Business
GSP+: Can it drive inclusive growth in Sri Lanka?
By Rashmi Anupama, Chaya Dissanayake, and Dr Asanka Wijesinghe
In a mid-October 2024 meeting with the European Union (EU) Ambassador, Sri Lanka reaffirmed its commitment to strengthening trade relations with the EU, particularly highlighting the role of the GSP+ programme in boosting Sri Lankan exports. This discussion underscores the significance of the GSP+, which offers tariff preferences for Sri Lanka’s exports to the EU. The GSP+ offers reduced tariffs on exports, conditional upon the recipient countries implementing 27 international conventions. These conventions include standards on labour and human rights, environmental sustainability, and good governance. Sri Lanka’s major exports to the EU, such as wearing apparel, employ low and medium-skilled, and female workers, as well as estate and rural sector workers, directing benefits of GSP+ to vulnerable communities.
GSP+: A Lifeline for Sri Lanka’s Economy
In 2023, Sri Lanka exported goods worth USD 3.63 billion (Bn) to the EU and the United Kingdom (UK) representing 30% of total exports of Sri Lanka. The 1,301 products exported by Sri Lanka under the six-digit Harmonized System (HS) codes, concentrate on key sectors such as wearing apparel, rubber, seafood, and tea. Notably, the EU and the UK are major export destinations for wearing apparel accounting for over half (54.9%) of Sri Lanka’s total wearing apparel exports.
GSP+ preference offers Sri Lanka zero tariffs on many goods, granting relative price competitiveness in the EU market. Without GSP+, tariffs would revert to the EU’s Most Favoured Nation (MFN) rates. The preference margin – the difference between MFN and GSP+ – is more than 10 percentage points for high-value export sectors like wearing apparel.
However, GSP+ benefits are not fully utilised. Complex rules of origin make compliance challenging and costly, particularly for the wearing apparel sector. For instance, in 2019, Sri Lanka exported USD 1.31 Bn of knitted or crocheted apparel to the EU and UK, with only about half the exports (52.3%) benefiting from GSP+. Similarly, 52.3% of non-knitted apparel exports, valued at USD 842.45 million (Mn), used GSP+, while rubber products had a 96.4% utilisation rate, contributing USD 340.95 Mn in exports.
Consequently, the effect of a potential tariff increase will differ across export sectors, depending on factors like export volume, utilisation rates, and the size of the tariff hike. The forthcoming publication “Who Stands to Lose? Examining the Fallout of GSP+ Preference Erosion in Sri Lanka”, shows that once all these factors are accounted for, reverting to MFN tariffs due to the loss of GSP+ could lead to a decline in exports of USD 1.23 Bn, or 36.7%, compared to 2019, after accounting for utilisation rates.
The wearing apparel sector is expected to experience the largest hit, with a projected loss of USD 996.38 Mn, representing a 44.63% drop in exports. Although the utilisation rate for GSP+ in the wearing apparel sector is relatively low at 52.3%, the large volume of exports and the 10-percentage point difference between MFN and GSP+ rates mean that the sector would suffer significant losses. Key products such as men’s underpants, brassieres, and shirts, which are among Sri Lanka’s top 10 exports to the EU, are vulnerable to the negative effects of GSP+ withdrawal.

The Impact on Jobs and Inclusive Economic Growth
Sectors highly vulnerable to export changes play a crucial role in promoting inclusive economic growth in Sri Lanka, as they provide significant employment opportunities for women and rural workers. As a result, any potential decline in exports would disproportionately affect these vulnerable groups within the labour force, intensifying the economic challenges they face.
The IPS analysis suggests that the loss of GSP+ could put 73,574 workers at risk of losing their jobs. The apparel sector employs 87.1% of these vulnerable workers. The apparel industry currently employs 475,741 workers, of whom 70.5% are women.
When the embedded employment in the export losses is broken down by gender and skill level, it becomes clear that women, along with low and medium-skilled workers, will be the hardest hit. Out of the 73,574 workers at risk, 42,958 are women in low or medium-skilled roles. In the wearing apparel sector, 61.4% of vulnerable employees are females employed in low and medium-skilled occupations. Overall, 82% of all vulnerable workers are low and medium-skilled, highlighting the disproportionate impact on these workers if GSP+ is withdrawn.
The Road Ahead: Strategies for Inclusive Growth
Sri Lanka cannot afford to lose GSP+ given the current economic situation and the growth stage of the country. The slowly growing employment numbers show that alternative sectors are not in existence to absorb the labour force vulnerable to the GSP+ loss. Finding alternative jobs in the formal sector will be even more difficult.
