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Artificial intelligence: A product of human intelligence par excellence

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The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination - Einstein

By Prof. Kirthi Tennakone

What is intelligence? A precise, universally accepted definition does not exist. The Oxford Dictionary defines intelligence as the ability to learn, understand and think logically. Psychologists say it is the capacity for rational thinking, understanding the environment and adaptation to changing occurrences. There are hundreds of other definitions and descriptions of intelligence, highlighting different aspects of the complex trait and bearing many other human qualities.

Intelligence facilitates the acquisition of knowledge, providing learning skills and symbiotically enriches creativity and imagination. A famous quote by Albert Einstein says, “The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.”

Intelligence leads to wisdom, logical argument and clarity of expression. It benefits the individual and society but differs from craftiness, which only provides a temporary undue advantage to a person or a group. So many other qualities of people owe much to their intelligence and vice versa.

How we acquired intelligence

Plants and animals are the most advanced forms of life on earth. Plants manufacture food and their structural material out of air, water and minerals, harvesting sunlight and stand sessile. Whereas the animals move and nourish themselves on plants. Mobility freed life (animals) to encounter the pros and cons of the environment, necessitating the development of organs to sense external stimuli, such as sound, light, touch, smell and taste. The result was the evolution of the nervous signaling system and the brain to coordinate different sensory responses and derive information. The process took billions of years and culminated in ‘inventing’ the human brain by the method of natural selection.

The brain evolved primarily for adaptation to the environment. Later, neural morphology and cognitive functions expanded dramatically, permitting linguistic communication and mechanical skills. Evolution favoured the selection of brainy against less brainy! Besides the routine tasks of eating and living, the man contemplated.

Incidentally, the feelings coming to the mind of an early human sitting on a hillock and seeing the scenery in front were routine matters such as gathering food and chasing animals living there. When cognitive abilities furthered, a man, in the same mood, admired the beauty of the scenery. The ‘beauty’, a more abstract concept, was beyond recognition by the earliest humans. Similarly, engraving a picture of an animal, on stone, indicates abstract insight. The men, who first did it, were the most ancient Isaac Newtons and Einsteins. Such abstractions, or realization of ideas, other than material things, or events, surfaced 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, when evolutionary pressure selected an advantageous group of humans with new connections between different parts of the brain. Art, literature, mathematics, science and technology – the key areas of learning so influential in transforming society – originated as a result of abstract thinking.

Artificial Intelligence

The human brain shines above everything else as the supreme outcome of billions of years of biological evolution. No one has yet found a priori reason we cannot invent machines as intelligent as ourselves or superior. The unanswerable question is how long it takes to reach this ultimate feat and whether efforts would eventually lead to a super-civilization or apocalypse. Or because of unavoidable interventions, the civilization doesn’t have enough time to reach that level of advancement.

Currently, there is so much hype and promise in developing artificial intelligence (AI) – the design of computer systems and machines emulating human intelligent behaviour to find solutions to problems via analysis and interpretation of data. A vast quantity of knowledge and information, gathered by centuries of human effort, is available in literature and a significant portion inserted into the web. The neural network algorithms developed by AI gather information pertaining to a question, organize them and present an answer exceedingly fast.

If not excessively indulged, intelligent machines tuned to attend specialized tasks favoirably remodel our future, easing and fastening a host of activities and new discoveries. We already have AI-powered gadgets and software packages on the market. Self-driving cars, smart vacuum cleaners, robotic crop harvesters, surgical robots and language translators, virtual assistants and chatbots; items of the first and second category.

The AI system ChatGPT, recently released by the American Research Laboratory, OpenAI, virtually engages in conversation, or writes an essay, on a topic of choice, within minutes. It points to amazing potential and repercussions of AI advancement.

Are we to give up writing essays and instead get them ‘instantly’ from a chatbot? AI-produced essays are informative but not sufficiently original, creative or imaginative. Sometimes extraneous materials enter the text. The crucially important component of a good essay; creativeness and imaginative remarks would not come from present day AI, which harvests material from available knowledge (written, printed and electronically published). As Albert Einstein said in another quote, “Imagination is more important than knowledge”. To meet the challenge of AI, authors should improve the quality of their writing accordingly – be creative and imaginative in your outlook.

The ChatGPT, and other similar versions, on overall, will impact education positively, because they possess a remarkable facility to extract and interpret data in massive files. However, the problem of students using AI-based software to write essays needs to be addressed. Writing essays and solving mathematical problems sharpen the mind irreversibly. Phrasing an essay is both a pleasure as well as pain every student should experience. Good essays cannot be written in minutes or hours; they require revisions and corrections before finishing. Parents and teachers need to tell children the value of writing essays on their own. Educationists should devise alternative methods of assigning and grading essay questions.

