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In Thailand, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, Buddhists see strong links between their religion and country, as do Muslims in Malaysia and Indonesia
WASHINGTON, D.C.– In Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Thailand – countries where at least 70% of adults are Buddhist – upward of nine-in-ten Buddhists say being Buddhist is important to be truly part of their nation, according to a new Pew Research Center survey of six countries in South and Southeast Asia.
For instance, 95% of Sri Lankan Buddhists say being Buddhist is important to be truly Sri Lankan – including 87% who say Buddhism is very important to being a true Sri Lankan. Although most people in these countries identify as Buddhist religiously, there is widespread agreement that Buddhism is more than a religion.
“For most people in the South and Southeast Asian countries, we surveyed, religious identity is about more than beliefs and practices – it’s also about culture, family tradition and ethnicity,” said Senior Researcher Jonathan Evans. “We also found that many people strongly tie a particular religion to national identity. But even with this, people express a general sense of religious tolerance.”
Buddhism in Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Thailand
The importance of Buddhism in national identity is reflected in the prominence that all three countries’ laws give to Buddhism. According to the survey, most Buddhists in all three countries favour basing their national laws on Buddhist dharma – a wide-ranging concept that includes the knowledge, doctrines and practices stemming from Buddha’s teachings. This perspective is nearly unanimous among Cambodian Buddhists (96%), while smaller majorities of Buddhists in Sri Lanka (80%) and Thailand (56%) support basing national laws on Buddhist teachings and practices.
When asked about the role of religious leaders in public life, Cambodian Buddhists again stand out as the most likely to favour an intersection between religion and government. For instance, 81% of Cambodian Buddhists say religious leaders should vote in political elections, a position taken by smaller proportions of Buddhists in Sri Lanka (66%) and Thailand (54%). But even in Cambodia, no more than half of Buddhists say religious leaders should participate in political protests (50%), talk publicly about the politicians they support (47%) or be politicians themselves (45%).
Islam in Malaysia and Indonesia
In some ways, Buddhism’s links to national identity in these countries parallel the role of Islam in the neighbouring Muslim-majority countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. Nearly all Muslims in both countries say being Muslim is important to be truly Indonesian or Malaysian. Muslims in both countries commonly describe Islam as a culture, family tradition or ethnicity – not just “a religion one chooses to follow.” For instance, three-quarters of Malaysian Muslims say Islam is “an ethnicity one is born into.”
Most Muslims in both nations favour making sharia the official law of the land. Muslims in Malaysia, where Islam is the official religion, overwhelmingly support using sharia as the national law (86%). Support for sharia is somewhat lower among Muslims in Indonesia, where 64% of Indonesian Muslims nevertheless say sharia should be used as the law of the land.
Muslims in both Indonesia and Malaysia are more likely than Buddhists surveyed in neighboring countries to favour high-profile roles for religious leaders in politics. For example, most Muslims in Indonesia (58%) and Malaysia (69%) say religious leaders should talk publicly about the politicians and political parties they support.
Additional findings:
Religious tolerance:
In general, tolerance of other religions is widely espoused in all six countries.Adults in Malaysia and Sri Lanka (62% each) are even more likely than those in Singapore (56%) to say that religious, ethnic and cultural diversity benefits their country.
Across all major religious groups, most people say they would be willing to accept members of different religious communities as neighbours. For instance, 81% of Sri Lankan Buddhists say they would be willing to have Hindu neighbours; a similar share of Sri Lankan Hindus (85%) say the same about Buddhists.
Shared beliefs and practices:
There also are signs of shared religious beliefs and practices across religious lines.Sizable majorities in nearly every large religious community, in all six countries, say that karma exists, even though belief in karma is not traditionally associated with all the religious groups surveyed.
Many people pray or offer their respects to deities or founder figures that are not traditionally considered part of their religion’s pantheon. For example, 66% of Singaporean Hindus say they pray or offer respects to Jesus Christ and 62% of Sri Lankan Muslims do the same to the Hindu deity Ganesh.
