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Has evolution found ways to prevent cancer and halt progression to old age?

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Naked mole rat: an animal that keeps cancer at bay

By Prof.Kirthi Tennakone

The high incidence of cancer alarms us. Around six percent of the human population worldwide suffers from cancer. It is the most challenging health issue to resolve and the leading cause of death, only second to cardiovascular disease. More than 10 million people die of cancer every year. In some regions, cancer deaths exceed heart disease mortality because of the availability of more successful preventive and curative measures for the latter.

With all these fears, the relief and the promise are cancers occur less frequently than expected. Many live beyond 100 years without contracting cancer but die because of other natural causes. Animals also get cancer, but there are species exceptionally resistant to it. And evolution has found solutions to suppress malignancy. Following them would be a hopeful avenue to prevent and cure this dreadful malady.

DNA damage, the primary cause of cancer is also a factor that induces our progression to old age. Evolution seems to have found clues to address both problems in one stroke.

Cause of cancer

Nearly 40 trillion cells of different kinds constitute our bodies. All of them carry the same genetic material (DNA) unique to the individual but some express only a portion of the encoded genetic information. Cells divide constantly to produce new cells for growth and replace those that naturally die. Each day, several trillion cells divide, replicating the DNA, and copying the mode of genetic expression. The replication, prone to random error, may not be exact, sometimes leading to mutations. Cancer is caused by mutant cells with altered genetic expression. Even one such mutant cell could cause the disease because it can divide and multiply. According to the above scenario, multicellular organisms are inherently subjected to the threat of cancer. Environmental influences such as pollutants and radiation could indeed induce malignancy in normal cells. Even if these external triggers are eliminated, cancer occurs because of molecular accidents in the process of cell division. Most of the time, someone getting cancer is not the fault of an external cause or a habit. Of course, this wouldn’t mean that the prevalence of cancer is not increased by external influences and habits. Exposure to mutagenic chemicals, radiation and many habits notably; chewing betels, alcohol and smoking has been proven to increase the risk of cancer.

Multicellular life

Life on Earth originated about 4 billion years ago. The primitive forms of life were self-replicating molecules created in prebiotic oceans via a yet unknown process. Fossil evidence suggests single-cell (unicellular) microbes appeared 3.7 billion years ago. They acquired more and more capabilities via several steps of evolution and finally gained a propensity to agglomerate into colonies – macroscopic structures or blobs made up of the same kind of cells.

The pivotal epoch in biological evolution was the period beginning about 600 million years ago when multicellular organisms with colonies of specialised cells emerged. Cells in all the colonies contain the same DNA but specialised by closing the expression of some coded information and manifesting selected genes. This mechanism provided animals and plants with organs cooperatively interacting with each other for the benefit of the organism. The division of biochemical and physical functions between different organs was an unprecedented adaptive advantage – multicellular life diversified, dominating the earth. The strategy is analogous to the division of labor as society advances. Primitive humans, although they liked to segregate, each undertook all essential tasks such as gathering food, building shelter and making tools. Later, they abandoned some tasks and specialized. There were farmers, carpenters, smiths and physicians; cooperatively working together for mutual benefit.

The fact that multicellular organisms evolved from a unicellular microbe remains latent in their developmental process. All animals and plants begin their lives as single cells that divide, differentiate and expand spatially according to a plan written in the genetic code. Billions of years of evolution have perfected the scheme. Yet, multicellular life encountered three inevitable biological hurdles; infection, carcinogenesis and aging, leading to death.

Microbes (mostly unicellular) invade multicellular organisms, causing disease. Mutations introduced during DNA replication or due to external influences such as chemicals in the environment or radiation cause cancer. Irreversible chemical changes in the body lead to aging and eventual death.

Evolution attempts to find solutions to every problem confronting life. The immune system fights invading microbes to prevent infection, a similar mechanism eliminates mutated cells causing cancer and repair processes prolong life.

