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How Vietnam turned FTAs into apparel growth and what Sri Lanka can learn

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In the past fifteen years, Vietnam has become a prime example of how trade policy can drive industrial growth, particularly in the apparel sector. This transformation is the result of a strategic focus on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), export-oriented manufacturing, and integration into global value chains. Sri Lanka can draw valuable insights from Vietnam’s experience, adapting them to its unique context.

Vietnam’s progress becomes even clearer when viewed against Sri Lanka’s current trade profile. Over the past several decades, Vietnam has used trade policy as a deliberate growth tool, implementing 19 bilateral and multilateral FTAs that cover around 60 economies. This has helped deepen its trade openness from 19% of GDP in 1988 to 184% in 2022. Trade openness measures the value of a country’s international trade as a share of GDP, and a higher ratio generally reflects stronger integration with global markets. By comparison, Sri Lanka’s trade openness is estimated at around 50% to 55%, indicating that international trade plays a smaller role in the economy and reflecting the country’s more inward-looking growth pattern.

Vietnam’s FTA network includes major agreements such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and bilateral agreements with markets such as the UK, Israel, and the UAE. Collectively, these agreements give Vietnam access to key markets including the EU, UK, Japan, Canada, Australia, China, South Korea, and ASEAN countries, covering a major share of global GDP. This wide market access has strengthened Vietnam’s position as a reliable global sourcing hub. As a result, Vietnam’s apparel exports are projected to reach USD 46 billion by 2025, supported by a trade surplus of USD 21 billion. Its growth has also been reinforced by the “China+1” strategy, as global brands continue to diversify sourcing beyond China.

In the past 15 years, Vietnam’s apparel exports have grown from $13bn to $45bn an increase of 250%. By contrast, Sri Lanka’s apparel exports have grown just 58% from $3.4 to $5.4bn.

In order to successfully negotiate and implement these numerous trade agreements, Vietnam’s negotiation architecture is highly centralized, technically strong, and politically empowered.

The dedicated chief negotiator sits at deputyminister level, ensuring authority across ministries.

For major bilateral negotiations (e.g., with the U.S.), Vietnam forms specialized, multiministry teams led by a full minister.

This structure is one reason Vietnam has been able to negotiate 19 FTAs covering 60+ economies and integrate deeply into global value chains.

Like Sri Lanka, Vietnam exports some 40% of its apparel to the USA. Whilst neither country until recently had an FTA with the USA, in the wake of the USA Reciprocal Tariffs introduced in April 2025, Vietnam has now reached an agreement with the USA on tariffs ensuring that when the dust settles, Vietnam will have market access to the USA at concessionary tariff rates.

With Japan, another big market for apparel from Vietnam, there are not one, but three separate trade agreements between the two countries ensuring a free flow of trade between the two countries, including very significant investments from Japan into Vietnam from which this trade flows.

Similarly, whether its with the EU, the UK or South Korea all major markets for apparel from Vietnam, there are long standing trade agreements in place.

Sri Lanka’s apparel sector cannot merely replicate Vietnam’s success but can learn critical lessons. Market access through FTAs is only meaningful with consistent policies, investment readiness, and the capacity to respond to market demands. Effective use of FTAs requires firms to adapt their sourcing and compliance processes. Currently, Sri Lanka generates US 5 billion dollars in apparel exports and employs about 350,000 people, but to reach higher targets, it must improve its FTA strategy and make trade policies more accessible.

Strategic recommendations

To maximize the benefits of FTAs, Sri Lanka should focus on

Sri Lanka needs to have a full time dedicated resource for identification and negotiation of FTAs.

FTAs need to be done with markets that can drive strategic investments into the country, and act a market for Sri Lanka’s export basket.

Vietnam’s experience demonstrates that aligning trade access, investment, infrastructure, skills, and sustainability strengthens positions in global supply chains. Sri Lanka has the potential to become a higher-value, ethical apparel partner, but it must strategically leverage FTAs and enhance competitiveness. As the Joint Apparel Association Forum (JAAF) and the apparel sector plan their future, adopting a national approach that recognizes the industry’s growth potential is crucial. The challenge lies in creating the conditions for the sector to thrive in its next phase.



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Ceylon Chamber’s Investment Summit 2026 to steer Sri Lanka beyond stabilisation

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President Anura Kumara Dissanayake will inaugurate the Sri Lanka Economic and Investment Summit 2026 today, at the Shangri-La Colombo

Sri Lanka’s national economic discourse takes center stage today as the country’s premier private-sector body, The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, hosts the Sri Lanka Economic & Investment Summit 2026 at the Shangri-La Colombo.