To avoid this scenario, it is in Sri Lanka’s best interest to comply with the agreed-upon conventions and retain the GSP+ status. In the future, as the country reaches higher income levels, the GSP+ loss may be more manageable. However, at this stage, GSP+ is a driving force for increasing Sri Lanka’s exports and overall income.
While maintaining the crucial GSP+ preference, Sri Lanka should attempt to increase its utilisation by expanding the cumulation of non-originating materials, similar to the recent EU approval of cumulation between Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Enhanced cumulation will especially benefit the country’s wearing apparel sector. The Trade Preference Outlook-2024 of the UNCTAD also underscores the importance of reforming rules of origin, accounting for supply chain realities. In the longer term, Sri Lanka can look into options like entering a free trade agreement with the EU to cope with the adverse effects of GSP+ loss at a higher income stage of the country. This is particularly important as Sri Lanka’s eligibility for GSP+ is not only tied to compliance with the required conventions but also to its income classification. If Sri Lanka transitions to upper-middle-income status, it will no longer qualify for the GSP+. This highlights the need for long-term solutions to maintain preferential market access.
Dr Asanka Wijesinghe is a Research Fellow at IPS with research interests in macroeconomic policy, international trade, labour and health economics. He holds a BSc in Agricultural Technology and Management from the University of Peradeniya, an MS in Agribusiness and Applied Economics from North Dakota State University, and an MS and PhD in Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics from The Ohio State University.
Chaya Dissanayake is a Research Officer at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS). She holds a B.Sc. (Hons) in Agriculture specialised in Agricultural Economics from the University of Jaffna and is currently reading for an MSc in Integrated Water Resource Management at the Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, Peradeniya. Her research interests include agricultural policies and institutions, disaster risk management, poverty and inequality, SMEs, women and the workforce.
Rashmi Anupama is a Research Assistant at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS). She holds a BSc in Agriculture, specialised in Agricultural Economics, with a First Class from the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. Her research interests include international trade, regional integration, macroeconomic policy, structural reforms, and entrepreneurship.
Business
“RDB Drives Unprecedented Growth with Record Profits Fueling Expansion and Development Impact”
The Regional Development Bank (RDB) delivered an exceptional financial performance for the year ended 31 December 2025, recording an 86% year-on-year increase in Profit After Tax to LKR 2.37 billion. The Bank’s total income reached LKR 42.81 billion, driven by a 23.89% growth in Net Interest Income to LKR 24.23 billion, complemented by steady contributions from both interest and fee-based income streams. This performance highlights the Bank’s ability to optimise its asset base while sustaining a well-diversified and resilient revenue profile.
Marking its 40th anniversary in 2025, the Bank’s exemplary performance underscores the strength of its resilient operating model, disciplined execution, and its growing role as a catalyst for inclusive economic progress in Sri Lanka. Profitability metrics strengthened notably, with Return on Assets (ROA) improving to 1.70% and Return on Equity (ROE) increasing to 11.77%, demonstrating enhanced efficiency in capital deployment and earnings generation.
Commenting on the Bank’s performance, Chairman Lasantha Fernando stated,
“Our performance in 2025 reflects the strength of a purpose-driven banking model that successfully balances financial sustainability with national development priorities. As Sri Lanka progresses on its path to recovery, our commitment to enabling inclusive growth remains unwavering.”
The Bank continued to expand its development-focused lending portfolio, with loans and receivables growing by 23.59% to LKR 302.54 billion. This growth supported priority sectors including agriculture, SMEs, manufacturing, housing, and rural enterprises representing segments critical to national economic revitalisation. Importantly, this expansion was achieved alongside improved asset quality, with the Stage 3 impaired loans ratio declining to 4.06% from 6.25%, demonstrating robust credit risk management and effective recovery strategies.
Customer confidence remained strong, with deposits increasing by 11.85% to LKR 283.72 billion, driven by growth in both savings and fixed deposits. The Bank also maintained liquidity ratios well above regulatory thresholds, reinforcing its financial stability and resilience
Asanga Tennakoon General Manager/Chief Executive Officer, highlighted” last year’s results underscore the impact of disciplined execution, prudent risk management, and a strong customer-centric approach. Looking ahead, we will continue to expand our reach, strengthen digital capabilities, and deepen financial inclusion to create sustainable value for all stakeholders.”