Peto’s paradox

Every cell in the body of an animal has a non-zero probability of giving birth to a carcinogenic daughter cell as a random uncontrollable event during cell division and proliferate developing tumors. Therefore, larger- bodied animals carrying a greater number of cells should be more susceptible to cancer and very large animals would go extinct because of carcinogenesis.

In 1776, the English epidemiologist and statistician Richard Peto pointed out among animals there is no correlation between body size and incidence of cancer. The absence of the expected relationship between body size and the incidence of cancer is referred to as Peto’s paradox.

Elephants and humans have similar life spans, but the former are built out of nearly 100 times more cells than the latter. If the risk of cancer relates to cell content, the prevalence of the condition in elephants would be so high that almost every one of them will prematurely die of cancer. However, elephants are known to be highly resistant to cancer, with an incidence estimated to be five times lower compared to humans. Whales are thousands of times bulkier than humans and known to live 200 years or more. These gigantic animals live so long because they have acquired an exceptional resistance to cancer. A few dinosaur fossils indicative of bone malignancy have been discovered. Undoubtedly, cancer in these reptiles was very rare. Otherwise, they could not live long enough to reach extraordinary sizes and dominate the earth for 160 million years.

The fact that big made individuals in the same species are more likely to have cancer than small made indicates the Peto’s paradox is evolutionary in origin.

How do these giant animals resist cancer? Elephants have 20 copies of the gene named T53, whereas humans and most mammals have one. The gene T53 gives instructions to synthesize a protein P53, which acts as a tumor suppressor facilitating the repair of damaged DNA. Whales are believed to adopt a similar technique to eliminate malignant cells.

Gigantism favors animals to repel predators and easily feed by roaming around. However, a large enough number of these animals cannot grow to massive sizes and reach reproductive age, without suppressing carcinogenesis. Small animals reach maturity early and have shorter life spans and cancer would not be a threat to the survival of the species.

Naked mole rat: an animal that keeps cancer at bay

The naked mole rat is one of the most fascinating animals we have on this planet. A subterranean mammal about the size of a domestic mouse and distantly related to it. Lives in arid regions of East Africa, borrowing kilometers – long tunnels 1-2 meters below the ground. A strict vegetarian feeds on roots and tubers and never drinks water. Their bodies are pinkish with sparingly distributed hair, accounting for the name they earned. Protruding incisor teeth help it to dig tunnels even in hardened dry soil. The animal is virtually blind and senses the environment mainly by the tactile facility of its hair. Mole rats are social animals governed by a queen who associates one or two princely mates, reproduces and supervises a colony of about three hundred members, giving vocal commands. All other females and males are sexually inactive workers who dig tunnels, take care of young and serve the royalty. If the queen dies, females fight to the death and one who succeeds in securing the ‘throne’ becomes sexually active.

A mole rat lives more than 40 years, showing no apparent signs of physiological aging. The queen lives longer and continues to reproduce. Related animals of similar size live only 2-3 years. Mole rats are resistant to infections and tolerate very low levels of oxygen without asphyxiation. And most importantly keep cancer at bay – no evidence of cancer in thousands of animals examined, except one or two zoo animals. They die of tunnel accidents or snake attacks when they reach heavily guarded tunnel vents.

Current research has revealed mole rats possess tumor suppressing genes. They give instructions to repair damaged DNA and produce agents that inhibit tumor growth. Perhaps, the same genes effectively suppress ageing. One of the main causes of human and animal aging is genomic instability, the failure to repair DNA deteriorating in replication or due to chemical influences. These are also the primary biomolecular events responsible for cellular carcinogenesis.

Recently, longevity genes of mole rats have been successfully transferred to mice. Amazingly, an increase in life span and a betterment of health were observed. In the future, similar procedures may rejuvenate youth in humans! After all, the effort of the alchemists of antiquity to find an elixir of immortality may not be entirely absurd.

Unprecedented healthy longevity of mole rats is a lesson to humans.