Religious switching:
Despite expressions of tolerance and religious mixing, religious identity also can be a firm line between groups. Many people across the countries surveyed say it is unacceptable for people to give up their religion or convert to another faith.
In Indonesia, 92% of Muslims say it is unacceptable for a person to leave Islam, and 83% of Christians say it is unacceptable to leave Christianity for another religion. Overall, Muslims are more likely than other religious communities to say conversion away from their faith is unacceptable. But this is also the position taken by two-thirds or more of Buddhists in Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Thailand – the study’s three Buddhist-majority nations.
In five of the six countries surveyed, nearly all adults still identify with the religion in which they were raised. Only in Singapore do a sizable share of adults (35%) indicate their religion has changed during their lifetime.
These are among the key findings of a Pew Research Center survey conducted among 13,122 adults in six countries in Southeast and South Asia.Interviews were conducted face-to-face in Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand and on mobile phones in Malaysia and Singapore. Local interviewers administered the survey from June to September 2022, in eight languages. The country-level margins of sampling error range from 2.44 to 3.19 percentage points.
News
‘IRIS Dena was Indian Navy guest, hit without warning’, Iran warns US of bitter regret
A day after a US submarine sunk an Iranian Navy warship off the coast of Sri Lanka, the Foreign Minister of Iran, Sayed Abbas Araghchi, has warned that the US would “pay bitterly” for targeting a ship in international waters, The Tribune has reported.
Araghchi posted on social media platform X on Thursday saying, “The US has perpetrated an atrocity at sea, 2,000 miles away from Iran’s shores.”
The frigate IRIS Dena, a guest of India’s Navy carrying almost 130 sailors, was struck in international waters without warning, said the Iran Foreign Minister, adding, “Mark my words: The US will come to bitterly regret the precedent it has set.”
US Secretary of War, Pete Hegseth, on Wednesday confirmed that a US submarine fired a torpedo and sank the Iranian Navy vessel IRIS Dena west of Sri Lanka.
In a way, the Iran and US-Israel conflict has reached close to the Indian coast. The strike today at sea was almost 4,000 kms away from Iran, significantly expanding the radius of war. Already, fearing Iranian missile strikes, several US warships have moved eastward towards India.
These ships are in international waters. India has denied that any US Navy assets were using Indian ports. The Iranian ship, hit on Wednesday, was returning after participating in the international fleet review and exercise Milan hosted by India at Visakhapatnam.
The Iranian ship went down with almost 130 sailors on board missing. The Sri Lankan Navy, acting on a distress call, rescued 32 of the Iranian sailors. Hegseth confirmed the act by the US forces, saying the ship was hit in the Indian Ocean, stating, “an Iranian warship that thought it was safe in international waters. .. Instead, it was sunk by a torpedo”.
Hegseth did not name the Iranian ship that was attacked. But earlier, the Sri Lankan Navy reported the distress call from IRIS Dena when it was some 40 kms west of Galle, located on the south-western part of the island country. On February 16, the Iranian ship had sailed into the port of Visakhapatnam, where seventy-four nations participated.
Warships from Australia, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and dozens of others were anchored alongside the now-sunk Iranian vessel. Iran’s Navy Commander, Rear Admiral Shahram Irani, held talks with India’s Chief of Naval Staff on strengthening maritime security cooperation.
The theme was “United through Oceans.” Notably, the US Navy was supposed to send the guided-missile destroyer USS Pinckney to the exercise Milan; however, the ship was diverted to Singapore on February 15. The US did not field its warship in Milan, which had ships from Russia and Iran.
The exercise ended on February 25. Three days later, on February 28, the United States and Israel launched Operation Epic Fury. The IRIS Dena was transiting home. This morning at 5:08 a.m. local time, the IRIS Dena issued a distress call. Sri Lanka’s Foreign Minister, Vijitha Herath, informed parliament that two navy vessels and an aircraft were deployed. Thirty crew members were rescued and admitted to Karapitiya Hospital in Galle.
