Features
Debt Trap Lessons
By DEVENDRA SAKSENA
Currently, the words ‘debt trap’ have a distinctly Chinese connotation. According to the Western press, the Chinese, as part of their geostrategy, have inveigled poor nations into borrowing huge amounts from them for fanciful infrastructural projects; almost all borrower countries are in dire economic straits, because most such projects are lying incomplete, or not yielding anticipated returns. Referring to Chinese lending as ‘debt-trap diplomacy,’ Western leaders would have us believe that China deliberately lends money to poor countries on overly challenging terms, so that loans could not be repaid, forcing borrowers to accept eco- nomic or political concessions. Western nations blame China for using ‘debt-trap diplomacy’ to promote Chinese geopolitical interests in Asia and Africa.
Exact data about Chinese lending is not in the public do- main, as China does not report its international lending, and agreements with debtor countries prohibit disclosure about Chinese loans. In many cases, Chinese companies advance loans to state-owned companies of the borrower nation, which do not figure in the borrower country’s budget. Also, China is not a member of the Paris Club or the OECD, so it is under no obligation to reveal details about the monies lent by it. But today, China is the world’s largest official creditor ~ surpassing traditional lenders such as the World Bank, the IMF, or all OECD creditor governments combined. Chinese credit is widespread.
According to Aid Data, China has financed 13,427 development projects, worth US$843 billion dollars in 165 countries, while the Harvard Business Review has estimated that the Chinese Government and State- owned companies have lent about US$1.5 trillion in direct loans, and trade credits, to more than 150 countries. For most poor countries, Chinese lending is substantial vis-à-vis their GDP. According to a study conducted by the Harvard Business Review: “For the 50 main developing country recipients, we estimate that the average stock of debt owed to China has increased from less than 1 percent of debtor country GDP in 2005 to more than 15 per cent in 2017.
A dozen of these countries owe debt of at least 20 percent of their nominal GDP to China (Djibouti, Tonga, Maldives, the Republic of the Congo, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Niger, Laos, Zambia, Samoa, Vanuatu, and Mongolia).” Chinese lending gained impetus in 2013, when President Xi Jinping announced the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a global infrastructure development and investment strategy, under which China financed huge infrastructural projects like ports, railways, roadways, bridges, dams, and power stations in the poor developing countries of Asia and Africa ~ though BRI also includes 17 European Union countries and 22 countries in the Caribbean and South America. Repaying Chinese loans is not easy because unlike other official lenders such as the World Bank that provide finance at concessional, below-market interest rates, and longer tenures, China tends to lend at market terms, at interest rates close to those prevailing in private capital markets.
Additionally, the Chinese insist on collateral, meaning that debt repayments are secured by assets or future revenues. Western leaders cite the example of two of India’s neighbours, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, to drive home the dangers of taking loans from China. Initially, Sri Lanka got huge loans from Chinese government banks to build infrastructure like airports, sea- ports and bridges. However, revenue generated from Chinese-funded projects was insufficient to repay the Chinese loans. The largest such projects, Hambantota Harbour and Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport (MRIA), are case studies in the menace of easy Chinese loans; MRIA is lying unused while Hambantota Har- bour has been taken over by the Chinese, on a ninety-nine years lease, because Chinese debt could not be repaid. The Western press attributes Sri Lanka’s recent economic crisis, which saw day-long power cuts, soaring prices of food and other essentials, as inflation reaching twenty-five per cent, solely to problems created by Chinese loans. Sadly, for Sri Lanka, the economic meltdown metamorphosed into a political crisis. Following massive public protests, the Government had to resign. These twin crises brought Sri Lanka to the verge of sovereign default; only generous interventions by India and the IMF have kept the Sri Lankan economy afloat. A similar script is playing out in Pakistan, which had borrowed heavily from China, for its BRI project. However, Chinese ‘debt- trap diplomacy’ is not the sole reason for the economic ruin of Sri Lanka; Chinese loans accounted for only 10.8 percent of Sri Lanka’s debt burden, the rest comprising International Sovereign Bonds (36.4 per cent), Asian Development Bank (14.3 per cent), and Japan (10.9 per cent). Also, the Lankan economy was already on the verge of collapse because of the myriad unwise and populist policies of the Rajapaksa government. The failed projects, Hambantota Harbour and Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport (MRIA), were vanity projects of the Rajapaksa family, located in their backyard, at unsuitable venues; feasibility study of both projects had been conducted, not by Chinese, but by European companies. Finally, no planner could have factored in the humongous corruption, which made both projects unviable. Contrarily, China and the beneficiaries of its loans do not view Chinese loans as ‘debt-trap diplomacy’; Chinese see themselves as daring entrepreneurs, identifying economic opportunity in pro- viding loans to failing countries, and generating enormous profits from it ~ both in terms of money and resources. Many countries that have a colossal Chinese debt burden consider China as their closest friend. Acknowledging China as their prime growth catalyst, Kenyan and Comoros’ leaders hold that Africa’s only trap is ‘Poverty and Underdevelopment.’