We humans live in an elusive atmosphere of a brightly lit carnival, do everything possible for pleasure, curiosity and economic advantage, but have failed to resolve imminently crucial issues, good health free of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and rapid aging. The naked mole rat living in dark ill – ventilated narrow tunnels beneath the ground has solved these problems. Humans need to look at the workings of animals more closely and preserve their habitats.

The author can be reached via email: ktenna@yahoo.co.uk



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Sections of US media looking power straight in the eye

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President Trump addressing the media at the White House.(BBC)

Some fundamental freedoms seen to be at the heart of democracy in the US – religion, speech, the press, assembly and the right to petition the government – are at risk of being undermined at present by the country’s Executive President. However, the latter is being legally challenged on this score by some sections of the US media and the citizenry of the country could take heart from this notable defense of media freedom.

In fact this is good news for the world of democracy. The push back is coming from organizations such as CNN, ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC who constitute the nucleus as it were of the US media and their solidarity no less than their resourcefulness calls for commendation.

Following a recent White House decision to suspend CNN from what was referred to as ‘participation in presidential pool coverages’, the other media organizations mentioned refused to replace it in the pool. Their position was that the public had a right to receive ‘accurate and independent information about the government.’

Earlier, the White House decided to bar MS NOW and Politico from entering its premises following the restrictions imposed on CNN. The organizations were accused of publishing “FAKE NEWS’ , ‘Fiction’ and ‘lies’ in respect of the administration. These organizations lost no time in initiating a federal lawsuit accusing the central administration of violating their rights guaranteed by the First Amendment.

However, the latter litigating organizations could now consider themselves as having been vindicated because the federal court hearing their case has ordered the Trump administration to temporarily restore White House press access to journalists from the mentioned media institutions. Notably, the court has declared that the ban is ‘likely unconstitutional’. The case is proceeding.

The mass media of the most vibrant democracies of the West ought to be no strangers to such inspirational acts of solidarity and exemplifications of independence but there are lessons here for the democracies of the South that could stand them in good stead. Minus the right of a people to be informed, the rest of fundamental rights featuring in Southern Bills of Rights and legislation of the kind are bereft of substance and meaning.

It is informed decision-making on the part of a citizenry that makes for democratic vibrancy and on this score many a Southern democracy fails. While Southern publics generally demand of their governments continuous economic well being and substantive material benefits they are not equally desirous of being informed and knowledgeable.

This lacuna in the consciousness of many Southern publics enables their governments ‘to get off the hook’, so to speak and govern, or more often misgovern, their countries with impunity. Among other factors, this species of mass ignorance makes it possible for governments to dismantle democracy and rule in perpetuity.

Accordingly, an educated and constantly informed public is an essential precondition for the flourishing of democracy and independent media are integral to this process. Minus an independent mass media sector that meets the knowledge needs of the people responsibly, democracy is as good as dead.

Needless to say, those sections of the US media that are currently taking the Trump administration to task over its media curbs are acutely aware of the cruciality of these fundamental knowledge requirements.

The hope of democratic opinion worldwide and locally is likely to be that media independence would thrive in the manner in which it is flourishing in the most vibrant and accountable democracies of the West.

Southern countries such as Sri Lanka that lay claim to democratic credentials, but are democracy-deficient in many ways, need to be particularly cognizant of these requirements. The publics of these countries need to go the extra mile to ensure the thriving of an independent but responsible mass media sector.

In fact it is veritably a matter of life and death. It is only an independent media sector that could, while ensuring the existence of an informed public, impress on the latter the need to protect and perpetuate its fundamental rights. In the absence of these campaigns, such publics could be eventually having on their hands governments that boast of ruling in perpetuity.

Taking a leaf from the sections of the US media referred to independent media organizations in Southern states need to act in solidarity as well. They would need to act on the basis of the principle that acts of victimization suffered by members in their fold at the hands of governments, for instance, are in fact inimical acts directed at their collectivity and which call for united remedial action. In short, no independent mass media institution could see itself as ‘an island’.

Besides some general guidance on the importance of media independence and solidarity, the message coming from the US with regard to media praxis is that power must be stood-up to unblinkingly. The mentioned sections of the US media are primarily in a struggle to ward off encroachments on their independence in the areas of policy and practice by the political executive, that is the President.