Future of AI and the future of a world with AI

AI progresses exponentially, signaling the world to be prepared for its accommodation and withstand flabbergast. A question raising eyebrows would be how AI technology advances in coming years and decades and its impact on society and eventually civilization.

More and more AI apps and gadgets will emerge, facilitating domestic and commercial activities. The existing information caries hidden clues for new discoveries, which AI can quickly unearth for urgent application. Recently, a Canadian team pinpointed how to design a drug to cure a rare form of cancer, after just 30 days of engagement – a project that normally takes several years.

The advocates of AI strive hard to create intelligent machines getting closer and closer to human intelligence. A difficult question has been how to determine whether a machine is as intelligent as a human. The future of AI relies on understanding this problem.

In 1950, the British mathematician and theoretical biologist Alan Turing argued, a machine performs human-like intelligent behaviour, if its answers to questions could not be distinguished from those provided by a human being. The Turing test focuses on competence in language expression, just one aspect of intelligence. Few AI companies claim that their products (chatbots) have passed the Turing test. However, passing the test does not prove a chatbot or any other AI device exhibits human-like intelligence. Humans perform a multitude of intelligent tasks. They think and are self-aware and conscious-three characters of the cognitive function.

Thinking: concentration or focus on a specific subject.

Consciousness: being aware of the environment and happenings in relation to the past, present and future and the readiness for reacting to external and internal (bodily) responses.

Self-awareness: the feeling that you exist as an individual.

The mind is an abstract entity covering all the above qualities – a non-material attribute of the brain.

Several pertinent philosophical questions arise: can an AI app with intelligence, thinking capacity, consciousness and self-awareness exist independently – a mind without a body (an intelligent phantom)? Can such a phantom instruct humans to do experiments and expand knowledge? Or is it necessary to have a physical body to attain human – like intelligence?

Remarkably, Buddhist literature delved deeply into the concept ‘mind – body relationship’, hinting at fundamental problems in AI and psychology.

According to the Anatta – lakkana Sutra, Buddha was of the view that ‘the self’ is an aggregate of mind and body, implicating the inseparability of body and mind. Perhaps because of the influence of Hinduism, Theravada Buddhism makes references to “planes of existence”, where the mind exists without the body (Arupa Brahma Loka). A verse in ‘Lowada Sagarawa’ says there are four planes of existence where mind exists without a body. AI seems to be slowly approaching sophistication to embrace clever speculations originated over 2000 years ago.

If the body remains inseparable from the mind, inventing intelligent machines encompassing all the peculiarities of humans would be more like creating complex artificial life. If such entities learn to reproduce, they may compete humans!

Societal problems originating from AI

Just like previous transformative technologies, the introduction of AI will lead to initial drawbacks. The world needs to be cautious of the adverse outcomes and direct research and development to reap benefits. The speedy processing of data will ease industries and their management. New products and techniques in crucially important sectors health, agriculture, energy and environmental remediation, expected to emerge from the AI effort will escalate the quality of life. However, when automation takes over industry and management and robots do routine work more efficiently, a good percentage of the population will find harder to gain employment. Are they going to idle and live on the charity of the wealth the countries earn from their AI projects? Wouldn’t social and economic disparities widen as a result? Some economists complain, exacerbating inequality is a danger of AI. Therefore, instead of going for excessive automation, the technology should divert attention to deliver beneficial products and processes.

Artificial intelligence, a product of human natural intelligence, will be a bonus if directed by wisdom. Very unlikely that it will ever overtake the supremacy of human creativity and imagination.

A highly valued character of an individual often envied is his or her imaginative and creative aptness – which AI cannot deprive.

(The author can be reached via email: ktenna@yahoo.co.uk)



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Features

The Division Bell Mystery

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Tales of Mystery and Suspense 3

The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.

The Brahms and Simon detective novels, the first of which I wrote about last week, were amongst several books by the pair that Robert Scoble gave me when I was in Australia towards the end of last year. Amongst them was another thriller of a very different sort, though that too was written and set between the wars.

Called The Division Bell Mystery, it was set in the House of Commons, the first such book I believe, and was by Ellen Wilkinson, a Labour MP who became Minister of Education in Attlee’s government after the war, having served previously as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers. Her hero Robert West is also a PPS, but a conservative, and his Minister, of Home Affairs, is an old style aristocrat, not much loved by the less orthodox Prime Minister, who nevertheless needs his support on many occasions.

The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.

West was just outside the door when the shot was heard, and when he opened it saw only the dead body with a revolver beside it. The assumption that this was suicide was however challenged by Oissel’s grand-daughter Annette, who was his heir, on the grounds that he would never have killed himself. But her view was given greater credence by the Inspector put in charge of the case who said there were no burn marks on the body which would have been the case had Oissel fired the pistol himself.

