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Study identifies distinct frog species not belonging to generic ‘hourglass’ classification

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by Ifham Nizam

A study on the abnormalities and polymorphisms of amphibians found within and outside the Horton Plains National Park has identified a distinct frog species that does not belong to its generic “hourglass frog” classification.

The study was conducted by graduate research assistant Praneeth Silva of Sri Jayewardenepura University’s Department of Zoology under the supervision of Prof. W. A. D. Mahaulpatha, senior lecturer and head, Department of Zoology.

“Our study on amphibian abnormalities and causes found that Taruga eques species is faced with bigger threats in both localities in comparison to other amphibian species”, Silva told The Sunday Island.

Within and outside regions of the Sri Lankan Plains, habitat modifications due to human activities were the main threat on Taruga eques. The study also found that natural predators were the main cause for formation of amphibian abnormalities found within the Plains.

The study revealed a novel pattern polymorphism of Taruga eques in that a variety of the species without the hourglass was identified within and outside the Plains, indicating that the common name Taruga eques cannot be broadly classified as an “hour-glass frog”. At the end of the study, new six dorsal colour variations and five dorsal pigment patterns of Taruga eques could be newly introduced to the science.

Amphibian body colouration and pigment patterns play a vital role for their survival in the environment. Polymorp-hism (happening together in the same habitat of two or more distinct species results in rarest of them getting mutated to be like the main species) has probably led Taruga eques to be seen as hourglass tree frog though in reality the situation is likely to be rather different.

Silva said that a total of 694 amphibians belonging to four families and 11 species were recorded in five lentic water bodies which were studied. Five hundred and eleven (511) individuals were examined inside the Plains and 183 outside the region. Of the 511 individuals, only 4.5 percent of the amphibians had abnormalities. Of the 183 individuals examined outside the Plains, 80.87 percent had abnormalities.

Of the 511 inspected amphibians within the Plains, 0.59 percent suffered from ectromelia and four percent had cysts. Of the 183 amphibians examined outside the Plains, 80.33 percent had cysts and 0.55 percent had femoral projections. Cysts accounted for most of the abnormalities in both environments. Most of the infections (60 percent) recorded in the amphibians inside the Plains were mild. In contrast 77.55 percent of the infections recorded in the amphibians outside the Plains were moderate.

A research associate attached to the University of Indonesia Research Centre for Climate Change Thasun Amarasinghe said that not only hourglass tree frogs but almost all amphibians in Sri Lanka are under threat.

“They are called hourglass tree frogs as they have a colour pattern like an hour glass mark on their dorsum (back). They are highland species, and are very sensitive to temperature and humidity so in addition to habitat loss and forest fragmentation, there will be a future threat to them due to climate change”, he warned.

The major conclusion of the study was the natural selection results in the ‘polymorphisms’ to face the threat of predation. Moreover, colour and pattern polymorphisms manifest due to strong selection by visually oriented predators and the polymorphisms are highly valuable for the species to ensure their survival in the environment, while helping them to avoid abnormalities.

(Pix courtesy Praneeth Silva)

 



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Susantha Chandramali passes away at the age of 61

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Veteran  Sri Lankan actress Susantha Chandramali has passed away at the age of 61.

She will be remembered for her rolls in Saroja, Jaya Pita Jaya, Ran Kevita, Nidahase Piya DS, Charulatha, Sujatha, and Kande Gedara.

 

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Five gangs operating under single command: PresidentFive gangs operating under single command: President

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President Anura Kumara Dissanayake

By Saman Indrajith

President Anura Kumara Dissanayake yesterday said that security authorities were conducting probes based on reports that five different gangs involved in recent crimes had been acted under one person’s command.

Speaking in Parliament at the end of the debate on expenditure heads of the Ministries of Defence and Public Security and Parliamentary Affairs in his capacity as the Minister of Defence, the President said an analysis of five recent crimes revealed that except for the Minuwangoda shooting incident, the others had been carried out by five gangs. There was suspicion they acted simultaneously under a single command. Additionally, there were concerns that similar activations could occur in Batticaloa and the Northern Province, as such groups were previously established by past regimes to operate on command, the President said.