The latter would ride rough-shod over the media in the absence of robust opposition by the media itself to inimical executive action of this kind.

While media independence needs to be seen as crucial to democratic development, an obligation is cast on the media to ensure that it uses such independence responsibly and constructively.

The worst that could afflict a media sector is for it to fall prey to the clichetic ‘freedom of the wild ass’. In fact recurring irresponsibility on the part of the media could lend credence to the perception that a tightly regulated media is best for a country. It is a short step from this misguided view to the position that political authoritarianism is best for a state. That turn of events would be of course catastrophic for a democracy.

The issues discussed thus far point to the need for a broad discourse among Southern democracies in particular on what is best for them in this connection. Given the risks underscored earlier for Southern countries in particular a broad discussion on the matters at hand, which includes the public, emerges as a must for Sri Lanka. Besides, media solidarity within democratic countries and internationally is a must.

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What lessons can be learned to improve quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus

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Prime Minister Dr. Harini Amarasuriya

by Prof. M. W. Amarasiri de Silva

Following public controversy over an inappropriate web link found in an English study module, the Sri Lankan government formally deferred the full rollout of the Grade 6 curriculum reforms to January 2027. In the interim, state schools will maintain the existing syllabus, reverting to standard eight-period daily timetables and previous textbooks to ensure uninterrupted instruction. Prime Minister and Minister of Education Dr. Harini Amarasuriya emphasized that this temporary pause allows the Education Ministry to thoroughly review all instructional materials, fix editorial flaws, and conduct scientific impact assessments across pilot schools prior to nation-wide implementation.

To address the oversight, an expert committee evaluated the flawed materials, completed necessary amendments, and finalised discussions to resubmit corrected modules for printing. Beyond revising written texts, the Ministry established a broader preparation roadmap—allocating funds for extensive teacher training programs set to begin mid-year, alongside scheduled informational briefings for parents, teachers, and students. Prime Minister Amarasuriya reaffirmed that none of the valid first-term modules were completely discarded or scrapped, preserving state resources while systematically rebuilding public trust and strengthening quality assurance protocols.

In this respect, this article reviews the current grade 6 syllabus comparing it with similar syllabi of India and the USA, with a view to make recommendations for the upcoming grade 6 syllabus revision.

Architecture of nation’s future

Education is the quiet architecture of a nation’s future. It is the unseen scaffolding upon which generations build their character, their intellect, and their capacity to contribute meaningfully to society. In Sri Lanka, the Grade 6 syllabus occupies a particularly important place in this architecture. It is the bridge between primary learning and the more demanding intellectual terrain of secondary education. It is the moment when children begin to move from learning basic facts to understanding concepts, from memorising information to applying knowledge, and from passive reception to active engagement. Yet, despite its importance, the Grade 6 curriculum in Sri Lanka has long struggled with issues of breadth, depth, relevance, and pedagogy. As global education systems evolve, Sri Lanka must examine what lessons can be learned from international models—particularly India and the United States—to strengthen its own curriculum and prepare students for a rapidly changing world.

The first lesson Sri Lanka can learn is the value of conceptual clarity. India’s NCERT curriculum, especially in Mathematics and Science, is globally respected for its logical progression and conceptual depth. Indian students are introduced early to the idea that mathematics is not merely a set of procedures but a language of reasoning. They learn why a ratio works, not just how to compute one. They understand the structure of an equation, not merely the steps to solve it. In Science, they explore the properties of materials, the structure of plants, and the principles of motion with a clarity that encourages curiosity rather than rote memorisation.

Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus, while competency-based, often leans heavily toward content coverage. Students are expected to learn many topics, but the time allocated for each is limited, and the teaching culture often emphasizes memorisation over understanding. If Sri Lanka wishes to improve the quality of its syllabus, it must embrace the idea that fewer topics taught well are better than many topics taught superficially. Conceptual mastery builds confidence, and confidence builds lifelong learners.