Undoubtedly, China is the lender of last resort; unlike the World Bank and IMF, China does not insist that borrowing countries change their economic policies; it also does not check the credit history of its borrowers. Like Shylock, it could be that China is more sinned against than sinning. Since time immemorial, kings had borrowed money to secure borders, or to launch foreign military campaigns, but by the end of the twentieth century, countries were borrowing not to prosecute wars or to overcome crises but on revenue account ~ for pensions, health care, and other social services i.e., ‘revdis’ in current political parlance. The Latin American debt crisis of the 1970s and 80s, primarily affecting Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, unfolded with these countries contracting loans for development ~ mainly infrastructure projects. Slowly, borrowings, mostly from private banks, ballooned to fifty per cent of the region’s GDP. Mexico borrowed against future oil revenues; when the price of oil collapsed, so did the Mexican economy. Other Latin American countries’ economies collapsed for a diametrically opposite reason; when oil prices skyrocketed, interest rates increased, and debts became unsustainable. Ultimately, loans had to be restructured with help from the World Bank and IMF.
Currently, soaring Indian sovereign debt is causing concern to the IMF. As on 31 March 2023, the Central Government owed Rs.152.61 lakh crores amounting to 57 percent of GDP, while State Governments owed around Rs.75 lakh crore, which is 28 percent of GDP. According to Budget Estimates, the Central Government debt, which has more than doubled in the last ten years, is projected to increase to Rs.169.47 lakh crore by 31 March 2024. Worryingly, the IMF has forecast that public debt will exceed India’s GDP in the medium term, at a time when considerable investment will be required to improve resilience to climate stresses and natural disasters.
The IMF has suggested “ambitious” fiscal consolidation over the medium term, in order to curb India’s public debt. During the course of Article IV discussions with the IMF, Indian officials rightly pointed out that foreign debt was barely three percent of the public debt, so a ‘debt-trap’ situation was not in the making. Moreover, given the high Indian GDP growth rate, debt to GDP ratio had not increased significantly over the years. Yet, ill-effects of profligate spending, resulting in high indebtedness, are becoming visible. Deficit financing, used to finance the Government’s ambitious infrastructure development programmes and ‘revdis’ like Kisan Sanman Nidhi, has risen to Rs.17.86 lakh crore, or 5.9 per cent of the GDP. Also, during FY 2023-24, out of total expenditure of Rs.38.50 lakh crore, approximately Rs.11 lakh crores will go towards interest payments. Thus, a vicious cycle is created; the Government garners resources by deficit financing, which increases the interest burden, leading to more deficit financing. Foreign rating agencies hesitate to improve our ranking, despite our strong fundamentals, only because of weak financial management and high debt. Ultimately, we have to realise that the Charvaka philosophy of drinking ghee from borrowed funds, is totally inappropriate for modern economic management.
Features
The Division Bell Mystery
Tales of Mystery and Suspense 3
The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.
The Brahms and Simon detective novels, the first of which I wrote about last week, were amongst several books by the pair that Robert Scoble gave me when I was in Australia towards the end of last year. Amongst them was another thriller of a very different sort, though that too was written and set between the wars.
Called The Division Bell Mystery, it was set in the House of Commons, the first such book I believe, and was by Ellen Wilkinson, a Labour MP who became Minister of Education in Attlee’s government after the war, having served previously as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers. Her hero Robert West is also a PPS, but a conservative, and his Minister, of Home Affairs, is an old style aristocrat, not much loved by the less orthodox Prime Minister, who nevertheless needs his support on many occasions.
The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.
West was just outside the door when the shot was heard, and when he opened it saw only the dead body with a revolver beside it. The assumption that this was suicide was however challenged by Oissel’s grand-daughter Annette, who was his heir, on the grounds that he would never have killed himself. But her view was given greater credence by the Inspector put in charge of the case who said there were no burn marks on the body which would have been the case had Oissel fired the pistol himself.
Matters are complicated by the fact that Oissel’s flat had been burgled while he was at dinner, and Jenks the policeman allocated to him, who had served the Home Secretary and seemed more acceptable to Oissel than someone from the Security Service, had been killed. Matters get even more complicated when Annette says her grand-father’s notebook in which he wrote his secrets in cipher was missing.
