Features
Education: Personal goals attuned to social progress
by Susantha Hewa
Education, for an overwhelming majority of students and their parents, is the one and only way for gainful employment, financial success, upward mobility and social recognition. Yet, it is just where education is made to function in its most utilitarian gear, grooming the individual for a livelihood. Education is also a handy tool for the fashioning of a cultured person who can contribute towards both individual and social wellbeing. However, in an exam-oriented, competitive system, which is primarily designed to provide workers to run the economy, the above broader function of education naturally gets underrated and overlooked. This has produced two factions debating about the primary function of education: whether it should prepare individuals for jobs or guide them to be refined citizens, who can contribute towards social progress.
It’s no good eternally arguing whether education is for jobs or, alternatively, for making students to be good, intelligent citizens as well as furthering overall social progress. We often seem to think that these targets are mutually exclusive, which may not be the case.
Those who favour job-oriented education seem to consider ‘inculcating values’ as too naïve and wishy-washy. Conversely, those who overemphasize education’s role of value-inculcation seem to dismiss job-oriented education as starkly materialistic. Both parties seem to look at these two broad aims of education with some bias. However, the fact is, those seemingly opposite aims need not be contradictory. Education can be made to meet both these ends: employability and the inculcation of values for individual fulfilment and social cohesion. There is nothing to prevent proficient employees being broad-minded citizens and vice versa. What we need is the political will and the pooling of expertise of all interested parties including educationists, economists, psychologists, administrators, academics and professionals of arts and sciences to achieve both personal and collective goals.
In fact, education plays a crucial role in promoting self-fulfillment as well as social advancement. All beings are naturally self-centered and continuously look for opportunities for self-gain. Hence, it’s not strange that today, for each person, education appears to be one of the safest means of achieving their personal goals – wealth, comfort and social recognition. There is nothing reprehensible at all in it. After all, as a means of achieving those desirable things in life, education is more society-friendly than most other options available, specially, for those who don’t rely much on education: deceit, profiteering, theft, money laundering, sale of liquor and dangerous drugs and, last but not least, dabbling in politics. So how can we condemn those who pursue education for moving from “rags to riches”?
One may say that education should not be seen as a magic formula for prosperity and that learning is too sacred a pursuit to be regarded as a key to material success, power and social status. However, such a view often fails to recognize that education, in its different forms, serves as the best bet for securing a decent livelihood for many people in a civilised world and also, that it has taken the place of the brute force characteristic of primitive life which happened to be a relentless struggle for survival. As such, if one condemns education being used as a way to personal success, one may do it at one’s own peril, for the alternative paths available may turn out to be starkly antisocial.
In fact, our aversion towards higher education being used as a way of producing “employable graduates” seems to come from our disapproval of it being used to sustain a profit-oriented economy which divides education as ‘useful’ and ‘useless’ according to how it serves to maximise profit of a handful of elites while leaving an overwhelming majority in dire poverty. Further, we forget that ‘employability’ assumes that derogatory sense only in a context where the economy absorbs graduates to maximise profits of a few.
There would be nothing sinful about being groomed to be employable, if we happened to be living in a world where economic growth were an indicator of individual happiness and social wellbeing. George Monbiot, the author of “Out of the wreckage; a new politics for an age of crisis” captures the sense of cynicism of the average citizen living in a consumerist society, when he says, “Defined by the market, defined as a market, human society should be run in every respect as if it were a business, its social relations reimagined as commercial transactions; people redesignated as human capital”. The idea of ‘employable graduate’ should not be thrown out with the noxious bathwater of extreme competition and individualism.
The low estimation of humanities and social sciences in higher education is not an indication of their so-called irrelevance. The discriminatory attitude cannot be easily got rid of since it is the corporate interests that decide their ‘value’ in a competitive society. It is due to this that the disgruntled voices about arts stream subjects being neglected continue to fall on deaf ears. It would be an uphill task to raise them to the level of the subjects favoured by the business world. So far as the economic growth of a country remains to be just impressive statistics on paper without them reflecting the physical and mental wellbeing of the common people, the humanities and social sciences are going to look lacklustre in the eyes of those who call the shots.
Questioning, researching, analyzing and critical thinking that are often marketed to assert the importance of the so-called ‘soft subjects’, as against hard sciences, are not likely to cut much ice with those who want education to simply spawn workers, including professionals, to keep the economy going and huge profits flowing into their hands. In such a setting that workers, both skilled and unskilled, are not paid for their questioning or critical thinking skills cannot make headlines.
