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Purpose of a government

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At the interview for US citizenship, the great mathematical logician, Kurt Godel, accompanying Albert Einstein, told the judge he found a loophole in the US Constitution that allows legal conversion of American democracy to a dictatorship.

By Prof. Kirthi Tennakone
(email: ktenna@yahoo.co.uk)

How do we define a government and its purpose?

Continued human existence and advancement rely on their collective action. A group of individuals working together to achieve an identified agenda.

An authority managing collective action of a community is a government.

Directing necessary collective action for the benefit of all is the purpose of a government.

Examining how governments evolved enlightens us to identify the functions of a government and how collective action has been managed. And how it should be managed.

Primitive humans lived in partly cleared spots in the wilderness as tiny communities. Members communicated with each other. Men, as a group, engaged in gathering forest resources for food and building shelter. Women helped prepare food and took care of children.

As the communities grew in size, constraints surfaced. When hundreds of men work together to gather food, sharing the collection leads to conflicts. The result was the splitting of the community into two or more groups, that dispersed to occupy new territory. A trend, observed in primate populations.

Agriculture, the first major innovation of humankind, changed the scenario. The profession required the engagement of a larger number of people. How do you coordinate the work of an excessively large group? Leaders emerged! They extended communication using messengers. Their thinking was the policy and what they said, the law.

The administrative and executive structure built around leadership constituted the government.

Even though most chieftains and the kings were tyrants, society progressed as a result of coordinated effort.

A landmark innovation that shaped society was the invention of money. A way of measuring the worth of goods and services. The use of money increased production, facilitating the exchange of goods and honouring compensation for the services.

The operations to maintain the community demanded resources (material and labour), and the people were taxed. Taxation allowed diversion of a portion of the production by individuals to implement collective action.

The rulers used tax money to carry out projects essential for the livelihood of citizens, raise armies, and a good portion for their enjoyment. Paid little attention to the grievances of people and often ignored or violated their rights.

In the next step of social development, democracy originated as a method for eliminating the evils of authoritarian rule. Where the necessary collective action was decided by people themselves.

The primitive small communities were indeed direct democracies. There, the members got together and decided the course of action. In an evening discussion, they rationally agreed where to go for hunting next morning.

Direct democracies, where all citizens vote to make decisions, were practised in Athens. People voted to decide major issues or appoint officials. Influenced by philosopher Solon (630-560 BCE), the statesman Cleisthenes, established the first direct democracy in Athens, 508 BCE, and the concept lasted for nearly two centuries. However, it was found to be impractical when the population grew large.

A practical way of installing a democracy is by representation. In a representative democracy, the governing body is constituted of candidates elected by popular vote.

How do you form a governing body with elected candidates? Aristotle emphasized the need for a constitution and defined it as a way of organizing the offices of Athens. In modern states, the structure of government, the principles to be abided by, and the procedures to be followed in its forming and functioning are described in the constitution. Generally, a carefully drafted written document and rarely a collection of statutes.

A constitution also invariably embodies a ‘supreme idealistic and conventional law’ required to be followed by the government it defines.

There is no theory to the base derivation of a constitution; its construction decided by experience, examples, and problems encountered in the functioning of a government.

A primary objective of a constitution is to balance the concentration and distribution of the decision-making authority of the government. Unless, the authority is concentrated at an apex, prompt, unambiguous decision making would be difficult. At the same time, too much political power should not be transferred to the apex – the head of the government, the chief executive (elected by people in a democracy).

Some constitutions introduce a ceremonially superior symbolic head of state with limited executive power. Often an approving authority of certain decisions made by the governing body.

A constitution also defines an independent judicial system. And generally, that system, also acts as the custodian and the interpreter of the constitution.

People get entrapped in the laws they make. For that reason, it needs to specify, how it could be amended

Can a constitutional democracy, deteriorate, fail to serve people, and turn into a self-serving system?

More than 2500 years ago, the great Greek philosopher, Plato, noted that democracies are not immune to the ills of authoritarian rule. It allows selfish and unqualified to get elected.

They could manipulate the law or go through loopholes in it and gradually turn democracy into a virtual autocracy or an oligarchy? Or they rewrite the constitution to meet their wishes, following rules given for amendments in the existing constitution.

Two of the most intricately drafted documents after much thought are the United States, the Deceleration of Independence, and the Constitution. Authors attempted a logical structure based on axioms similar to Euclid’s geometry.

In the closing speech at the constitutional convention 1887, the American polymath Benjamin Franklin said,” Sir, I consent to this constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure that it is not the best.”