That was found in Jenks’ pocket, and then a photographer came to West to say he had been asked by Jenks to photograph this. More worryingly for West, he finds in the Home Secretary’s drawer a few pages from the notebook with what appears to be an interpretation of the cipher.
Overwhelmed by all this he confides in a recently created peer who knows all about the business world, who insists that they leave the house party at which they had met over dinner and discuss the matter with the Prime Minister who promptly summons the Home Secretary.
But the Home Secretary had gone to Scotland to launch a ship over the weekend, so the meeting could take place only on the morning of the Monday, when difficult questions were expected on the adjournment motion. He admits at the meeting that he had got Jenks to take the notebook, and also that he knew the code since it had been created by him and Oissel when they were young.
He thought he should resign, and even contemplated suicide, but the Prime Minister told him that that would be even worse for the government, and that he should go home to bed. The Prime Minister said that he himself would handle the question, which he did with aplomb, insisting that confidentiality was needed until the inquest. What had happened would be made clear then, he declared, leaving West and Inspector Blackit and Lord Dalbeattie what seemed the impossible task of solving the murder.
Dalbeattie had suggested that West ask a female Labour MP who was very fond of him to get what information she could from the staff. That there was some involvement there had become clear when West, going back late one night to collect a briefcase he had left in a dining room, found someone lurking in the dark in the corridor outside the private rooms. Room J, where the murder had happened, was meant to be guarded throughout by a policeman, but he had left the room having felt dizzy, and it seemed that his coffee had been drugged. West’s sudden appearance however had prevented anyone else getting into the room.
Dalbeattie decides to recreate the scene of the murder and has a dinner party in Room J on the Tuesday night, inviting West and Annette and the society hostess at whose house he had met, and also Patrick Kinnaird, an MP who was engaged to Annette, as well as the Permanent Secretary to the Home Ministry.
After coffee Inspector Blackit comes in with Grace, the Labour MP who had got the confidence of the staff, and a journalist who had also been helpful, and just as they say they think they are on the track the division bell rings. Grace jumps up and tells the Inspector that that provides the solution and they get a ladder, and sure enough find the revolver in the space where the bell is. Directed at the place where Oissel had sat, it had been primed to go off with the ringing of the bell. The waiter who had helped to set things up made clear who the murderer had been.
The reason for the murder and the confused motives of all those involved made for a fascinatingly intricate mix. But also impressive in the book were the descriptions of the isolation possible in the crowded premises of the house, the forceful characterization of the members – Grace based on the writer, the society hostess based on Nancy Astor, the first female MP – and the laid back nature of senior politicians which West realized had to change in the brave new world of high finance.
Features
The challenge of keeping value-based politics alive
The current outbreak of anti-immigrant protests in Durban, South Africa is bound to have taken many a subscriber to value-based politics or political idealism quite by surprise. After all, this is evidence that despite the historic accomplishments of nation-builders of the stature of the late President Nelson Mandela it cannot be taken for granted that identity politics, including racism in its worst forms, is no more in South Africa.
At the time of this writing details are scarce on the substantive root causes of the protests but it could very well be that economic grievances, particularly on the part of the majority community in South Africa, are contributing considerably to the disaffection. Shrinking employment and material prospects are likely to figure majorly among the factors igniting the unrest.
Fortunately, the local authorities in Durban are losing no time in calling for peaceful co-existence among the relevant communities and are pointing to the vital importance of stepping-up national integration processes. Apparently, immigrants in sizable numbers from neighbouring countries are present in Durban. However, international TV footage of the protests quoted some local authorities as saying that the majority of the immigrants in some centres that housed them were not illegal migrants and had the documents that entitle them to be in Durban.
In the Durban protests the world has fresh proof of the socially divisive consequences of the gathering globe-wide economic disaffection, touched off particularly by the continuing crisis in West Asia. Going ahead, the world would need to brace for increasing identity-based unrest of the kind it is just witnessing in South Africa.
Considering that the material lot of ordinary people everywhere could only aggravate progressively, with the US and Iran showing no signs of negotiating an end to their confrontation any time soon, it will be left to the more democratic and progressive sections of the world community to initiate positive measures collectively to bring a measure of relief to the discontented.
The swiftness with which such relief will be provided would depend crucially on the importance those sections taking up these undertakings attach to value-based politics as opposed to Realpolitik of power politics.
