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Nursing in Sri Lanka: A Journey of Dedication, Challenges, and Trends

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by D. I. I. Amarasinghe

Nursing, often regarded as the heartbeat of healthcare systems, has undergone a profound evolution in Sri Lanka. From humble beginnings to modern-day complexities, the trajectory of nursing services in this island nation reflects a rich tapestry of dedication, challenges, and opportunities. Nursing in Sri Lanka has undergone a significant evolution over the years, reflecting the changing healthcare landscape and societal needs. From its humble beginnings to the present day, nurses in Sri Lanka play a crucial role in delivering healthcare services and improving public health outcomes.

The roots of nursing in Sri Lanka can be traced back to the early 19th century when British colonial influence introduced Western healthcare practices to the island. Initially, nursing was primarily carried out by religious orders and laypersons with rudimentary training. However, with the establishment of formal nursing education in the early 20th century, the profession began to take shape. The advent of nursing schools and the pioneering efforts of individuals like Lady Havelock, who founded the Colombo School of Nursing in 1937, marked significant milestones in the professionalization of nursing.

Over the decades, nursing in Sri Lanka evolved from a vocation to a respected profession, with nurses playing pivotal roles in delivering quality healthcare across the country’s diverse landscapes. The transition from informal caregiving to structured training programmes was pivotal in elevating the status of nursing in Sri Lankan society. With the establishment of nursing schools and the standardisation of curriculum and training, nurses gained recognition as skilled healthcare professionals capable of providing competent and compassionate care to patients.

The evolution of nursing education in Sri Lanka paralleled global advancements in healthcare and nursing practice. The curriculum expanded to encompass a wide range of subjects, including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, nursing theory, and clinical skills. Moreover, practical training in hospital settings became an integral component of nursing education, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world patient care scenarios. This hands-on approach fostered clinical competence, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills among aspiring nurses, preparing them for the complexities of modern healthcare practice.

In contemporary Sri Lanka, nursing stands as an indispensable pillar of the healthcare system. With the proliferation of nursing education institutions and the establishment of rigorous training programs, the profession has witnessed remarkable growth. Today, Sri Lankan nurses are equipped with advanced skills and knowledge, enabling them to provide a wide array of services ranging from primary care to specialised treatments. Also, they are well received all over the world.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of nursing leadership and management in healthcare organisations. Nurses are increasingly assuming leadership roles in clinical practice, education, research, and administration, driving positive change and innovation within the healthcare system. Moreover, the integration of technology into nursing practice has facilitated improvements in patient care, documentation, communication, and decision-making.

Certainly, nursing in Sri Lanka encounters a myriad of challenges, with the shortage of qualified nursing staff being a prominent issue. In rural areas especially, the scarcity of trained professionals leads to healthcare facilities being understaffed, resulting in increased workloads and compromised patient care. According to recent statistics from the Ministry of Health, rural regions often experience a nurse-to-patient ratio well below the recommended standards set by the World Health Organization. Migrating large number of nursing officers is also affecting for this issue.

Moreover, the inadequate remuneration offered to nurses across the country is a significant deterrent for individuals considering nursing as a long-term career. Reports from nursing associations highlight that the salaries provided are often insufficient to meet the rising cost of living, let alone incentivise individuals to commit to the demanding nature of the profession. This lack of financial security further perpetuates the shortage of nursing staff, particularly in rural areas where alternative employment opportunities are limited.

Additionally, limited career advancement opportunities within the nursing profession discourage talented individuals from pursuing further education and specialization. The absence of structured career pathways and professional development programs hinders the progression of nurses in their careers, leading to stagnation and dissatisfaction among the workforce.

Furthermore, the demanding work environment, characterised by long hours, high patient volumes, and inadequate resources, contributes significantly to burnout and attrition among nursing staff. Studies conducted by healthcare institutions reveal alarmingly high rates of burnout among nurses, adversely affecting both their well-being and the quality of care provided to patients.