Business
SLIC Life and SLIC General Create New Employment Opportunities
Sri Lanka Insurance Life Ltd (SLICLL) and Sri Lanka Insurance General Ltd (SLICGL) together appointed 112 Trainee Insurance Assistants, marking one of the largest recruitments across both companies in recent years.
Of the total intake, 87 candidates joined SLICGL while 25 candidates were appointed to SLICLL. This recruitment reflects the continued efforts of both companies to strengthen their workforce while contributing to employment opportunities.
The recruitment process was conducted through a structured and independent evaluation framework to ensure transparency and merit-based selection. Applications were invited from eligible candidates island-wide, followed by a written examination. Candidates who met the required benchmarks were shortlisted for interviews conducted by an independent panel, reinforcing fairness and credibility throughout the process.
The newly appointed Trainee Insurance Assistants represent a diverse and capable talent pool. Approximately 30% of the recruits are graduates, while all candidates possess the required academic qualifications, including G.C.E. Ordinary Level and Advanced Level certifications, or equivalent diplomas and higher qualifications.
This intake is aligned with the long-term focus of SLICLL and SLICGL on developing human capital and nurturing future-ready professionals within the insurance industry. The new recruits will have access to structured career growth opportunities, enabling them to build sustainable careers within the organisations. Efforts have also been made to assign employees to locations closest to their places of residence, subject to operational requirements, ensuring both efficiency and employee convenience.
Commenting on the appointments, Nusith Kumaratunga, Chairman of Sri Lanka Insurance stated, “The onboarding of this new group of Trainee Insurance Assistants reflected our continued focus on building strong and capable teams across both SLICLL and SLICGL. By maintaining a transparent and merit-based selection process, we remained committed to creating opportunities for talented individuals while strengthening the foundations for long-term organisational growth. This initiative also aligned with our broader role in supporting employment generation and contributing to the country’s economic progress.”
The official appointment ceremony was held on 7th April 2026 at the SLIC Head Office, in the presence of the Chairman and the Corporate Management of SLICLL and SLICGL, marking an important milestone in the organisations’ ongoing people development journey.
Business
99x Wins Five Awards at Best Management Practices Awards ‘26, Showcasing AI-led Transformation
99x, a leading global product engineering company, has secured five major accolades at the CPM Best Management Practices Awards 2026, including an Overall Gold Award, positioning the company among Sri Lanka’s top-performing organisations in management excellence. The company was also recognised as the Sector Winner for IT, Software & BPO Services, named among the Forty Outstanding Companies, and received the Best Management Practices Excellence Award. In addition, Hasith Yaggahavita, CEO of 99x, was honoured with the Leadership Excellence Award, acknowledging his role in driving the organisation’s AI-led transformation.
The recognition was awarded for 99x’s submission titled ‘Embracing AI: Rethinking Talent, Products & Services,’ which addressed one of the most pressing shifts facing the global technology services industry today. As AI continues to redefine how software is built and delivered, traditional outsourcing models are being challenged from reduced reliance on large engineering teams to a growing shift toward outcome-based delivery and faster go-to-market expectations.
Chatura De Silva, Chief AI Officer at 99x, stated, “Winning five awards at one stage is a proud moment for us as a team. While AI is driving change across the industry, what made this possible is how we chose to adapt to it. We recognised that AI is not just a layer on top of what we do, but that it changes the foundation of how value is created. This transformation was about connecting both our talent and delivery, while embedding AI across everything we do”.
Selected from over 150 award submissions, 99x was also among the top 10 organisations invited to present its journey at the CPM Management Insights Summit 2026, placing its transformation on a national stage among the country’s most forward-thinking enterprises. Chatura De Silva, Kalana Wijesekara, Chief Developer Experience Officer and Chrishan de Mel, Chief Marketing and Corporate Affairs Officer, presented 99x’s story.
Commenting on the significance of this year’s awards, Dilshan Arsakularathna, CEO of The Institute of Chartered Professional Managers of Sri Lanka, stated, “99x securing the Overall Gold Award among organisations across multiple industries reflects the level at which Sri Lanka’s IT sector is progressing today. It demonstrates how companies are building real capability and driving innovation that can confidently stand on a global stage. Notably, 99x has now become the first organisation to secure the Overall Gold Award twice across the five editions of the BMPC Awards. This remarkable achievement reflects their strong commitment to sustaining excellence and continuously embedding best management practices within their operations. What stood out with 99x was how they have adapted to change in a practical and forward-thinking manner, reshaping how they operate and deliver value, while setting a compelling benchmark for modern management practices.”
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