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Is Sri Lanka heading for authoritarian statism?

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Two affected sections in SL’s economic crisis: consumers and small traders. (File pic)

by Seneka Abeyratne

The immediate future of Sri Lanka is extremely bleak as the economic and political crises are continuing to reinforce each other in a synergistic manner. Because the government is totally bankrupt and unable to meet its external debt-service obligations, it is having difficulty securing bridging loans to finance imports of essential goods. Hence, a viable alternative to bridging finance should be found as soon as possible.

Since foreign currency reserves are negligible, government should seriously consider debt to equity swaps with bilateral donors (such as China, India and Japan) as well as bona fide private creditors to boost external reserves and enable the private sector to restore the supply-chain for essential goods and services. Desperate times call for desperate solutions. Government should seek to obtain a minimum of $ 25 billion through quick debt to equity swaps. Top contenders in this regard are ports, airports, Sri Lankan Airlines, large state-owned plantations, and other state-owned facilities or lands which could be utilized by foreign investors for a variety of productive economic activities. As the old saying goes, “We can’t have our cake and eat it.”

Large fiscal deficits create

macroeconomic instability

The fiscal deficit in Sri Lanka increased from 11.1% in 2020 to 12.2% in 2021, largely due to a decrease in the revenue + grants to GDP ratio from 9.1% to 8.7% and an increase in the expenditure to GDP ratio from 20.2% to 20.1% over the same period. This is not a sustainable fiscal path, which is why government is resorting to excessive money printing, thereby adding fuel to the fire of galloping inflation. The last time Sri Lanka registered a fiscal deficit of under 5% was in 1977. Large fiscal deficits create macroeconomic instability and discourage foreign direct investment (FDI). No country in Asia has prospered without a stable macroeconomic climate and substantial FDI inflows on a sustained basis.

Key elements of a macroeconomic

stabilization program

Both a stable and consistent macroeconomic policy framework and a robust business climate are necessary for attracting significant inflows of export-oriented FDI on a sustained basis. In this regard, transaction costs should be eliminated wherever possible. A macroeconomic stabilization program should focus on fiscal consolidation in the medium term. This will include (a) a substantial increase in direct and indirect tax revenue; (b) rationalization of recurrent and capital expenditures; and (c) the exercise of fiscal discipline in all public institutions. The program should be accompanied by a comprehensive external debt-restructuring exercise with a view towards attaining debt sustainability in the medium term. The relevance of debt to equity swaps should be critically assessed in this context.

On the revenue side, key policy reforms would include restoration of VAT and income tax to their pre-2019 levels and measures for achieving a substantial increase in the income tax to GDP ratio, which was only 1.8% in 2021. On the recurrent expenditure side, downsizing of the public service (including the military), restructuring/privatization of loss-making state-owned business enterprises (in all sectors of the economy), and a significant reduction of government subsidies could be viewed as three critical policy reforms. In respect of capital expenditure, the need for focusing future expenditures on infrastructure for supporting significant improvements in education, health, and export performance is critical.

On the monetary side, maintaining a flexible, market-float policy for the exchange rate is vital for stimulating exports, enhancing FDI inflows and foreign remittances, and promoting tourism. These are the main avenues for boosting foreign currency reserves in the medium to long term. Maintaining a tight monetary policy vis-à-vis high interest rates is also vital for reducing inflation and enhancing foreign capital inflows.

Market distortions retard

economic growth

Removal of market distortions is critical for stimulating increased private-sector development and for achieving a rapid and sustainable economic recovery. At present, imports are heavily controlled and regulated by the state due to the severe dollar crisis. However, without a liberal trade and investment policy, the economy is likely to remain stagnant as a wide range of imported intermediate goods are required by entrepreneurs in the manufacturing, processing and service sectors. Imports of intermediate goods (including fuel, fertilizer and agrochemicals) as well as consumer goods linked to tourism should hence be liberalized.

Import bans are tantamount to protectionism, which tends to drastically inhibit GDP growth. Protectionism discourages FDI inflows as well as foreign remittances through the banking system. Protectionism does not stimulate economic growth. On the contrary, it creates economic stagnation and widespread poverty and underemployment.

The Daily Mirror of July 26th reported that government may restrict fuel imports for the next 12 months due to the foreign exchange crisis. This will do more harm than good as it will worsen macroeconomic imbalances. A far better option is to liberalize fuel imports so as to create space for the private sector to supply the markets.

Generally speaking, with a few exceptions, the market, not the state, should determine the prices of goods and services available to consumers. A significant number of public enterprises and services would become profitable if they were exempted from price controls and permitted to adopt a cost-reflective pricing mechanism.

