Features
A middle path for Sri Lankan agriculture: Sustainable intensification – PART I
By Prof. W.A.J.M. De Costa
Senior Professor and Chair of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya
Sri Lankan agriculture appears to be recovering from its recent upheavals brought about by the ill-fated experiment of converting to 100% organic overnight. However, some of the core issues that existed prior to the ‘100% organic agriculture experiment’ remain. These issues bring in to focus the long-term sustainability of Sri Lankan agriculture and its capacity to ensure national food security while ensuring a reasonably prosperous livelihood to its farmer community. The social dialogue and the consequent increase in awareness during the ‘100% organic agriculture experiment’ and its aftermath highlights the need to modernize Sri Lankan Agriculture by infusing new technologies and be in better shape to meet the challenges posed by climate change and concerns on environmental and food safety. The current phase of partial recovery from the recent crises affords a ‘window of opportunity’ to shift from long-held views and practices and embark on a new pathway which addresses both the food security concerns as well as the sustainability concerns while taking on board the need to be climate resilient and eco-friendly. However, the recent steps taken by the Sri Lankan authorities (e.g. provision of the full quota of the inorganic fertilizer triple super phosphate and diesel free of charge to farmers etc.) and the demands of the farming community (e.g. heavily-subsidized or free inorganic fertiliser, unrestricted availability of synthetic agrochemicals, full compensation for crop losses, etc.) brings in to question whether a ‘window of opportunity’ for Sri Lankan Agriculture to be technologically-advanced, climate-resilient and eco-friendly is being missed. This article discusses ‘Sustainable Intensification’ as an option, which is worth considering when striving to achieve the above-mentioned multiple goals of future Sri Lankan Agriculture.
What is Sustainable Intensification (SI)?
Sustainable intensification (SI) refers collectively to strategies and practices that aim to increase crop yields without adverse environmental impacts and without expanding the presently-cropped area. Increasing yields generally requires greater investment of land resources (i.e. nutrients, water, energy etc.). Sustainable intensification aims to achieve yield increases with a proportionately lower increase in resource use (i.e. ‘producing more with less’). As such, SI aims to conserve and, possibly, regenerate the resource base (i.e. land, soil fertility, water, biodiversity, etc.) while meeting the food demand of a continuously increasing population. Climate change adds an overarching layer of challenges on all SI strategies. This short article identifies SI strategies that are feasible in crop production systems in Sri Lanka. It then explores how the additional challenges posed by climate change on the feasible SI strategies may be addressed.
The challenges faced by the food production systems in Sri Lanka
The global population which reached 8 billion in 2022 is projected to rise to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11 billion in 2100. The corresponding trend in Sri Lanka is different where the current (March 2023) population of 21.65 million (0.27% of the global population) is projected to rise to 22.19 million in 2040 (0.24% of global). The annual rate of population growth in Sri Lanka which was 2.43% in 1967 has almost continuously declined to the present rate of 0.42% in 2020. These demographic trends will, to a certain extent, lessen the pressures exerted on food production targets and the demands exerted on essential environmental resources. However, many other natural and socio-economic drivers are likely to increase these pressures. Climate change is one such driver where the temperatures in key agroecological regions have been shown to have increased at rates which are greater than that of the global average temperatures. The recent economic down-turn and short-sighted government policies have combined to reduce the capacity of farmers to invest in essential inputs such as fertiliser, good quality seed and Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in crop management. This has left the soils impoverished and imbalanced in terms of essential plant nutrients and crops susceptible to a range of biotic (e.g. diseases and pests) and abiotic stresses (e.g. drought, heat, salinity, climate change).
Inadequate investment in research and development has left the national agricultural research system (NARS) severely depleted so that generation of new technologies through research to overcome these challenges has slowed down to a trickle. Similarly, the national agricultural extension network has been depleted, fragmented and made ineffective during the last three decades, thus depriving the farmers of knowledge and advise on existing and emerging technologies to overcome the challenges faced by them. Furthermore, arguably, Sri Lankan agriculture and its farmers have, for a long time, been dependent on cultivation practices which are heavily reliant on addition of large quantities of external inputs (e.g. inorganic fertilizer, synthetic pesticides and fossil fuel).