Lesson from the US

A second lesson comes from the United States, where the curriculum is built around skills rather than content. American students in Grade 6 are expected to read complex texts, analyse arguments, write essays supported by evidence, conduct experiments, and engage in collaborative projects. The emphasis is not on how much they know but on what they can do with what they know. This skills-based approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and independence—qualities essential for success in the modern world.

Sri Lanka’s syllabus, by contrast, often rewards students for reproducing information rather than interpreting it. The exam culture reinforces this tendency, as students are assessed primarily through written tests that measure recall. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must integrate more opportunities for students to think, question, debate, and create. The classroom should become a space where students learn to solve problems, not just memorize solutions.

Another important lesson comes from the breadth of Sri Lanka’s own curriculum. One of the strengths of the Sri Lankan system is its inclusion of cultural and religious education. Subjects such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity provide moral grounding and cultural identity. Art, Music, Drama, and Health contribute to holistic development. These subjects remind students that education is not merely about academic achievement but about becoming a balanced human being. However, breadth without depth can become burdensome. Grade 6 students in Sri Lanka often juggle more than ten subjects, each with its own textbook, competencies, and assessments. This creates pressure not only for students but also for teachers, who must rush through content to meet syllabus requirements. The lesson here is not to reduce cultural subjects but to integrate them more meaningfully. Religious education can be taught through ethical discussions, community projects, and reflective writing. Art and Music can be connected to history, literature, and social studies. Health can be linked to science and physical education. Integration reduces overload while enriching learning.

Another lesson from India

India offers another valuable lesson in the form of standardised textbooks. NCERT books are used across the country, ensuring consistency in quality and content. They are written by subject experts, reviewed rigorously, and updated periodically. Sri Lanka’s textbooks, while generally well-structured, vary in quality and often lag behind modern pedagogical standards. Some are dense, text-heavy, and lacking in visual aids or real-world examples. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must invest in high-quality textbooks that are engaging, accessible, and aligned with contemporary educational research. Textbooks should not merely transmit information; they should inspire curiosity. They should include stories, diagrams, experiments, and activities that make learning enjoyable and meaningful.

The United States provides a lesson in inquiry-based science education. American students conduct experiments, build models, observe natural phenomena, and engage in engineering design challenges. They learn science not as a set of facts but as a process of discovery. Sri Lanka’s science curriculum includes experiments, but many schools lack the resources, laboratory facilities, or teacher training to implement them effectively. Improving the syllabus requires improving the ecosystem around it. Schools need laboratories, equipment, and teacher development programs that empower educators to teach science through inquiry. A syllabus is only as strong as the environment in which it is taught. ***

International models

Another area where Sri Lanka can learn from international models is language education. In India, students often learn three languages—English, Hindi, and Sanskrit or Urdu. This heavy language load has its challenges, but it also produces students with strong linguistic skills. In the United States, English Language Arts emphasises reading complex texts, writing arguments, and analysing literature. Sri Lanka’s English curriculum, while improving, still struggles with uneven implementation across schools. Many students reach secondary school without adequate proficiency in English, limiting their access to global knowledge. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must strengthen English instruction through better teacher training, more reading opportunities, and a shift from grammar-heavy teaching to communication-focused learning. At the same time, Sinhala and Tamil instruction should be modernised to include creative writing, literature appreciation, and critical reading.

Social Studies is another area ripe for improvement. Sri Lanka’s curriculum includes History, Geography, and Civics, but the teaching often emphasises memorization of dates, definitions, and facts. India’s Social Science curriculum, while also content-heavy, provides clearer conceptual frameworks. The United States, however, excels in teaching civics and citizenship. American students learn how governments function, how laws are made, how communities solve problems, and how citizens participate in democracy. Sri Lanka can strengthen its Civics curriculum by incorporating more discussions on governance, rights, responsibilities, and community engagement. Students should learn not only the structure of government but also the values that sustain it—justice, equality, and participation.