Matters are complicated by the fact that Oissel’s flat had been burgled while he was at dinner, and Jenks the policeman allocated to him, who had served the Home Secretary and seemed more acceptable to Oissel than someone from the Security Service, had been killed. Matters get even more complicated when Annette says her grand-father’s notebook in which he wrote his secrets in cipher was missing.

That was found in Jenks’ pocket, and then a photographer came to West to say he had been asked by Jenks to photograph this. More worryingly for West, he finds in the Home Secretary’s drawer a few pages from the notebook with what appears to be an interpretation of the cipher.

Ellen

Overwhelmed by all this he confides in a recently created peer who knows all about the business world, who insists that they leave the house party at which they had met over dinner and discuss the matter with the Prime Minister who promptly summons the Home Secretary.

But the Home Secretary had gone to Scotland to launch a ship over the weekend, so the meeting could take place only on the morning of the Monday, when difficult questions were expected on the adjournment motion. He admits at the meeting that he had got Jenks to take the notebook, and also that he knew the code since it had been created by him and Oissel when they were young.

He thought he should resign, and even contemplated suicide, but the Prime Minister told him that that would be even worse for the government, and that he should go home to bed. The Prime Minister said that he himself would handle the question, which he did with aplomb, insisting that confidentiality was needed until the inquest. What had happened would be made clear then, he declared, leaving West and Inspector Blackit and Lord Dalbeattie what seemed the impossible task of solving the murder.

Dalbeattie had suggested that West ask a female Labour MP who was very fond of him to get what information she could from the staff. That there was some involvement there had become clear when West, going back late one night to collect a briefcase he had left in a dining room, found someone lurking in the dark in the corridor outside the private rooms. Room J, where the murder had happened, was meant to be guarded throughout by a policeman, but he had left the room having felt dizzy, and it seemed that his coffee had been drugged. West’s sudden appearance however had prevented anyone else getting into the room.

Dalbeattie decides to recreate the scene of the murder and has a dinner party in Room J on the Tuesday night, inviting West and Annette and the society hostess at whose house he had met, and also Patrick Kinnaird, an MP who was engaged to Annette, as well as the Permanent Secretary to the Home Ministry.

After coffee Inspector Blackit comes in with Grace, the Labour MP who had got the confidence of the staff, and a journalist who had also been helpful, and just as they say they think they are on the track the division bell rings. Grace jumps up and tells the Inspector that that provides the solution and they get a ladder, and sure enough find the revolver in the space where the bell is. Directed at the place where Oissel had sat, it had been primed to go off with the ringing of the bell. The waiter who had helped to set things up made clear who the murderer had been.

The reason for the murder and the confused motives of all those involved made for a fascinatingly intricate mix. But also impressive in the book were the descriptions of the isolation possible in the crowded premises of the house, the forceful characterization of the members – Grace based on the writer, the society hostess based on Nancy Astor, the first female MP – and the laid back nature of senior politicians which West realized had to change in the brave new world of high finance.

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Features

The challenge of keeping value-based politics alive

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Anti-migrant protests in Durban, South Africa. BBC

The current outbreak of anti-immigrant protests in Durban, South Africa is bound to have taken many a subscriber to value-based politics or political idealism quite by surprise. After all, this is evidence that despite the historic accomplishments of nation-builders of the stature of the late President Nelson Mandela it cannot be taken for granted that identity politics, including racism in its worst forms, is no more in South Africa.

At the time of this writing details are scarce on the substantive root causes of the protests but it could very well be that economic grievances, particularly on the part of the majority community in South Africa, are contributing considerably to the disaffection. Shrinking employment and material prospects are likely to figure majorly among the factors igniting the unrest.

Fortunately, the local authorities in Durban are losing no time in calling for peaceful co-existence among the relevant communities and are pointing to the vital importance of stepping-up national integration processes. Apparently, immigrants in sizable numbers from neighbouring countries are present in Durban. However, international TV footage of the protests quoted some local authorities as saying that the majority of the immigrants in some centres that housed them were not illegal migrants and had the documents that entitle them to be in Durban.

In the Durban protests the world has fresh proof of the socially divisive consequences of the gathering globe-wide economic disaffection, touched off particularly by the continuing crisis in West Asia. Going ahead, the world would need to brace for increasing identity-based unrest of the kind it is just witnessing in South Africa.

Considering that the material lot of ordinary people everywhere could only aggravate progressively, with the US and Iran showing no signs of negotiating an end to their confrontation any time soon, it will be left to the more democratic and progressive sections of the world community to initiate positive measures collectively to bring a measure of relief to the discontented.

The swiftness with which such relief will be provided would depend crucially on the importance those sections taking up these undertakings attach to value-based politics as opposed to Realpolitik of power politics.