There has been inadequate attention, willingness and effort on the part of all stakeholders to introduce and engage in agricultural practices which are less demanding on external inputs and aim to regenerate and replenish the resource pool in the croplands that are being used to produce the crops. Now, the Sri Lankan Agriculture is at a critical juncture where the substantially reduced economic capacity to provide external inputs (e.g. inorganic fertilizer, fossil fuel, synthetic pesticides) has forced its stakeholders to explore options and avenues which will enable them to meet the national agricultural production targets with reduced inputs. Thus, I would argue that we have a ‘window of opportunity’ to steer the Sri Lankan Agriculture towards a more sustainable pathway while engaging in efforts to increase its productivity. This is where ‘Sustainable Intensification’, comes in to focus for Sri Lanka at the present juncture.
Strategies for Sustainable
Intensification (SI) in Sri Lanka and required paradigm shifts
Any SI strategy should satisfy three criteria for it to be implementable, effective, and adopted by the farmers. First and foremost, the strategy should be based on valid scientific principles. In addition, its environmental cost should be minimum. Furthermore, the strategy should be within the economic capability of the potential end-users (e.g. farmers) and also socially and culturally acceptable. The specific SI strategies that satisfy the scientific, environmental and socio-economic criteria are different for different scales of agricultural production. Accordingly, the strategies that may be applicable to large scale and extensive production systems such as plantation crops and paddy would be different from the SI strategies that are suitable in small-scale and subsistence farming systems which produce a high proportion of the Other Field Crops (OFCs) and vegetables in Sri Lanka.
Some key paradigm shifts are essential in identifying feasible SI strategies for different production systems in Sri Lanka. Currently, the specific crops (and specific crop varieties) are selected via a crop-based approach, which is determined by climatic and soil considerations as well as by economic (e.g. market forces) and social considerations (e.g. farmer preference) with little consideration on sustaining and regenerating the resource base (e.g. nutrient recycling, soil conservation etc.). Selection of crops to be grown based on a ‘Cropping Systems Approach’ (instead of a crop-based approach) constitutes a key paradigm shift in moving Sri Lankan Agriculture towards SI. A cropping systems approach considers the crop as one component of a broader faming- and eco-system which includes the soil resource base, water resources, biodiversity, natural vegetation, livestock, wildlife, industries, marketing channels and the socio-cultural setting. Such a paradigm shift forces all key players (e.g. farmers, researchers, extensionists and policy makers) to explore the possibility of increased adoption of crop rotations, crop mixtures (e.g. intercropping), cover crops, ‘crops for the period between seasons’ and fallowing, where minimising resource losses and maximising resource recycling are given due consideration in decision-making.
A second paradigm shift that is needed for SI of Sri Lankan Agriculture is to shift focus from attempting to maximise yield per unit land area to maximise yield per unit of limiting resources (e.g. maximizing yield per unit of water used and yield per unit of nitrogen used, etc..). This requires a significant shift of focus in crop improvement programmes through plant breeding from developing higher yielding varieties to developing varieties with greater resource use efficiency which give an adequate, but not necessarily the highest, yield. Greater emphasis should be accorded to the improvement nutritional quality during the development of new crop varieties to address the growing concerns about increasing malnutrition.
Developing perennial rice varieties (i.e. a variety of rice that will yield a crop for 4-5 seasons from the same plant), an initiative that is being pursued in the US and tested in China, could reduce the economic and environmental cost of rice production. Development of these new resource-efficient and more nutritious crop varieties should be accompanied by the development of a range of new agronomic crop management practices/strategies/packages which focus on the key requirements of SI (i.e. sustainability of the resource base). In particular, these strategies include irrigation and water management practices which minimize evaporative losses while maximizing efficient delivery and uptake and nutrient management practices to minimize leaching and volatilization losses while releasing the nutrients which are fixed in the soil minerals. In this regard, the potential of new technologies such as drones, artificial intelligence, machine learning and the Internet of things needs to be harnessed in developing new crop management packages to provide detailed location-specific information to optimize resource use in crop production.
Shifting from single strategy-based crop management to integrated crop management is the third paradigm shift that is needed to move Sri Lankan Agriculture towards SI. Most single strategy-based crop management practices (e.g. crop protection, nutrient management etc.) are heavily reliant on inorganic and synthetic substances. Broadening the strategies used and thereby reducing their reliance on synthetic substances during crop protection (e.g. Integrated Pest Management) and nutrient management (Integrated Nutrient Management) addresses one of the key requirements of SI by ensuring protection of the agroecosystem and its services (e.g. biodiversity, clean water, safer food etc.). Integrated nutrient management should include strategies to harness the potential of biochar (charcoal-like material containing highly stable carbon obtained by burning any type of biomass in a zero-oxygen environment) to improve the fertility of Sri Lankan soils. (To be condluded)
This article is adapted from a keynote address delivered by the author at the 3rd International Symposium on Agriculture organized by the Faculty of Agriculture of the Eastern University of Sri Lanka on the theme ‘Self-Sustaining Agriculture: Way forward for food security and safety’ on the 9th of March 2023. It has incorporated valuable comments on a first draft from Raj Gonsalkorale, Suchira Peiris, Vijith Gunawardena and Parakrama Jayasinghe.