In addition to personnel-related challenges, systemic issues such as insufficient funding for healthcare infrastructure and equipment further strain the capacity of nurses to deliver optimal care. Outdated facilities and a lack of essential medical equipment impede the efficiency of healthcare delivery, exacerbating the challenges faced by nursing staff on the frontline.

In addition, a major challenge for nursing in Sri Lanka is that due to the medical administration of the Ministry of Health, nurses are deprived of their rights, opportunities and privileges and discriminated against. Although efforts have been made on various occasions and all necessary activities have been carried out, raising the nursing diploma provided by the government nursing colleges to the degree level is still impossible due to various influences. This has resulted in the decline of value and status of Sri Lankan nurses in Sri Lanka as well as in the world.

Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a comprehensive approach that involves strategic workforce planning, policy reforms to improve remuneration and career development opportunities, increased investment in healthcare infrastructure, and concerted efforts to challenge gender stereotypes and promote the value of nursing as a profession essential to the well-being of society.

Amidst the challenges, new trends and opportunities are emerging that promise to reshape the landscape of nursing in Sri Lanka. The growing focus on community-based care and preventive health strategies presents an exciting avenue for nurses to expand their roles beyond traditional hospital settings. By engaging with local communities, nurses can promote health education, disease prevention, and lifestyle modifications, thereby addressing underlying health disparities and improving population health outcomes.

Moreover, advancements in technology and telemedicine are enabling nurses to deliver healthcare services remotely, bridging gaps in access and enhancing efficiency. Tele-nursing, teleconsultations, and mobile health applications empower nurses to reach patients in remote or underserved areas, monitor chronic conditions, and provide timely interventions. This not only extends the reach of healthcare services but also promotes patient empowerment and self-management.

Additionally, the increasing emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration opens doors for nurses to work alongside other healthcare professionals in integrated care teams, fostering holistic approaches to patient management. By collaborating with physicians, pharmacists, social workers, and allied health professionals, nurses can leverage their unique expertise in patient-centered care, care coordination, and health promotion, leading to more comprehensive and effective healthcare delivery.

Furthermore, there is a growing recognition of the importance of evidence-based practice and research in nursing. Nurses are increasingly engaged in research activities aimed at generating new knowledge, improving clinical outcomes, and informing policy and practice. By fostering a culture of inquiry and innovation, Sri Lanka can harness the potential of nursing research to address priority health issues, drive quality improvement initiatives, and advance the profession.

To unleash the full potential of nursing in Sri Lanka, concerted efforts are needed at various levels. Firstly, there is a pressing need to address the shortage of nursing staff by implementing targeted recruitment and retention strategies, especially in underserved areas. This could involve incentivising rural postings, offering competitive salaries, and providing opportunities for career advancement and continuous professional development. Additionally, investing in nursing education and training programs, particularly in specialised areas such as critical care, gerontology, mental health, and community nursing, will ensure a skilled workforce capable of meeting evolving healthcare needs.

Furthermore, enhancing the working conditions and well-being of nurses is paramount to retaining talent and maintaining high standards of patient care. This includes improving staffing levels, providing adequate resources and support, implementing evidence-based workload management strategies, and fostering a culture of respect, recognition, and professional growth within healthcare organisations. Additionally, prioritizing the mental health and resilience of nurses through peer support programmes, counseling services, and stress management initiatives can mitigate burnout and improve job satisfaction.

Moreover, strengthening regulatory mechanisms and professional governance structures is essential for upholding standards of nursing practice and ensuring accountability. This involves enforcing licensing requirements, promoting continuing education and competency assessments, and establishing mechanisms for reporting and addressing issues of misconduct or negligence. By fostering a culture of excellence and accountability, Sri Lanka can enhance public trust in nursing professionals and elevate the status of the profession within the healthcare system.