Going by these yardsticks, Italy could be considered to be moving in the right direction. Recently Italy came to the fore in initiating the collective named, ‘Rome Coalition for Food Security and Access to Fertilizer’, which has as one of its aims the swift provision of fertilizer to economically weak African countries.
In a recent statement Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Antonio Tajani, said that a principal aim of the project was to ensure that the farmers of Africa gained easy access to fertilizer, considering that food security is a growing concern among some of Africa’s economically vulnerable countries.
The statement went on to mention that some 30 countries hailing from the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, the Balkans as well as the FAO had been invited to join the coalition. The venture is far-seeing in that food security is main among the reasons for social discontent which in turn could degenerate into endemic political turmoil and bloodshed. Separatist violence and geographical fragmentation of countries wouldn’t be too far behind these developments, as Africa itself has often proved.
It is hoped that more G7 countries would take the cue from Italy and do what they could to ease the hardships of economically distressed countries, particularly of the global South. In these efforts they would need to break rank with the US, which is today brutally indifferent to the consequences of its policy of making ‘America First’, come what may.
Going by current developments, the Trump administration seems to be blithely oblivious to the wider, deleterious effects of its policy course in West Asia. Besides rendering Iran militarily and otherwise impotent nothing else seems to matter to Washington, as regards West Asia. This is policy short-sightedness of an extreme kind. After all, right now West Asia could be said to be sitting on the proverbial powder keg.
On the other hand, Iran is not giving the world the impression that it is doing anything constructive to get out of the policy straitjacket that it wove for itself decades ago. Rather than enter into a policy of ‘live and let live’ in relation to Israel in particular and initiate a process of reconciliation with the latter, it has chosen to operate within policy parameters that continue to damn Israel. This has put Israel always on the ‘defensive’ so to speak and prevented the opening up of space for meaningful dialogue.
That said, Israel is obliged to explore the possibilities of entering into a negotiatory process with the Arab-Islamic world that could lead to a de-escalation of tensions and bloodshed. It cannot continue to look at its neighbours through lenses that distort them as archetypal enemies who should be ‘wiped off completely from the face of the earth.’
In other words, the need is urgent for Realpolitik to give way to value-based politicks. Italy is beginning to prove that the latter approach could be pursued with some success. May be the EU and the UK could throw their weight behind these initiatives as well and establish that international politics could be refashioned on the basis of humane, civilized norms. The UN would need to be fully supportive of these moves and prove an organizational nucleus of the operations that follow.
In fact the time is ripe for people of conscience to collectively stand up on the side of peace and say ‘No’ to war and violence. Organizations such as the ICRC, the WHO and Medicines Sans Frontiers have already taken up this call. Referring to the widespread destruction of health facilities and their dehumanizing results these organizations have said, among other things, that ‘This is not a failure of the law. It is a failure of political will.’
True, ‘failure of political will’ among those powers that matter accounts for the runaway, uncontrollable nature of war and destruction in contemporary times, but more fundamentally it is a failure of the human conscience. It could very well be that the phenomenal levels to which violence and war have been unleashed today have had the effect of deadening consciences. This is a matter for urgent study and wide discussion.
Features
Vesak celebrations … with Cuteefly
I would describe Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka as innovative and creative, and she operates under the name of Cuteefly.
Indunil always comes up with something novel to celebrate special occasions, and she does it with candles … and that’s her profession.
She was in the spotlight when she created a happening scene, with candles, for Christmas, Sinhala and Tamil New Year, and Valentine’s Day.
As lanterns light up Sri Lanka for Vesak, the Colombo-based candle maker is quietly turning wax and wick into little pieces of the festival.

Candles reflecting Vesak themes
Her candles reflect Vesak themes – light, peace, remembrance, giving, etc., to enable you to fill your Vesak celebration with devotion and beauty.
Among her Vesak creations is a lotus-shaped soy candle, scented with sandalwood, lavender, etc., meant to burn during this Vesak Poya Day.

Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka: Customers
praise her for her creativity
These handcrafted Vesak candles are perfect for offering at the temple, she says.
What makes her creations so novel is that they come in different shapes, scents, themes, and all are handmade.
What’s more, her customers have heaped praise on her for her creativity.
According to Indunil, her creations are perfect as a thoughtful gift … to bring beauty, unity, and light into every moment.
Says Indunil: “Our beautifully handcrafted Unity candles are designed with premium detail and love, making them perfect for celebrations, gifts, and meaningful occasions.”
Cuteefly, says Indunil, is available online.
Readers could contact Indunil on 0778506066 for more details.
He Facebook Page is: Cuteefly.

Handmade with love
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