Authoritarian statism

What we are currently witnessing in Sri Lanka is the rise of authoritarian statism – a protectionist, state-dominated economic growth model similar to the one introduced by the Sirimavo Bandaranaike regime of the 1970s. The experiment proved to be a colossal failure, which is why this inward-looking, statist regime got booted out of power in 1977.

The private sector is the engine of growth, not the state. The shackling of the private sector is not the solution to the current economic crisis. What is needed at this time are deep structural and market reforms aimed at promoting private sector development as well as improved productivity across all spheres of economic activity so that Sri Lanka could become globally competitive in a wide range of exports.

The author is a retired economist/international consultant to ADB MANILA. He can be contacted at snabeyratne@gmail.com



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SEC, CSE and CA Sri Lanka sign MOU to advance XBRL-based digital reporting for listed companies

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The signing ceremony at SEC from Left to right: Ms. Manuri Weerasinghe| Director Corporate Affairs, SEC, Tushara Jayaratne | Acting Director General, SEC, Ms. Nilupa Perera | Chief Regulatory Officer, CSE, Rajeeva Bandaranaike | Chief Executive Officer CSE, Senior Prof. D.B.P.H. Dissabandara,| Chairman, SEC, Tishan Subasinghe | President, CA Sri Lanka, Ms. Anoji de Silva | Vice President, CA Sri Lanka, Neranjith Gamage | Commission Member, SEC, Ms. Lakmali Priyangika | Chief Executive Officer, CA Sri Lanka, Ms. Rishdha Zarook Ishaq | Director Legal and Enforcement, SEC , Ms. Kumuduni Maduwanthi |Senior Manager Legal, CA Sri Lanka.

The Securities and Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka (SEC), Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE), and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (CA Sri Lanka) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to collaborate on the implementation of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) based reporting for companies listed on the CSE.

The agreement marks a significant milestone in Sri Lanka’s efforts to modernise corporate reporting and strengthen the digital infrastructure of the capital market. The initiative aims to streamline the submission of both financial and non-financial information by listed entities, enhancing transparency, accessibility and investor confidence.

The MoU formalises the partnership, following the establishment of a joint SEC-CSE committee tasked with driving the initiative. With the in-principle approval of the SEC, the committee has been working closely with CA Sri Lanka to develop the framework required for the successful rollout.

XBRL is the internationally recognised standard for digital business reporting, developed and maintained by XBRL International, a global non-profit consortium. The standard enables financial and business information to be reported in a structured, machine-readable format, facilitating more efficient analysis, comparison and interpretation of corporate disclosures by regulators, investors, analysts and other stakeholders.

The introduction of XBRL reporting is expected to deliver several key benefits for both listed companies and users of financial information. These include reducing reliance on manual data processing, improving the accuracy and consistency of reported information, supporting more advanced data analysis, and lowering long-term reporting costs. The flexibility of the XBRL framework also allows organisations to tailor taxonomies to meet specific reporting requirements. In addition, XBRL adoption will enhance market transparency and efficiency by enabling quicker access to comparable corporate information. It will also align Sri Lanka’s reporting framework with global standards, making the country’s capital market more accessible and attractive to international investors familiar with XBRL-based financial reporting.

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LOLC Insurance and Seylan Bank celebrate Bancassurance Excellence through “League of Greatness” 2025

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The Achievers of the Night

LOLC Insurance recently hosted the “LOLC Insurance – Seylan Bancassurance Felicitation Night 2025” under the theme “League of Greatness,” celebrating the success of its longstanding bancassurance partnership with Seylan Bank. The event marked another milestone in a strategic collaboration that has continued to grow since 2013.

The felicitation ceremony brought together senior management, sales leadership, branch representatives, and top-performing teams from both organisations to recognise excellence, appreciate contributions, and reaffirm the enduring partnership between LOLC Insurance and Seylan Bank. The collaboration currently spans 104 Seylan Bank branches across Sri Lanka, delivering accessible life and general insurance solutions islandwide.

Speaking at the event, Ramesh Jayasekara, Director/Chief Executive Officer, Seylan Bank PLC, stated, “Our partnership with LOLC Insurance continues to create meaningful value for customers while further strengthening the bancassurance proposition within the banking sector. The dedication and collaborative spirit demonstrated by both teams have been instrumental in achieving these milestones and sustaining the growth of this partnership. We look forward to enhancing our collaboration and delivering greater value to customers in the years ahead.”

Sharing insights during the event, Eugene Seneviratne, Deputy General Manager – Retail Banking, Seylan Bank, added, “The professionalism and operational efficiency demonstrated by the bancassurance teams have been instrumental in consolidating this partnership. Our branch teams continue to seamlessly manage day-to-day bancassurance functions with minimal operational escalations, reflecting the strength of a well-structured and highly efficient framework. This has contributed to a smooth and mutually beneficial working relationship, enabling the partnership to enhance coordination, execution, and overall performance.”

