeply moisturises. By the way, use only 01–02 times a week and avoid sun exposure after use.
* Aloe Vera Gel Treatment:
All you need is fresh aloe vera gel which you can extract from an aloe leaf. Apply a thin layer, before bedtime, leave it overnight, and then wash face in the morning.
Benefits:
Repairs damaged skin, lightens pigmentation and adds natural glow.
* Rice Flour and Milk Scrub:
You will need 01 tablespoon rice flour and 02 tablespoons fresh milk.
Mix the rice flour and milk into a thick paste and then massage gently in circular motions. Leave for 10 minutes and then rinse with water.
Benefits:
Removes dead skin cells, improves complexion, and smoothens skin.
* Tomato Pulp Mask:
Apply the tomato pulp directly, leave for 15 minutes, and then rinse with cool water
Benefits:
Controls excess oil, reduces tan, and brightens skin naturally.
Features
Shooting for the stars …
That’s precisely what 25-year-old Hansana Balasuriya has in mind – shooting for the stars – when she was selected to represent Sri Lanka on the international stage at Miss Intercontinental 2025, in Sahl Hasheesh, Egypt.
The grand finale is next Thursday, 29th January, and Hansana is all geared up to make her presence felt in a big way.
Her journey is a testament to her fearless spirit and multifaceted talents … yes, her life is a whirlwind of passion, purpose, and pageantry.
Raised in a family of water babies (Director of The Deep End and Glory Swim Shop), Hansana’s love affair with swimming began in childhood and then she branched out to master the “art of 8 limbs” as a Muay Thai fighter, nailed Karate and Kickboxing (3-time black belt holder), and even threw herself into athletics (literally!), especially throwing events, and netball, as well.
A proud Bishop’s College alumna, Hansana’s leadership skills also shone bright as Senior Choir Leader.
She earned a BA (Hons) in Business Administration from Esoft Metropolitan University, and then the world became her playground.
Before long, modelling and pageantry also came into her scene.
She says she took to part-time modelling, as a hobby, and that led to pageants, grabbing 2nd Runner-up titles at Miss Nature Queen and Miss World Sri Lanka 2025.
When she’s not ruling the stage, or pool, Hansana’s belting tunes with Soul Sounds, Sri Lanka’s largest female ensemble.
What’s more, her artistry extends to drawing, and she loves hitting the open road for long drives, she says.
This water warrior is also on a mission – as Founder of Wave of Safety,
Hansana happens to be the youngest Executive Committee Member of the Sri Lanka Aquatic Sports Union (SLASU) and, as founder of Wave of Safety, she’s spreading water safety awareness and saving lives.
Today is Hansana’s ninth day in Egypt and the itinerary for today, says National Director for Sri Lanka, Brian Kerkoven, is ‘Jeep Safari and Sunset at the Desert.’
And … the all-important day at Miss Intercontinental 2025 is next Thursday, 29th January.
Well, good luck to Hansana.
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