Encouraging active participation of nurses in national health policies and decision-making processes is crucial for harnessing their expertise and insights. Establishing platforms for nurses to voice their concerns, ideas, and innovations will foster a culture of empowerment and ownership within the profession. This could involve creating forums for professional networking, research dissemination, and policy advocacy, as well as involving nurses in committees, task forces, and advisory boards related to healthcare governance and planning.

Furthermore, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and creating opportunities for knowledge exchange among healthcare professionals will enhance synergies and drive innovation in patient care. By fostering partnerships between nursing associations, academic institutions, healthcare organisations, and government agencies, Sri Lanka can leverage the collective expertise and resources of diverse stakeholders to address complex health challenges and improve healthcare delivery systems.

Additionally, investing in leadership development and mentorship programs for nurses will cultivate a new generation of healthcare leaders capable of driving positive change and innovation. By providing opportunities for career progression, professional development, and leadership training, Sri Lanka can empower nurses to take on leadership roles in clinical practice, education, research, administration, and policy advocacy.

By recognising and valuing the contributions of nurses as integral members of the healthcare team, Sri Lanka can leverage their expertise to propel the country towards a healthier society. Through collaborative efforts and strategic investments in nursing education, practice, and leadership, Sri Lanka can harness the full potential of its nursing workforce to address current health challenges and build a resilient healthcare system for the future.

In conclusion, nursing in Sri Lanka embodies a rich legacy of dedication, resilience, and innovation. While facing numerous challenges, the profession continues to evolve and adapt to meet the evolving healthcare needs of the nation. By addressing systemic barriers, embracing emerging trends, and empowering nurses to lead change, Sri Lanka can unlock the full potential of its nursing workforce and pave the way for a healthier, more prosperous society.

(The writers is a Special Grade Nursing Officer (Education), School of Nursing Rathnapura)



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Features

Combining local resources,traditional knowledge and science to build a food-secure Sri Lanka

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World Food Day 2026: Innovating today for a better food future

by Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

What will be on the Sri Lankan dinner table ten years from now? Will our children be able to get nutritious food at a price their families can afford? Will farmers be able to grow enough despite changing weather and rising costs? And how much of the food we produce will actually reach the consumer, instead of being lost or wasted along the way?

These questions can’t wait. A farmer faces unpredictable weather. A family faces rising food costs. Fruit goes unsold after a good harvest. Some children do not get enough nutrition. The future of food is tied to the future of Sri Lanka itself.

World Food Day 2026 is a chance to look beyond the immediate problems and ask whether we can build a food system that feeds our people well, gives farmers better opportunities, protects the environment and makes better use of what we already have. The answer can be yes, but we will have to think differently.

We are not starting from zero. Sri Lanka has diverse crops, fisheries, traditional food knowledge, indigenous varieties, research institutions, universities and a young generation able to create new solutions. What we need is to bring these together and act. Producing more will not secure our food future on its own. It will depend on how intelligently we produce, process, preserve, distribute and consume food.

Making more of what we already have

Innovation does not always mean inventing something new. Often it means finding better uses for the resources we have.

Sri Lanka grows traditional rice varieties, kurakkan, green gram, cowpea, jackfruit, breadfruit, cassava, sweet potato, coconut and palmyrah. All of them have great potential for modern, nutritious, value-added foods. Jackfruit and breadfruit can be made into flour and other convenient products. Traditional rice varieties can go into new foods that suit changing consumer needs. Palmyrah, with its strong cultural heritage, can create new income through better processing, packaging, quality assurance and market development.

The aim is to connect our traditional food knowledge with modern consumer needs and technology, while keeping our food heritage.

Stop wasting the food we produce

Reducing food loss and waste should be a major priority. Seasonal fruits such as mango, banana, papaya and pineapple can be lost in large quantities when production exceeds demand or when storage, transport and processing facilities are inadequate. With suitable technology, these fruits can become dried products, pulps, powders, beverages and other shelf-stable foods.

Agricultural and fisheries by-products are resources too. They could be turned into food ingredients, animal feed, bio-based products and other useful materials, which would move us toward a more circular food economy.