Addressing the gathering, Kithsiri Gunawardena, Chairman/Principal Officer of LOLC General Insurance and Director of LOLC Life Assurance, stated, “Successful partnerships are built on trust, shared values, and a common vision. The strength and longevity of this collaboration reflect the commitment of both organisations to delivering meaningful impact to customers while advancing the country’s bancassurance sector. The positive feedback and appreciation consistently received from Seylan Bank regarding the quality of service delivered and the steadfast support extended by the teams stand as a testament to the professionalism and service excellence upheld throughout the partnership.”

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The bill nobody budgets for: Healthcare and the retirement gap in Sri Lanka

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Dhiranjan Canagasabey

Most people, when they think about retirement, think about income. Will there be enough to cover food, utilities, and the basics of daily life? That question is important. But there is a second question that sits right behind it, quieter and far more expensive, and most people do not ask it until it is already upon them. What happens when you get sick?

Healthcare in retirement is not an occasional inconvenience. For most Sri Lankans, it becomes one of the largest and most unpredictable expenses of the post-work years. It arrives gradually at first, and then all at once. A routine check-up becomes a specialist referral. A specialist referral leads to investigations. Investigations lead to a diagnosis. A diagnosis leads to medication that never stops. And running alongside all of it, quietly compounding, is an inflation rate for healthcare that outpaces most other costs a retiree faces.

This is the retirement expense that most financial plans either underestimate or ignore entirely. It is a gap that Ceylinco Life, Sri Lanka’s life insurance market leader for 22 consecutive years, has observed widen steadily across the communities it serves and the thousands of policyholders whose retirement journeys it has accompanied over three decades.

“Healthcare is the cost that most people acknowledge in the abstract but do not plan for in practice. We have seen, over many years and across many thousands of policyholders, that the single biggest financial shock in retirement is rarely a collapse in savings. It is an illness, or a prolonged condition, that was never budgeted for. Sri Lanka’s public health system has served this country well, but it was not built for an ageing population managing multiple chronic conditions over decades. The responsibility to bridge that gap sits with each individual, and the earlier that planning begins, the more manageable that gap becomes,” says Dhiranjan Canagasabey, Senior Assistant General Manager/Head of Marketing, Ceylinco Life.

A country that is ageing faster than its health system is preparing for

Sri Lanka is in the middle of a demographic shift that has no historical precedent in this country. By 2042, one in four Sri Lankans will be above the age of 60. Life expectancy, according to United Nations World Population Prospects 2024, now stands at approximately 77.67 years nationally. That means the average retiree is looking at roughly 17 years of post-work life, with health needs that become more intensive, and more expensive, with every passing year.

Non-communicable diseases are at the centre of that picture. According to research published in 2025 in the Journal of Clinical Medicine, NCD deaths in Sri Lanka have risen substantially over two decades, with total deaths due to diabetes alone rising by 169% between 2004 and 2020. Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and cancer all carry long-term treatment costs that can run for years or decades before they become fatal. These are not short-term medical events. They are sustained financial obligations.

Sri Lanka allocates approximately 4.4% of GDP to total health expenditure, well below the global average of 6.74%, according to World Bank data updated in December 2025. Government public health spending accounts for only around 8 to 9% of general government expenditure. The gap between what the public system offers and what the ageing population will need is already visible. It is going to widen considerably.

What free healthcare actually means for a retiree

Sri Lanka has long been proud of its free public healthcare system, and rightly so. It has delivered health outcomes well above what the country’s income level would typically produce. But pride in the system should not obscure what it cannot do, and increasingly, what it is struggling to do consistently.

According to the Institute of Policy Studies, access to primary healthcare fell from 95% of the population in 2019 to 82% in 2022 and 2023, with rural areas bearing the steepest decline. Household healthcare costs, in the same period, rose by 48% in a single year between 2020 and 2021. Medicine shortages, long queues, and limited specialist services in provincial hospitals are not new complaints. But for an elderly person managing a chronic condition, they translate directly into out-of-pocket spending that was never planned for.

On average, more than 60% of Sri Lankan households already incur private healthcare costs, according to a study published in the journal Health Policy. For households that include elderly members with chronic conditions, that proportion is higher, and the burden is heavier. The combination of a free system under strain and rising private costs is not a future risk. It is already the daily reality for many retirees.

The quiet toll of chronic illness

A 65-year-old managing type 2 diabetes, which is increasingly common in Sri Lanka, does not face a single large medical expense. They face a continuous one. Monthly medication. Quarterly blood tests. Periodic specialist consultations at a private facility, because the waiting list at the government hospital is too long or the specialist they need is unavailable locally. Annual check-ups. Occasional hospitalisation when blood sugar levels become difficult to control. Each item is manageable on its own. Together, across a fifteen-year retirement, they represent a substantial sum.

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