Features
The Division Bell Mystery
Tales of Mystery and Suspense 3
The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.
The Brahms and Simon detective novels, the first of which I wrote about last week, were amongst several books by the pair that Robert Scoble gave me when I was in Australia towards the end of last year. Amongst them was another thriller of a very different sort, though that too was written and set between the wars.
Called The Division Bell Mystery, it was set in the House of Commons, the first such book I believe, and was by Ellen Wilkinson, a Labour MP who became Minister of Education in Attlee’s government after the war, having served previously as Parliamentary Private Secretary to several ministers. Her hero Robert West is also a PPS, but a conservative, and his Minister, of Home Affairs, is an old style aristocrat, not much loved by the less orthodox Prime Minister, who nevertheless needs his support on many occasions.
The murder, in a private dining room in the house, is of a financier with whom the government was negotiating a loan. When this seemed difficult the Minister of Home Affairs agreed to lead discussions, since he had known Mr Oissel the financier when they were young. Hence the private dinner, but when the Minister stepped out for a vote, Oissel was shot just as the Division Bell rang.
West was just outside the door when the shot was heard, and when he opened it saw only the dead body with a revolver beside it. The assumption that this was suicide was however challenged by Oissel’s grand-daughter Annette, who was his heir, on the grounds that he would never have killed himself. But her view was given greater credence by the Inspector put in charge of the case who said there were no burn marks on the body which would have been the case had Oissel fired the pistol himself.
Matters are complicated by the fact that Oissel’s flat had been burgled while he was at dinner, and Jenks the policeman allocated to him, who had served the Home Secretary and seemed more acceptable to Oissel than someone from the Security Service, had been killed. Matters get even more complicated when Annette says her grand-father’s notebook in which he wrote his secrets in cipher was missing.
That was found in Jenks’ pocket, and then a photographer came to West to say he had been asked by Jenks to photograph this. More worryingly for West, he finds in the Home Secretary’s drawer a few pages from the notebook with what appears to be an interpretation of the cipher.
Overwhelmed by all this he confides in a recently created peer who knows all about the business world, who insists that they leave the house party at which they had met over dinner and discuss the matter with the Prime Minister who promptly summons the Home Secretary.
But the Home Secretary had gone to Scotland to launch a ship over the weekend, so the meeting could take place only on the morning of the Monday, when difficult questions were expected on the adjournment motion. He admits at the meeting that he had got Jenks to take the notebook, and also that he knew the code since it had been created by him and Oissel when they were young.
He thought he should resign, and even contemplated suicide, but the Prime Minister told him that that would be even worse for the government, and that he should go home to bed. The Prime Minister said that he himself would handle the question, which he did with aplomb, insisting that confidentiality was needed until the inquest. What had happened would be made clear then, he declared, leaving West and Inspector Blackit and Lord Dalbeattie what seemed the impossible task of solving the murder.
Dalbeattie had suggested that West ask a female Labour MP who was very fond of him to get what information she could from the staff. That there was some involvement there had become clear when West, going back late one night to collect a briefcase he had left in a dining room, found someone lurking in the dark in the corridor outside the private rooms. Room J, where the murder had happened, was meant to be guarded throughout by a policeman, but he had left the room having felt dizzy, and it seemed that his coffee had been drugged. West’s sudden appearance however had prevented anyone else getting into the room.
Dalbeattie decides to recreate the scene of the murder and has a dinner party in Room J on the Tuesday night, inviting West and Annette and the society hostess at whose house he had met, and also Patrick Kinnaird, an MP who was engaged to Annette, as well as the Permanent Secretary to the Home Ministry.
After coffee Inspector Blackit comes in with Grace, the Labour MP who had got the confidence of the staff, and a journalist who had also been helpful, and just as they say they think they are on the track the division bell rings. Grace jumps up and tells the Inspector that that provides the solution and they get a ladder, and sure enough find the revolver in the space where the bell is. Directed at the place where Oissel had sat, it had been primed to go off with the ringing of the bell. The waiter who had helped to set things up made clear who the murderer had been.