The President said that the coordinated attacks appears to be part of a well-organized plot at a time when some hoped the government would collapse due to economic crisis, etc.

The NPP supported the abolition of the Prevention of Terrorism (PTA), but it would only do so until a robust legal framework is established to tackle extremism and organized crime, president Anura Kumara Dissanayake said yesterday in parliament.

If organized criminal and racist/extremist groups operate in a country, it is not an ‘ordinary’ situation and a new law is needed to deal with them, he said.

“We were opposed to the PTA from 1979. we have not changed our ways. However, if the normal laws are not adequate to deal with organized criminal and racist/extremist groups, we need new laws. We are taking steps to establish a new set of rules,” he said.

Racism and extremism are the two main reasons why Sri Lankan national security was threatened in the past, he said.

“We will not let these trends grow,” he said.

Organized crime groups are not just a collective of criminals. They have been allowed to grow for decades, with the proactive support of politicians.

“Some politicians are now shedding tears about crime. I would like to remind them who nurtured these people,” he said.

Because of political patronage, some individuals attached to institutions that had been established to fight crime also joined these criminal groups. Several police officers have been arrested over recent underworld related assassinations, he said. Some police officers have sold their weapons to the organized groups, the president said.

“This is why 73 T-56 weapons fell into the hands of criminal groups from an army camp. 35 have been recovered. This didn’t happen during our tenure. There was an investigation into this incident before we came into power, but powerful politicians stopped this investigation. The second son of a president received seven licences firearms from the state,” he said.

Before the NPP came into power the country was headed towards a criminal state, he said. A large number of professionals have become affiliated with these powerful criminals, he said.

“In some cases, lawyers surround criminals when they receive bail and do not leave his side until he returns home. What can we do about this? There are two options. One is we can join hands with these criminal groups like those before us. The second option is to take these criminals on and crush them and this is the option we will take,” he said.

Dissanayake also said that they are cleaning up the police. A number of transfers are taking place and despite what the opposition says, none of these transfers are politically motivated, he said.

“We are getting intelligence information about some policemen who do not do their duty to tackle crime. If they are acting in cahoots with criminals, shouldn’t we take steps to put an end to it? We need to crush the network of corrupt policemen,” he said.

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Cost of President’s foreign travel: Govt. gives breakdown

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By Saman Indrajith

Chief Government Whip Minister Nalinda Jayatissa, speaking in parliament on Friday, gave a breakdown of expenses incurred during the three state visits by President Anura Kumara Dissanayake, in response to claims that these visits could not be undertaken with 1.8 million rupees as stated by the government.

Jayatissa said Rs. 1.2 million was spent on the President’s visit to India, Rs. 386,000 on the China visit, and Rs. 279,970 on the Dubai visit.

He explained that the President had received free air tickets for the China and Dubai visits, while Rs. 386,000 was spent on air tickets for the India trip.

The total expenses borne by the Presidential Secretariat for the India visit amounted to Rs. 1,222,000, including the air tickets. “This sum also covered plaques presented to state leaders,” Jayatissa said.

He further stated that President Dissanayake was allocated a per diem of USD 2,055 for the China visit and USD 960 for the Dubai visit, but he returned the entire amount to the Presidential Secretariat.

Jayatissa said opposition MPs could not comprehend how President Dissanayake managed three foreign visits for Rs. 1.8 million, because they had come to believe that it is acceptable for a head of state to waste collosal amounts of public

“These MPs have no problem with formee President Mahinda Rajapaksa spending Rs. 3,572 million on overseas trips during his tenure.

He noted that the Rs. 3,572 million represented only the expenses borne by the Presidential Secretariat, with additional costs covered by various ministries.

“We will disclose the full amount spent by ministries on foreign visits,” he added.

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