Among the whole gamut of worrisome issues in education are: resource-depleted rural schools, heavy workload for both students and teachers, obsolete teaching methods, long school hours, dependency on tuition industry, lack of opportunities for students for recreation, disproportionate homework, tedium, teachers burdened with redundant paperwork, obsession with continuous testing and crippling exams, insufficient scope for creative work, aesthetics, sports, soft skills, segregation of schools on ‘ethnicity’ and lack of timely upgrading of content and teaching methods., etc. All these problems cannot be separated from economy and politics. It would be a hard job for those who are sincerely concerned about using education’s many capacities for promoting good and eliminating vice, because education cannot be prevented from being putty in the hands of those with personal and political agendas.
Obviously, those who are ensconced in power and affluence cannot be expected to suffer education serving in any way to undermine their positions. Prof. Alvin Toffler in his book “The Third Wave” (sequel to his book “The Future Shock”) writes, “schools produced, just as factories do, employees who could fit into the slots of the hierarchical structure of industrial societies by programming them through a ‘covert curriculum’ to be compliant, dutiful and diligent”. This may not be far from the truth, because greedy politicians and business magnates who control the economy will always want the prevailing system to go on with the least resistance. They wouldn’t want to tap the full potential of education to prompt students to question and challenge anything established including the present economic order favouring the elites.
The fact is, our education system primarily appeals to the individual’s sense of self-aggrandisement in a society, in which being educated is to become humiliated if what you have studied has no market value. Unlike the students of science, IT and commerce streams, the graduates of history, sociology, literature, etc. cannot help business magnates to fatten on their profits. Therefore, education in humanities and social sciences, which doesn’t equip students to find their convenient niches in a profit-oriented economy, wouldn’t be favourably viewed at all by the major players.
Therefore, it would be futile to think that enhancing the quality of education will bring about a just society unless the natural desires of the student are aligned with education’s capacity for uncovering the essential link between individual happiness and social progress. In other words, the more ambitious the student is to realize his dreams, the more momentum it should give for social advancement.
The present situation of arts stream subjects inexorably receiving stepmotherly treatment cannot be changed until there remains a strict division between arts and science subjects. And, it is only when the so-called economic growth is made to serve all the people and not a lucky few that the society will be able to create meaningful space for humanities and social sciences to play a role in society as important as the hard sciences. It goes without saying that the economy should be made people-friendly instead of remaining self-serving and profit-friendly. In his book “Ruptures in Sri Lanka’s Education: Genesis, present status and reflections”, Prof. Panduka Karunanayake correctly points out that “when local industries pick up and overseas ones open up to our workers, qualification inflation will ease – educationists can then fruitfully focus on the broader issues in education, including the inculcation of civic values, etc.” Although he is optimistic that the growth of economy, in its present form itself, will pave the way for educationists to step in to play a broader and more important role in education, the point he emphasizes here, among other things, is the importance of harnessing education to realise full human potential instead of it being woefully underutilised to providing livelihoods. However, what is undeniable is that what role we get our economy to play – whether we leave it in the hands of those VIPs for money making or use its massive potential to primarily serve society – will have a lasting impact on the whole education system.
It is only within a humane model of governance, which makes economic interests subservient to human interests that education can be made to foster social cohesion rather than furthering division and estrangement.
Features
The Division Bell Mystery
Tales of Mystery and Suspense 3
The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.
The Brahms and Simon detective novels, the first of which I wrote about last week, were amongst several books by the pair that Robert Scoble gave me when I was in Australia towards the end of last year. Amongst them was another thriller of a very different sort, though that too was written and set between the wars.
Called The Division Bell Mystery, it was set in the House of Commons, the first such book I believe, and was by Ellen Wilkinson, a Labour MP who became Minister of Education in Attlee’s government after the war, having served previously as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers. Her hero Robert West is also a PPS, but a conservative, and his Minister, of Home Affairs, is an old style aristocrat, not much loved by the less orthodox Prime Minister, who nevertheless needs his support on many occasions.
The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.
West was just outside the door when the shot was heard, and when he opened it saw only the dead body with a revolver beside it. The assumption that this was suicide was however challenged by Oissel’s grand-daughter Annette, who was his heir, on the grounds that he would never have killed himself. But her view was given greater credence by the Inspector put in charge of the case who said there were no burn marks on the body which would have been the case had Oissel fired the pistol himself.
Matters are complicated by the fact that Oissel’s flat had been burgled while he was at dinner, and Jenks the policeman allocated to him, who had served the Home Secretary and seemed more acceptable to Oissel than someone from the Security Service, had been killed. Matters get even more complicated when Annette says her grand-father’s notebook in which he wrote his secrets in cipher was missing.