In 1947, Kurt Godel, a great Austrian mathematician, who emigrated to the United States, read the constitution to prepare for the citizenship interview. He told his friends, Albert Einstein and Oskar Morgenstein (renowned mathematician and economist), who were to be witnesses to the oath, he found a flaw in the United States constitution. A loophole that allows legal conversion of American democracy to a dictatorship. Both Einstein and Morgenstein dissuaded Godel from bringing up this issue during the interview. And knowing the nature of the man, Einstein reminded Godel of his warning on the way to the immigration court. Instead, Godel told the judge, there was a flaw in the US Constitution, and he could prove its possible consequence. The judge declined further discussion and approved citizenship.

No one knows for sure, what Godel meant, but his claim hints drafting a flawless constitution would be nearly impossible.

Godel, regarded as the greatest logician since Aristotle, shook the world of mathematics at the age of 25, proving an assertion referred to as the incompleteness theorem. Godel may have seen something where ‘mortals ‘were blind!

The devious will look for loopholes and manipulate the law for their advantage. The safeguard is, for citizens to understand the purpose, functions, and limits of a government to elect their representatives wisely. Keeping in mind, they are managers of collective action, appointed by people. And whether they are qualified to undertake responsibilities and their integrity. We have witnessed the repercussions of Plato’s warning and suffered!

What are the main functions of a government?

A government enacts laws and frames policies. Enforce law, ensure rule of law, and implement policies. To achieve the said objective, its functions distributed (as ministries, departments, etc.).

A government needs to address issues related to the ready availability of essential commodities and facilitation of services. People require food, materials, devices, and energy supplies to live. These are obtained by people’s effort and what they earn. The role a government plays here, should be to initiate protocols to increase production and earnings and ensure fair and affordable distribution, clearing bottlenecks.

A government needs to levy taxes on the earnings of the citizens and entities, fairly to cover the costs of collective actions.

A government should provide protections to people. Protection against evils of society and external forces. Protection against poverty. Protection against ignorance (education). Protection against injustice and upholding justice. Ensure availability of services to take care of sick and impoverished.

A government should promote intellectual, scientific, technical, and recreational endeavors and international cooperation.

The above enumeration of the functions of a government is not exhaustive. As society moves, unexpected issues engendering the society could crop up, where the government needs to intervene.

Equally important are the things that a government should not do.

Human progress is not entirely a consequence of collective action. The individuals who made discoveries, introduced groundbreaking concepts, wrote books, painted pictures, composed music, started industries and businesses, or voiced against injustice have advanced society in astronomical quantum jumps. A government should not interfere with such activities abided by a law.

The needs of individuals in a society differ, but individuals also have distinctions (colour, creed, ethnicity, spoken language, etc.). A government should not be biased towards distinctions.

Individuals have varying responsibilities, beliefs, and desires. They are free to form groups and initiate collective activities to meet such aspirations, within the framework of law. A government, undertake only necessary collective action as decided by people.

A government should not expand itself to a huge self-serving officialdom to strengthen partisan politics at a cost to the people

After a long lapse, the people of Sri Lanka, seem to be gaining ground in understanding of the political landscape and their responsibilities. Hopefully, the trend will continue.

Undeniably, social media overall has promoted rational analysis, convincing people. Even the false information it propagates would have acted contrarily, opening eyes and realization of the ulterior motive behind such postings.

I conclude this article by quoting Benjamin Frankin once again. In the closing speech at the constitutional convention in 1887, he said:

“Much of the strength and efficiency of any government in procuring and securing happiness to people depend on opinion, on the general opinion of the goodness of that government as well as of the wisdom and integrity of its governors.”



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Features

The Division Bell Mystery

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Tales of Mystery and Suspense 3

The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.

The Brahms and Simon detective novels, the first of which I wrote about last week, were amongst several books by the pair that Robert Scoble gave me when I was in Australia towards the end of last year. Amongst them was another thriller of a very different sort, though that too was written and set between the wars.

Called The Division Bell Mystery, it was set in the House of Commons, the first such book I believe, and was by Ellen Wilkinson, a Labour MP who became Minister of Education in Attlee’s government after the war, having served previously as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers. Her hero Robert West is also a PPS, but a conservative, and his Minister, of Home Affairs, is an old style aristocrat, not much loved by the less orthodox Prime Minister, who nevertheless needs his support on many occasions.

The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.

West was just outside the door when the shot was heard, and when he opened it saw only the dead body with a revolver beside it. The assumption that this was suicide was however challenged by Oissel’s grand-daughter Annette, who was his heir, on the grounds that he would never have killed himself. But her view was given greater credence by the Inspector put in charge of the case who said there were no burn marks on the body which would have been the case had Oissel fired the pistol himself.