Technology alone is not enough. We need stronger local processing facilities, cold storage, efficient transport, collection centres and market information systems, especially close to where food is produced. Cutting food loss raises the value of what our farmers and fishers already produce.

Nutrition and food safety come first

Food security means more than having enough food. People also need food that is safe and nutritious.

Sri Lanka can develop affordable, nutritious foods from local pulses, grains, vegetables, fruits and fish. Children and other vulnerable groups should get particular attention. Schoolchildren in particular deserve a focus: safe, nutritious, locally sourced products for school feeding programs would support child nutrition, local farmers and domestic food industries at the same time.

Food safety must stay at the centre of food innovation. Good hygiene, quality control, laboratory testing, traceability and appropriate food safety systems are what make new products safe as well as attractive and nutritious.

A food system that can cope with climate change

Climate change is already affecting agricultural production, water availability, crop yields and food prices. We need food systems that can handle changing conditions. That means climate-resilient crops, efficient water use, soil and water conservation, better storage and resource-efficient food processing.

Traditional knowledge matters here. Generations of Sri Lankan farmers have developed practices suited to local climates and ecosystems. Combining that experience with modern science can give us solutions that fit local conditions and are sustainable. Technology alone will not build the future of food. Science, experience and local knowledge together can.

Give young people a bigger role

Sri Lanka’s universities have an important part to play in shaping our food future. Young people should be encouraged to identify real problems in the food system and work on practical solutions in areas such as food waste, sustainable packaging, nutrition, food safety, modernising traditional foods and digital technologies.

A good research project should not always end as a research paper. Where appropriate, research should be supported to move on to products, technologies, enterprises and community solutions. That needs stronger partnerships between universities and industry, along with mentoring, research funding, business support and market connections. If young researchers and entrepreneurs can turn their ideas into viable food innovations, both consumers and producers will benefit.

A pathway designed for Sri Lanka

We do not need to copy food-system models from other countries. We can build a pathway that suits our own resources, culture and needs. It would bring together local resources, traditional knowledge, scientific research, appropriate technology and entrepreneurship, with farmers, fishers, universities, research institutions, food industries, entrepreneurs and policymakers working side by side.

The goal goes beyond selling raw materials. We need to create more value, reduce waste, improve nutrition, generate jobs and strengthen rural livelihoods. This matters especially for small and medium-scale food enterprises, which can drive local economic development when they get the right technical, financial and market support.

The choices we make today

The food future will not create itself. It will be shaped by what we grow, what we research, what we process, what we consume and what we choose not to waste.

So, the question for World Food Day 2026 is this: what can we do today so that every Sri Lankan has safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food tomorrow?

The answers are already around us, in our farms, fisheries, food businesses, universities, laboratories and communities. We have the resources, the traditional knowledge, the scientific expertise and talented young people. What we need now is to connect them and act.

A better food future begins with the choices we make today.

Dr. Kaushalya Wijayasekara

Senior Lecturer, Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna

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20th Anniversary of Digampathana blast – the day Sri Lanka Navy cried

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Aftermath of the terror attack

By Admiral Ravindra C Wijegunaratne
WV, RWP and Bar, RSP, VSV, USP, NI (M) (Pakistan), ndc, psn, Bsc
(Hons) (War Studies) (Karachi) MPhil (Madras)
Former Navy Commander and Former Chief of Defence Staff
Former Chairman, Trincomalee Petroleum Terminals Ltd
Former Managing Director Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Former High Commissioner to Pakistan

The Digampathana suicide truck attack on 16th October 2006 remains the deadliest single strike in Sri Lanka Navy history, leaving scars that time cannot erase.

It was a seemingly ordinary Monday morning on 16 October 2006, but the calm of that day would soon be shattered in a way none of us could have imagined. As the Commandant of the Naval and Maritime Academy and Flag Officer Commanding Naval Fleet at Trincomalee, I was aware that a number of my cadets were travelling that morning, part of a convoy of fifteen buses carrying naval personnel from Trincomalee, Colombo, and other bases, heading toward Dambulla to rendezvous with another group. The convoy also included trucks and escort vehicles, a routine movement planned and coordinated with the army to ensure the roads were clear. The morning started quietly. Some personnel greeted friends, handed over their weapons, or strolled to a nearby tea shop. It all seemed so ordinary—too ordinary for what would come next.