That was found in Jenks’ pocket, and then a photographer came to West to say he had been asked by Jenks to photograph this. More worryingly for West, he finds in the Home Secretary’s drawer a few pages from the notebook with what appears to be an interpretation of the cipher.
Overwhelmed by all this he confides in a recently created peer who knows all about the business world, who insists that they leave the house party at which they had met over dinner and discuss the matter with the Prime Minister who promptly summons the Home Secretary.
But the Home Secretary had gone to Scotland to launch a ship over the weekend, so the meeting could take place only on the morning of the Monday, when difficult questions were expected on the adjournment motion. He admits at the meeting that he had got Jenks to take the notebook, and also that he knew the code since it had been created by him and Oissel when they were young.
He thought he should resign, and even contemplated suicide, but the Prime Minister told him that that would be even worse for the government, and that he should go home to bed. The Prime Minister said that he himself would handle the question, which he did with aplomb, insisting that confidentiality was needed until the inquest. What had happened would be made clear then, he declared, leaving West and Inspector Blackit and Lord Dalbeattie what seemed the impossible task of solving the murder.
Dalbeattie had suggested that West ask a female Labour MP who was very fond of him to get what information she could from the staff. That there was some involvement there had become clear when West, going back late one night to collect a briefcase he had left in a dining room, found someone lurking in the dark in the corridor outside the private rooms. Room J, where the murder had happened, was meant to be guarded throughout by a policeman, but he had left the room having felt dizzy, and it seemed that his coffee had been drugged. West’s sudden appearance however had prevented anyone else getting into the room.
Dalbeattie decides to recreate the scene of the murder and has a dinner party in Room J on the Tuesday night, inviting West and Annette and the society hostess at whose house he had met, and also Patrick Kinnaird, an MP who was engaged to Annette, as well as the Permanent Secretary to the Home Ministry.
After coffee Inspector Blackit comes in with Grace, the Labour MP who had got the confidence of the staff, and a journalist who had also been helpful, and just as they say they think they are on the track the division bell rings. Grace jumps up and tells the Inspector that that provides the solution and they get a ladder, and sure enough find the revolver in the space where the bell is. Directed at the place where Oissel had sat, it had been primed to go off with the ringing of the bell. The waiter who had helped to set things up made clear who the murderer had been.
The reason for the murder and the confused motives of all those involved made for a fascinatingly intricate mix. But also impressive in the book were the descriptions of the isolation possible in the crowded premises of the house, the forceful characterization of the members – Grace based on the writer, the society hostess based on Nancy Astor, the first female MP – and the laid back nature of senior politicians which West realized had to change in the brave new world of high finance.
Features
The challenge of keeping value-based politics alive
The current outbreak of anti-immigrant protests in Durban, South Africa is bound to have taken many a subscriber to value-based politics or political idealism quite by surprise. After all, this is evidence that despite the historic accomplishments of nation-builders of the stature of the late President Nelson Mandela it cannot be taken for granted that identity politics, including racism in its worst forms, is no more in South Africa.
At the time of this writing details are scarce on the substantive root causes of the protests but it could very well be that economic grievances, particularly on the part of the majority community in South Africa, are contributing considerably to the disaffection. Shrinking employment and material prospects are likely to figure majorly among the factors igniting the unrest.
Fortunately, the local authorities in Durban are losing no time in calling for peaceful co-existence among the relevant communities and are pointing to the vital importance of stepping-up national integration processes. Apparently, immigrants in sizable numbers from neighbouring countries are present in Durban. However, international TV footage of the protests quoted some local authorities as saying that the majority of the immigrants in some centres that housed them were not illegal migrants and had the documents that entitle them to be in Durban.
In the Durban protests the world has fresh proof of the socially divisive consequences of the gathering globe-wide economic disaffection, touched off particularly by the continuing crisis in West Asia. Going ahead, the world would need to brace for increasing identity-based unrest of the kind it is just witnessing in South Africa.
Considering that the material lot of ordinary people everywhere could only aggravate progressively, with the US and Iran showing no signs of negotiating an end to their confrontation any time soon, it will be left to the more democratic and progressive sections of the world community to initiate positive measures collectively to bring a measure of relief to the discontented.
The swiftness with which such relief will be provided would depend crucially on the importance those sections taking up these undertakings attach to value-based politics as opposed to Realpolitik of power politics.