Convening on October 12 and 13, the two-day summit brings together an influential gathering of senior policymakers, international financiers, multilateral development partners, and private-sector captains to chart the island’s next phase of macroeconomic growth.

Held under the theme “Positioning Sri Lanka in a Changing Global Economy: Resilience, Reform, and the Future of Economic Policy,” this year’s forum marks a critical inflection point in the nation’s post-crisis trajectory.

As Sri Lanka shifts its emphasis from immediate financial stabilization toward sustainable, long-term expansion, the summit aims to address the structural imperatives necessary to secure high-impact foreign direct investment (FDI), deepen regional trade integration, and unlock emerging sectors of economic activity.

The core agenda over the two days focuses on building resilience across volatile global market cycles while executing targeted policy reforms. Key working sessions will examine:

Regional Value Chains & Trade Integration: Leveraging Sri Lanka’s strategic Indian Ocean geography to capture higher-value export flows and commercial linkages.

Energy & Infrastructure Transformation: Accelerating renewable energy integration and modernizing national utility policy.

Digital Economy & Public Modernization: Deploying digital technologies across public administration and financial services to enhance operational efficiency and transparency.

Sectoral Priorities: Modernizing healthcare infrastructure and agricultural value-addition to build a robust domestic economic base.

A defining feature of this year’s summit is the strong convergence between state policy and global commercial expertise. Keynote addresses and panel discussions will feature prominent leaders, including Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya and T. Krishnakumar, Chief Executive Officer of Reliance Consumer Products Ltd.

They will be joined by senior delegations and policy experts from major global institutions, including:

= The Asian Development Bank (ADB)

= The International Finance Corporation (IFC)

= Standard Chartered Bank

= Zydus Lifesciences

The active participation of the country’s highest executive and legislative leadership across both days underscores a clear policy commitment to private-sector-led growth. By establishing a direct, high-level platform for dialogue between investors and policymakers, the Ceylon Chamber’s summit seeks to refine regulatory frameworks, improve the ease of doing business, and establish a clear, predictable environment for capital formation in the years ahead.

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White House blocks Microsoft from foreign worker hiring programme

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The White House has often made extreme claims regarding international workers and immigration

Microsoft and several other technology firms have been barred by the White House from hiring skilled international workers on a permanent basis through a widely used visa programme.

US Vice-President JD Vance on Thursday accused Microsoft alongside other firms of committing fraud through the use of the H-1B visa programme and a related process for workers from abroad to become permanent US residents.

Vance claimed that Microsoft, one of the most valuable companies in the US, has been effectively replacing American workers with “foreign indentured servants.”

Microsoft said most of the H-1B visas filed over the last financial year were for existing workers, who are paid the same as local staff.

“No company in the US has abused this system more than Microsoft,” Vance said.

He also made similar accusations about Adobe, Cognizant, Infosys, Tata, Wipro, HCL and Capgemini.

The US government will not process any new or pending Permanent Labor Certification Program (PERM) applications from Microsoft or the seven other companies, Secretary of Labor Keith Sonderling said during the same conference.

Sonderling said companies like Microsoft, as well as US universities, have turned into “visa mills” that were “flooding” the US with foreign workers.

The BBC has contacted all of the companies for comment.

The total number of H-1B visas, a precursor to anyone seeking to go through the PERM process, is capped at 85,000 per year.

A spokeswoman for Microsoft noted to the BBC that “the vast majority of Microsoft employees in the United States are Americans.” The company employs more than 200,000 people worldwide.

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ComBank unites stakeholders to prepare agri sector for El Niño

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El Nino awareness programmes conducted by the Bank

In response to emerging climate risks, the Commercial Bank of Ceylon has launched a proactive initiative through its Development Credit Department, to equip Sri Lanka’s agricultural sector against the potential impacts of the 2026 El Niño climate pattern.

Seeking to move the industry from reactive loss management to early climate preparedness, the Bank partnered with leading state universities to execute a two-part educational and technological intervention in September 2026.

The initiative comes at a critical juncture. Sri Lanka’s Department of Meteorology reported an 80% probability of El Niño conditions emerging between June and August 2026, with effects expected to persist through November and beyond. As highlighted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), El Niño acts as a risk multiplier for rural livelihoods, food production, and water supply.

To mitigate these threats, the Bank’s initiative creates a collaborative network uniting academic institutions, agricultural extension services, technology providers, farming communities, and the financial sector. The awareness programme on El-Niño and its impact on agriculture was supported by 12 Commercial Bank branches, and engaged with more than 1,100 farmers at 15 diverse locations, including Vattapalai, Muththajankaddu, Palampas, Oddusuddan, Siyambalanduwa, Lindula, Neluwa, Kalawana, Pannala, Madampe, Mannar, Vavuniya and Kumalamunai.

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