The Straits Times reported 32 critically wounded survivors. Reuters reported 101 missing and 78 wounded. The Sri Lankan Navy spokesman said the operation was conducted in line with the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue.
News
Risk of power cuts due to use of low-quality coal,PUCSL warns
The Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) has warned of a possible risk of power cuts due to the use of inferior quality coal affecting generation capacity at the Lakvijaya Power Plant, according to a recent commission report.
The commission said the risk to the continuous electricity supply was assessed based on the peak demand forecast submitted by the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) for 2026.
According to the report, the analysis assumed that hydropower plants could contribute up to 1,300 MW to meet the night peak demand, while the Lakvijaya Power Plant (LVPS) would be able to contribute only up to 690 MW due to a capacity shortfall, assuming a 40 MW generation capacity reduction from each unit.
The PUCSL said the assessment was carried out taking into account the planned maintenance schedule submitted by the CEB. Under the schedule, Unit 1 of the Lakvijaya plant is due to undergo maintenance checks and repairs in June for a period of 25 days, while Unit 2 is scheduled for maintenance in July for another 25 days.
The report also noted that the 270 MW West Coast Power Plant is scheduled to undergo maintenance in April for 10 days, while the 150 MW Kelanitissa Combined Cycle Power Plant (KCCP 2) is expected to undergo maintenance during May, June and July.
Under normal conditions, the report said, there is a potential risk of a generation capacity shortage if electricity demand reaches 3,030 MW in April, 3,070 MW in June and 3,000 MW in July.
The highest recorded night peak demand so far in 2026 was 2,949 MW on February 25.
The PUCSL further warned that if one coal unit or any major power plant becomes unavailable from the existing generation mix, there would be a significant risk of a generation capacity shortage to meet the night peak demand, particularly during April, June and July.
Energy sector analysts said the use of substandard coal could further aggravate operational challenges at the Norochcholai plant, potentially affecting generation efficiency and reliability if corrective measures are not taken promptly.
By Ifham Nizam
News
Sajith demands clear statement from govt. about Iranian vessel sunk close to Galle and another located near Colombo port
Opposition and SJB Leader Sajith Premadasa yesterday demanded a “clear statement from the government regarding this, as well as on the Iranian ship that was attacked near Galle, the number of personnel involved, and other related details,” following the sinking of an Iranian naval vessel in waters off Sri Lanka.
Making a special statement in Parliament, Premadasa said that information had been received about another Iranian vessel in Sri Lanka’s maritime boundary near the Port of Colombo and urged the government to immediately clarify the situation.
Premadasa said the government should also issue a special statement regarding international media reports that the Iranian Navy ship IRIS Dena had been sunk in the Indian Ocean with a torpedo attack by a US submarine.
He said the Sri Lanka Navy had carried out a search and rescue mission following the incident, a move that the Opposition appreciated.
However, the government had not yet informed Parliament of the exact location of the attack, whether the incident occurred in Sri Lankan waters or what diplomatic measures had been taken in response, Premadasa said.
“It has been revealed via international media that the Iranian Navy ship ‘IRIS Dena’ was sunk following an attack by a US submarine in the Indian Ocean,” he said.
The Opposition Leader added that the failure of the government to brief Parliament on an incident of such magnitude was preventing Members of Parliament from properly carrying out their duties.
Premadasa said several international media outlets as well as US Secretary of War Pete Hegseth had confirmed that a torpedo had been launched from a US submarine targeting the Iranian naval vessel, although the government and the Defence Ministry had denied those reports.
“The government must make an official announcement in this regard,” he said.
Premadasa further told Parliament that information had also come to light about another Iranian ship currently within Sri Lankan territorial waters off the Colombo Port, stressing that the government must immediately clarify the matter.
by Saman Indrajith
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