Sri Lanka Navy sunk LTTE Ships carrying arms, ammunition and warlike materials thousand miles away from Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean in September and October 2007.

By late morning, both convoys had reached the small ground at Digampathana, near the Sigiriya junction, and personnel mingled briefly, unaware that a carefully orchestrated act of terror was waiting. Then, suddenly, an empty half-truck veered directly into the convoy. It exploded with a ferocity I can still recall as if it were yesterday. Nuts, bolts, and high explosives tore through the air. Pandemonium erupted instantly. I later learned that 107 of our naval personnel were killed on the spot and another 153 critically injured. The scene was indescribable—bodies scattered, vehicles mangled, personal effects strewn across the ground. I remember later hearing that the head of the suicide bomber was recovered more than 100 meters away from the blast, a grim testament to the sheer force of the explosion.

I was in my office at the Naval and Maritime Academy when my mobile phone rang. A young midshipman from the 21st intake called, his voice trembling: “Sir, there was a huge explosion at the convoy point! Many are dead … my batch mate Wijesundara is among them.” I immediately jumped into my jeep with my escort Chief Petty Officer and driver and rushed to Digampathana, relying on every ounce of my driving skill to reach the scene. The journey, which usually took little more than an hour, felt endless that day, each passing mile weighed down by dread.

When I arrived, I was confronted with a sight that no training can prepare you for. The injured were being rushed to Dambulla Hospital, where doctors and nurses worked tirelessly, improvising in ways that saved lives despite the overwhelming chaos. I went back to the site after visiting the hospital. The remains of our naval personnel were scattered across the ground, and someone had begun collecting weapons and protective gear. I immediately contacted Surgeon Rear Admiral Nico Jayasekara and received his instructions: collect all body parts in separate bags and transport them to the Trincomalee Naval Hospital mortuary. This gruesome work had to be done with care and dignity, and it filled the icebox in my vehicle. Through DNA testing initiated by Rear Admiral Nico, we were able to identify every naval personnel lost that day, bringing some closure to grieving families.

The Navy Commander at the time, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, was devastated. I had worked closely with him and knew how deeply he cared for his men. He ensured that the fallen were honoured with full ceremonial naval funerals at Welisara Naval Base, attended by families and comrades. Sixty-seven funerals were conducted in a single day—a number that still haunts me.

The Digampathana attack remains the largest single loss of naval life in our history. It was a day of sorrow, but also a day that reinforced our resolve. The tragedy galvanized the Navy to target the LTTE Sea Tiger wing with renewed determination and reshaped our maritime operations forever. Every time I think of that day, I remember not just the lives lost, but the courage, professionalism, and dedication of those who survived, those who treated the injured, and those who ensured the fallen were honored properly. May the souls of our naval hero’s rest in peace, their sacrifice guiding us and inspiring generations of naval personnel to come.

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‘Murder at Whitby Abbey’

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Tales of Mystery and Suspense – 24

I was intrigued by the title of a book I found in a book drop at the condominium of a friend, Murder at Whitby Abbey, and I brought it home with me though I will not be able to return it in the near future. It was described on the cover page as ‘a standout in the crowded medieval mystery field’, though I fear I do not know of other books in this field, apart from the Cadfael series, which I have dealt with earlier.

The book, by Cassandra Clark, is set during the reign of Richard II and has as a backdrop his precarious position, which led to his being replaced, and murdered, by his cousin Henry, who reigned as Henry IV. It is a gloomy book, the action taking place in the twelve days of Christmas leading up to the Epiphany. And the gloom is pervasive, even though this is supposed to be a time of festivity, with mummers performing, and many of those in the guest house where the heroine stays going to town to enjoy themselves, with much drinking and much music, which also fills the guesthouse.