One of the most important lessons Sri Lanka can learn is the value of reducing exam pressure. In both India and Sri Lanka, exams dominate the educational landscape. Students are judged primarily by their ability to perform on written tests. The United States, while not free from assessment challenges, uses a wider range of evaluation methods—projects, presentations, portfolios, and continuous assessment. These methods allow students to demonstrate learning in diverse ways. Sri Lanka should consider adopting a more balanced assessment system that values creativity, collaboration, and practical skills alongside academic knowledge.

Technology integration is another area where Sri Lanka can improve. The United States incorporates digital literacy, coding, online research, and digital citizenship into the curriculum. Sri Lanka’s ICT syllabus is well-structured, but implementation varies widely. Many schools lack computers, internet access, or trained ICT teachers. Improving the syllabus requires improving infrastructure. Students must learn to navigate the digital world safely and effectively. They must learn coding not as a luxury but as a basic skill. They must learn to evaluate online information critically, a skill essential in an era of misinformation.

Teacher training

Teacher training is perhaps the most critical lesson of all. A syllabus is only as effective as the teachers who deliver it. India invests heavily in teacher training through national programs, workshops, and online platforms. The United States emphasises professional development, peer collaboration, and instructional coaching. Sri Lanka must strengthen its teacher training programmes, ensuring that educators understand not only what to teach but how to teach it. Teachers should be trained in inquiry-based learning, differentiated instruction, formative assessment, and classroom management. They should be empowered to adapt the syllabus to the needs of their students rather than follow it mechanically.

Sri Lanka must learn the lesson of relevance. A syllabus must prepare students not only for exams but for life. It must teach them how to think, how to communicate, how to solve problems, and how to work with others. It must prepare them for a world where knowledge is abundant, but wisdom is scarce. It must help them navigate a future shaped by technology, globalisation, environmental challenges, and social change. To improve the syllabus, Sri Lanka must ask: What kind of citizens do we want to produce? What kind of thinkers? What kind of leaders? The answers to these questions should shape the curriculum.

Lastly, improving the quality of Sri Lanka’s Grade 6 syllabus requires learning from both international models and local strengths. From India, Sri Lanka can learn the value of conceptual clarity and standardised textbooks. From the United States, it can learn the importance of skills, inquiry, and creativity. From its own traditions, it can preserve cultural education, moral development, and holistic learning. The goal is not to copy another country’s system but to build a uniquely Sri Lankan curriculum that is modern, relevant, and empowering. A curriculum that honours the past while preparing students for the future. A curriculum that nurtures thinkers, creators, and compassionate citizens. A curriculum worthy of a nation with immense potential and a proud educational heritage. If Sri Lanka embraces these lessons, the Grade 6 syllabus can become not just a bridge to secondary education but a foundation for national progress.

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Three magical nights at Colombo Fashion Week

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Melloney Dassanayaka is certainly a familiar name here, and abroad, as well, having represented Sri Lanka at the Miss Universe 2024 pageant, held in Mexico.

A former National Basketball player, she is also involved in several projects, beneficial to the community, including financial literacy for single women-headed families in the country.

A banker by profession, Melloney hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration.

Melloney with Asanka de Mel of Lovi Sri Lanka

This extremely talented old girl of Holy Family Convent, Bambalapitiya, was in the limelight, once more, when she was seen on the ramp at Colombo Fashion Week.

It was her very first experience, at this prestigious event, and she loved every minute of it, she said, and, what’s more, she was featured on three consecutive days.

According to the itinerary, on day 01 she walked for Lovi Sri Lanka; day 02 Rizwan Beyg (Pakistan designer), Arsath Furkhan (Indian designer), Haoyi Yan (Chinese designer) and Samant Chauhan (Indian designer); and on day 03 Vaishali Shandangule (Indian designer).

In today’s edition of The Island SceneAround, we spotlight Melloney, on the ramp, at Colombo Fashion Week.

Melloney will also participate at Miss Grand All Stars to be held later in the year, in Thailand, as Miss Universe Sri Lanka 2024.

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