Going by these yardsticks, Italy could be considered to be moving in the right direction. Recently Italy came to the fore in initiating the collective named, ‘Rome Coalition for Food Security and Access to Fertilizer’, which has as one of its aims the swift provision of fertilizer to economically weak African countries.

In a recent statement Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Antonio Tajani, said that a principal aim of the project was to ensure that the farmers of Africa gained easy access to fertilizer, considering that food security is a growing concern among some of Africa’s economically vulnerable countries.

The statement went on to mention that some 30 countries hailing from the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, the Balkans as well as the FAO had been invited to join the coalition. The venture is far-seeing in that food security is main among the reasons for social discontent which in turn could degenerate into endemic political turmoil and bloodshed. Separatist violence and geographical fragmentation of countries wouldn’t be too far behind these developments, as Africa itself has often proved.

It is hoped that more G7 countries would take the cue from Italy and do what they could to ease the hardships of economically distressed countries, particularly of the global South. In these efforts they would need to break rank with the US, which is today brutally indifferent to the consequences of its policy of making ‘America First’, come what may.

Going by current developments, the Trump administration seems to be blithely oblivious to the wider, deleterious effects of its policy course in West Asia. Besides rendering Iran militarily and otherwise impotent nothing else seems to matter to Washington, as regards West Asia. This is policy short-sightedness of an extreme kind. After all, right now West Asia could be said to be sitting on the proverbial powder keg.

On the other hand, Iran is not giving the world the impression that it is doing anything constructive to get out of the policy straitjacket that it wove for itself decades ago. Rather than enter into a policy of ‘live and let live’ in relation to Israel in particular and initiate a process of reconciliation with the latter, it has chosen to operate within policy parameters that continue to damn Israel. This has put Israel always on the ‘defensive’ so to speak and prevented the opening up of space for meaningful dialogue.

That said, Israel is obliged to explore the possibilities of entering into a negotiatory process with the Arab-Islamic world that could lead to a de-escalation of tensions and bloodshed. It cannot continue to look at its neighbours through lenses that distort them as archetypal enemies who should be ‘wiped off completely from the face of the earth.’

In other words, the need is urgent for Realpolitik to give way to value-based politicks. Italy is beginning to prove that the latter approach could be pursued with some success. May be the EU and the UK could throw their weight behind these initiatives as well and establish that international politics could be refashioned on the basis of humane, civilized norms. The UN would need to be fully supportive of these moves and prove an organizational nucleus of the operations that follow.

In fact the time is ripe for people of conscience to collectively stand up on the side of peace and say ‘No’ to war and violence. Organizations such as the ICRC, the WHO and Medicines Sans Frontiers have already taken up this call. Referring to the widespread destruction of health facilities and their dehumanizing results these organizations have said, among other things, that ‘This is not a failure of the law. It is a failure of political will.’

True, ‘failure of political will’ among those powers that matter accounts for the runaway, uncontrollable nature of war and destruction in contemporary times, but more fundamentally it is a failure of the human conscience. It could very well be that the phenomenal levels to which violence and war have been unleashed today have had the effect of deadening consciences. This is a matter for urgent study and wide discussion.

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Features

Vesak celebrations … with Cuteefly

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Perfect for celebrations, gifts, and meaningful occasions // Gift pack

I would describe Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka as innovative and creative, and she operates under the name of Cuteefly.

Indunil always comes up with something novel to celebrate special occasions, and she does it with candles … and that’s her profession.

She was in the spotlight when she created a happening scene, with candles, for Christmas, Sinhala and Tamil New Year, and Valentine’s Day.

As lanterns light up Sri Lanka for Vesak, the Colombo-based candle maker is quietly turning wax and wick into little pieces of the festival.

Candles reflecting Vesak themes

Her candles reflect Vesak themes – light, peace, remembrance, giving, etc., to enable you to fill your Vesak celebration with devotion and beauty.

Among her Vesak creations is a lotus-shaped soy candle, scented with sandalwood, lavender, etc., meant to burn during this Vesak Poya Day.

Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka: Customers
praise her for her creativity

These handcrafted Vesak candles are perfect for offering at the temple, she says.

What makes her creations so novel is that they come in different shapes, scents, themes, and all are handmade.

What’s more, her customers have heaped praise on her for her creativity.

According to Indunil, her creations are perfect as a thoughtful gift … to bring beauty, unity, and light into every moment.

Says Indunil: “Our beautifully handcrafted Unity candles are designed with premium detail and love, making them perfect for celebrations, gifts, and meaningful occasions.”

Cuteefly, says Indunil, is available online.

Readers could contact Indunil on 0778506066 for more details.

He Facebook Page is: Cuteefly.

Handmade with love

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