The heroine Hildegarde is a nun, sent to try to acquire a relic being sold by Whitby Abbey, though this was also a penance set by the Abbot of the monastery that governed her abbess because she had had sex with a man. Soon after she and her companions reach the Abbey set high on a cliff, she finds that there are other bidders, and soon suspects that the hierarchy, not perhaps the Abbot who seems a weakling, but his rapacious bursar, is determined to make money, and not above creating false relics to sell to several aspirants.

After Hildegarde and her Cistercian companions – Whitby is a Benedictine Foundation – two monks, Gregory and Egbert, and a young priest Mark, reach the abbey, they find that Aelwyn, a monk they had met on their way to the guesthouse had died. This was in the apple store, and they realize, when they find the surplices of novices stuffed into the air vents, that he had been left to suffocate in the overwhelming scent of apples.

Clark

The Cistercians are asked to look into the death, perhaps because they are likely to get no cooperation from the Abbey folk, but perhaps because those in charge are keen to know what happened. And the infirmarer, an old monk, suggests Hildegarde talk to a man called Edred who worked for the bursar, and had been a friend of Aelwyn’s. But Edred too is killed, before he can keep an appointment he had made with Hildegarde, drowned in a pool near the farmhouse of the Abbey.

Meanwhile tensions arise between the fisherfolk and the abbey for the bursar wants to charge them for using the beach that technically belongs to the abbey to dry their fish and their nets. This leads to physical battles, when the guards used by the abbey, under the command it seems of the bursar whose determination to make money is not resisted by the abbot and the prior, try to storm the area where the fishermen live.

Hildegard finds out more about what had happened through two youngsters, one of whom Torold is the son of Aelwyn by a woman who worked as a prostitute for a cartel, and with whom Mark fell in love. The other works on the farm and had seen Edred meet someone near the pool, after which that someone left the place by himself. And the boy had also found in the pool a sort of dagger with the seal of the abbey.

He and his dog, and Torold who follows her, rescue Hildegarde from a man at arms who has waylaid her and tries to rape her earlier. Escaping into the abbey she was nearly been raped then by the bursar, but she managed to escape, in the process setting fire to him and the muniments room, which led, when he was rescued, to the discovery of a box with the money he said had been stolen, blame being cast on both Aelwyn and Edred.

Matters come to a head when the fisherfolk try to storm the abbey, being resisted by the men at arms stationed on the towers. But then Hildegarde realizes that behind the murders was the bursar’s clerk, whom she pursued to the cathedral. There is great drama then as she escapes from him when he tries to kill her, and then from the man at arms who had tried to both rape and kill her, but they both fall from the scaffolding she had climbed, the latter coming from a tower where he had been stationed.

Both of them think they run the rapacity of the abbey, the latter claiming to work for the nobles opposed to Richard, who is presented throughout the book as devoted to his subjects, not to power or money. But though the villains die, the bursar continues, having got over the hysteria the fire had caused and his acknowledgment then of guilt – and though the abbot and the prior seem less vicious, whether they will be able to assert themselves is questionable.

Before the climax, when the others in the guesthouse were leaving, Hildegarde found that two of them were in possession of the relic, for which they seem to have paid well. Hildegarde herself had made a derisory offer, but before she leaves the abbot gives her the relic, perhaps in gratitude for what she and her fellow Cistercians had discovered, the abbey having made as much money as it needed and more from the gullible other buyers.

Mark’s inamorata is saved from the stews because she moves in with Edred’s widow whom the bursar had thrown out of the rooms he occupied when her husband was found dead. Hildegarde had paid for lodgings, in a house run by the man who ran the brothels, but he had a kindly side and was going to finance them to make nets for the fishermen.

So, the Cistercians set off for their home as swiftly as they can to get there on the day of the Epiphany, having stopped en route to pray for King Richard whose birthday it was.

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