Going by these yardsticks, Italy could be considered to be moving in the right direction. Recently Italy came to the fore in initiating the collective named, ‘Rome Coalition for Food Security and Access to Fertilizer’, which has as one of its aims the swift provision of fertilizer to economically weak African countries.
In a recent statement Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Antonio Tajani, said that a principal aim of the project was to ensure that the farmers of Africa gained easy access to fertilizer, considering that food security is a growing concern among some of Africa’s economically vulnerable countries.
The statement went on to mention that some 30 countries hailing from the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, the Balkans as well as the FAO had been invited to join the coalition. The venture is far-seeing in that food security is main among the reasons for social discontent which in turn could degenerate into endemic political turmoil and bloodshed. Separatist violence and geographical fragmentation of countries wouldn’t be too far behind these developments, as Africa itself has often proved.
It is hoped that more G7 countries would take the cue from Italy and do what they could to ease the hardships of economically distressed countries, particularly of the global South. In these efforts they would need to break rank with the US, which is today brutally indifferent to the consequences of its policy of making ‘America First’, come what may.
Going by current developments, the Trump administration seems to be blithely oblivious to the wider, deleterious effects of its policy course in West Asia. Besides rendering Iran militarily and otherwise impotent nothing else seems to matter to Washington, as regards West Asia. This is policy short-sightedness of an extreme kind. After all, right now West Asia could be said to be sitting on the proverbial powder keg.
On the other hand, Iran is not giving the world the impression that it is doing anything constructive to get out of the policy straitjacket that it wove for itself decades ago. Rather than enter into a policy of ‘live and let live’ in relation to Israel in particular and initiate a process of reconciliation with the latter, it has chosen to operate within policy parameters that continue to damn Israel. This has put Israel always on the ‘defensive’ so to speak and prevented the opening up of space for meaningful dialogue.
That said, Israel is obliged to explore the possibilities of entering into a negotiatory process with the Arab-Islamic world that could lead to a de-escalation of tensions and bloodshed. It cannot continue to look at its neighbours through lenses that distort them as archetypal enemies who should be ‘wiped off completely from the face of the earth.’
In other words, the need is urgent for Realpolitik to give way to value-based politicks. Italy is beginning to prove that the latter approach could be pursued with some success. May be the EU and the UK could throw their weight behind these initiatives as well and establish that international politics could be refashioned on the basis of humane, civilized norms. The UN would need to be fully supportive of these moves and prove an organizational nucleus of the operations that follow.
In fact the time is ripe for people of conscience to collectively stand up on the side of peace and say ‘No’ to war and violence. Organizations such as the ICRC, the WHO and Medicines Sans Frontiers have already taken up this call. Referring to the widespread destruction of health facilities and their dehumanizing results these organizations have said, among other things, that ‘This is not a failure of the law. It is a failure of political will.’
True, ‘failure of political will’ among those powers that matter accounts for the runaway, uncontrollable nature of war and destruction in contemporary times, but more fundamentally it is a failure of the human conscience. It could very well be that the phenomenal levels to which violence and war have been unleashed today have had the effect of deadening consciences. This is a matter for urgent study and wide discussion.
Features
Vesak celebrations … with Cuteefly
I would describe Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka as innovative and creative, and she operates under the name of Cuteefly.
Indunil always comes up with something novel to celebrate special occasions, and she does it with candles … and that’s her profession.
She was in the spotlight when she created a happening scene, with candles, for Christmas, Sinhala and Tamil New Year, and Valentine’s Day.
As lanterns light up Sri Lanka for Vesak, the Colombo-based candle maker is quietly turning wax and wick into little pieces of the festival.

Candles reflecting Vesak themes
Her candles reflect Vesak themes – light, peace, remembrance, giving, etc., to enable you to fill your Vesak celebration with devotion and beauty.
Among her Vesak creations is a lotus-shaped soy candle, scented with sandalwood, lavender, etc., meant to burn during this Vesak Poya Day.

Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka: Customers
praise her for her creativity
These handcrafted Vesak candles are perfect for offering at the temple, she says.
What makes her creations so novel is that they come in different shapes, scents, themes, and all are handmade.
What’s more, her customers have heaped praise on her for her creativity.
According to Indunil, her creations are perfect as a thoughtful gift … to bring beauty, unity, and light into every moment.
Says Indunil: “Our beautifully handcrafted Unity candles are designed with premium detail and love, making them perfect for celebrations, gifts, and meaningful occasions.”
Cuteefly, says Indunil, is available online.
Readers could contact Indunil on 0778506066 for more details.
He Facebook Page is: Cuteefly.

Handmade with love
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