Matters are complicated by the fact that Oissel’s flat had been burgled while he was at dinner, and Jenks the policeman allocated to him, who had served the Home Secretary and seemed more acceptable to Oissel than someone from the Security Service, had been killed. Matters get even more complicated when Annette says her grand-father’s notebook in which he wrote his secrets in cipher was missing.

That was found in Jenks’ pocket, and then a photographer came to West to say he had been asked by Jenks to photograph this. More worryingly for West, he finds in the Home Secretary’s drawer a few pages from the notebook with what appears to be an interpretation of the cipher.

Ellen

Overwhelmed by all this he confides in a recently created peer who knows all about the business world, who insists that they leave the house party at which they had met over dinner and discuss the matter with the Prime Minister who promptly summons the Home Secretary.

But the Home Secretary had gone to Scotland to launch a ship over the weekend, so the meeting could take place only on the morning of the Monday, when difficult questions were expected on the adjournment motion. He admits at the meeting that he had got Jenks to take the notebook, and also that he knew the code since it had been created by him and Oissel when they were young.

He thought he should resign, and even contemplated suicide, but the Prime Minister told him that that would be even worse for the government, and that he should go home to bed. The Prime Minister said that he himself would handle the question, which he did with aplomb, insisting that confidentiality was needed until the inquest. What had happened would be made clear then, he declared, leaving West and Inspector Blackit and Lord Dalbeattie what seemed the impossible task of solving the murder.

Dalbeattie had suggested that West ask a female Labour MP who was very fond of him to get what information she could from the staff. That there was some involvement there had become clear when West, going back late one night to collect a briefcase he had left in a dining room, found someone lurking in the dark in the corridor outside the private rooms. Room J, where the murder had happened, was meant to be guarded throughout by a policeman, but he had left the room having felt dizzy, and it seemed that his coffee had been drugged. West’s sudden appearance however had prevented anyone else getting into the room.

Dalbeattie decides to recreate the scene of the murder and has a dinner party in Room J on the Tuesday night, inviting West and Annette and the society hostess at whose house he had met, and also Patrick Kinnaird, an MP who was engaged to Annette, as well as the Permanent Secretary to the Home Ministry.

After coffee Inspector Blackit comes in with Grace, the Labour MP who had got the confidence of the staff, and a journalist who had also been helpful, and just as they say they think they are on the track the division bell rings. Grace jumps up and tells the Inspector that that provides the solution and they get a ladder, and sure enough find the revolver in the space where the bell is. Directed at the place where Oissel had sat, it had been primed to go off with the ringing of the bell. The waiter who had helped to set things up made clear who the murderer had been.

The reason for the murder and the confused motives of all those involved made for a fascinatingly intricate mix. But also impressive in the book were the descriptions of the isolation possible in the crowded premises of the house, the forceful characterization of the members – Grace based on the writer, the society hostess based on Nancy Astor, the first female MP – and the laid back nature of senior politicians which West realized had to change in the brave new world of high finance.

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The challenge of keeping value-based politics alive

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Anti-migrant protests in Durban, South Africa. BBC

The current outbreak of anti-immigrant protests in Durban, South Africa is bound to have taken many a subscriber to value-based politics or political idealism quite by surprise. After all, this is evidence that despite the historic accomplishments of nation-builders of the stature of the late President Nelson Mandela it cannot be taken for granted that identity politics, including racism in its worst forms, is no more in South Africa.

At the time of this writing details are scarce on the substantive root causes of the protests but it could very well be that economic grievances, particularly on the part of the majority community in South Africa, are contributing considerably to the disaffection. Shrinking employment and material prospects are likely to figure majorly among the factors igniting the unrest.

Fortunately, the local authorities in Durban are losing no time in calling for peaceful co-existence among the relevant communities and are pointing to the vital importance of stepping-up national integration processes. Apparently, immigrants in sizable numbers from neighbouring countries are present in Durban. However, international TV footage of the protests quoted some local authorities as saying that the majority of the immigrants in some centres that housed them were not illegal migrants and had the documents that entitle them to be in Durban.

In the Durban protests the world has fresh proof of the socially divisive consequences of the gathering globe-wide economic disaffection, touched off particularly by the continuing crisis in West Asia. Going ahead, the world would need to brace for increasing identity-based unrest of the kind it is just witnessing in South Africa.

Considering that the material lot of ordinary people everywhere could only aggravate progressively, with the US and Iran showing no signs of negotiating an end to their confrontation any time soon, it will be left to the more democratic and progressive sections of the world community to initiate positive measures collectively to bring a measure of relief to the discontented.

The swiftness with which such relief will be provided would depend crucially on the importance those sections taking up these undertakings attach to value-based politics as opposed to Realpolitik of power politics.

Going by these yardsticks, Italy could be considered to be moving in the right direction. Recently Italy came to the fore in initiating the collective named, ‘Rome Coalition for Food Security and Access to Fertilizer’, which has as one of its aims the swift provision of fertilizer to economically weak African countries.

In a recent statement Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Antonio Tajani, said that a principal aim of the project was to ensure that the farmers of Africa gained easy access to fertilizer, considering that food security is a growing concern among some of Africa’s economically vulnerable countries.

The statement went on to mention that some 30 countries hailing from the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, the Balkans as well as the FAO had been invited to join the coalition. The venture is far-seeing in that food security is main among the reasons for social discontent which in turn could degenerate into endemic political turmoil and bloodshed. Separatist violence and geographical fragmentation of countries wouldn’t be too far behind these developments, as Africa itself has often proved.

It is hoped that more G7 countries would take the cue from Italy and do what they could to ease the hardships of economically distressed countries, particularly of the global South. In these efforts they would need to break rank with the US, which is today brutally indifferent to the consequences of its policy of making ‘America First’, come what may.

Going by current developments, the Trump administration seems to be blithely oblivious to the wider, deleterious effects of its policy course in West Asia. Besides rendering Iran militarily and otherwise impotent nothing else seems to matter to Washington, as regards West Asia. This is policy short-sightedness of an extreme kind. After all, right now West Asia could be said to be sitting on the proverbial powder keg.

On the other hand, Iran is not giving the world the impression that it is doing anything constructive to get out of the policy straitjacket that it wove for itself decades ago. Rather than enter into a policy of ‘live and let live’ in relation to Israel in particular and initiate a process of reconciliation with the latter, it has chosen to operate within policy parameters that continue to damn Israel. This has put Israel always on the ‘defensive’ so to speak and prevented the opening up of space for meaningful dialogue.

That said, Israel is obliged to explore the possibilities of entering into a negotiatory process with the Arab-Islamic world that could lead to a de-escalation of tensions and bloodshed. It cannot continue to look at its neighbours through lenses that distort them as archetypal enemies who should be ‘wiped off completely from the face of the earth.’

In other words, the need is urgent for Realpolitik to give way to value-based politicks. Italy is beginning to prove that the latter approach could be pursued with some success. May be the EU and the UK could throw their weight behind these initiatives as well and establish that international politics could be refashioned on the basis of humane, civilized norms. The UN would need to be fully supportive of these moves and prove an organizational nucleus of the operations that follow.

In fact the time is ripe for people of conscience to collectively stand up on the side of peace and say ‘No’ to war and violence. Organizations such as the ICRC, the WHO and Medicines Sans Frontiers have already taken up this call. Referring to the widespread destruction of health facilities and their dehumanizing results these organizations have said, among other things, that ‘This is not a failure of the law. It is a failure of political will.’

True, ‘failure of political will’ among those powers that matter accounts for the runaway, uncontrollable nature of war and destruction in contemporary times, but more fundamentally it is a failure of the human conscience. It could very well be that the phenomenal levels to which violence and war have been unleashed today have had the effect of deadening consciences. This is a matter for urgent study and wide discussion.

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Vesak celebrations … with Cuteefly

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Perfect for celebrations, gifts, and meaningful occasions // Gift pack

I would describe Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka as innovative and creative, and she operates under the name of Cuteefly.

Indunil always comes up with something novel to celebrate special occasions, and she does it with candles … and that’s her profession.

She was in the spotlight when she created a happening scene, with candles, for Christmas, Sinhala and Tamil New Year, and Valentine’s Day.

As lanterns light up Sri Lanka for Vesak, the Colombo-based candle maker is quietly turning wax and wick into little pieces of the festival.

Candles reflecting Vesak themes

Her candles reflect Vesak themes – light, peace, remembrance, giving, etc., to enable you to fill your Vesak celebration with devotion and beauty.

Among her Vesak creations is a lotus-shaped soy candle, scented with sandalwood, lavender, etc., meant to burn during this Vesak Poya Day.

Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka: Customers
praise her for her creativity

These handcrafted Vesak candles are perfect for offering at the temple, she says.

What makes her creations so novel is that they come in different shapes, scents, themes, and all are handmade.

What’s more, her customers have heaped praise on her for her creativity.

According to Indunil, her creations are perfect as a thoughtful gift … to bring beauty, unity, and light into every moment.

Says Indunil: “Our beautifully handcrafted Unity candles are designed with premium detail and love, making them perfect for celebrations, gifts, and meaningful occasions.”

Cuteefly, says Indunil, is available online.

Readers could contact Indunil on 0778506066 for more details.

He Facebook Page is: Cuteefly.

Handmade with love

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