The reason for the murder and the confused motives of all those involved made for a fascinatingly intricate mix. But also impressive in the book were the descriptions of the isolation possible in the crowded premises of the house, the forceful characterization of the members – Grace based on the writer, the society hostess based on Nancy Astor, the first female MP – and the laid back nature of senior politicians which West realized had to change in the brave new world of high finance.
Features
The challenge of keeping value-based politics alive
The current outbreak of anti-immigrant protests in Durban, South Africa is bound to have taken many a subscriber to value-based politics or political idealism quite by surprise. After all, this is evidence that despite the historic accomplishments of nation-builders of the stature of the late President Nelson Mandela it cannot be taken for granted that identity politics, including racism in its worst forms, is no more in South Africa.
At the time of this writing details are scarce on the substantive root causes of the protests but it could very well be that economic grievances, particularly on the part of the majority community in South Africa, are contributing considerably to the disaffection. Shrinking employment and material prospects are likely to figure majorly among the factors igniting the unrest.
Fortunately, the local authorities in Durban are losing no time in calling for peaceful co-existence among the relevant communities and are pointing to the vital importance of stepping-up national integration processes. Apparently, immigrants in sizable numbers from neighbouring countries are present in Durban. However, international TV footage of the protests quoted some local authorities as saying that the majority of the immigrants in some centres that housed them were not illegal migrants and had the documents that entitle them to be in Durban.
In the Durban protests the world has fresh proof of the socially divisive consequences of the gathering globe-wide economic disaffection, touched off particularly by the continuing crisis in West Asia. Going ahead, the world would need to brace for increasing identity-based unrest of the kind it is just witnessing in South Africa.
Considering that the material lot of ordinary people everywhere could only aggravate progressively, with the US and Iran showing no signs of negotiating an end to their confrontation any time soon, it will be left to the more democratic and progressive sections of the world community to initiate positive measures collectively to bring a measure of relief to the discontented.
The swiftness with which such relief will be provided would depend crucially on the importance those sections taking up these undertakings attach to value-based politics as opposed to Realpolitik of power politics.
Going by these yardsticks, Italy could be considered to be moving in the right direction. Recently Italy came to the fore in initiating the collective named, ‘Rome Coalition for Food Security and Access to Fertilizer’, which has as one of its aims the swift provision of fertilizer to economically weak African countries.
In a recent statement Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Antonio Tajani, said that a principal aim of the project was to ensure that the farmers of Africa gained easy access to fertilizer, considering that food security is a growing concern among some of Africa’s economically vulnerable countries.
The statement went on to mention that some 30 countries hailing from the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, the Balkans as well as the FAO had been invited to join the coalition. The venture is far-seeing in that food security is main among the reasons for social discontent which in turn could degenerate into endemic political turmoil and bloodshed. Separatist violence and geographical fragmentation of countries wouldn’t be too far behind these developments, as Africa itself has often proved.
It is hoped that more G7 countries would take the cue from Italy and do what they could to ease the hardships of economically distressed countries, particularly of the global South. In these efforts they would need to break rank with the US, which is today brutally indifferent to the consequences of its policy of making ‘America First’, come what may.
Going by current developments, the Trump administration seems to be blithely oblivious to the wider, deleterious effects of its policy course in West Asia. Besides rendering Iran militarily and otherwise impotent nothing else seems to matter to Washington, as regards West Asia. This is policy short-sightedness of an extreme kind. After all, right now West Asia could be said to be sitting on the proverbial powder keg.
On the other hand, Iran is not giving the world the impression that it is doing anything constructive to get out of the policy straitjacket that it wove for itself decades ago. Rather than enter into a policy of ‘live and let live’ in relation to Israel in particular and initiate a process of reconciliation with the latter, it has chosen to operate within policy parameters that continue to damn Israel. This has put Israel always on the ‘defensive’ so to speak and prevented the opening up of space for meaningful dialogue.
That said, Israel is obliged to explore the possibilities of entering into a negotiatory process with the Arab-Islamic world that could lead to a de-escalation of tensions and bloodshed. It cannot continue to look at its neighbours through lenses that distort them as archetypal enemies who should be ‘wiped off completely from the face of the earth.’
In other words, the need is urgent for Realpolitik to give way to value-based politicks. Italy is beginning to prove that the latter approach could be pursued with some success. May be the EU and the UK could throw their weight behind these initiatives as well and establish that international politics could be refashioned on the basis of humane, civilized norms. The UN would need to be fully supportive of these moves and prove an organizational nucleus of the operations that follow.
In fact the time is ripe for people of conscience to collectively stand up on the side of peace and say ‘No’ to war and violence. Organizations such as the ICRC, the WHO and Medicines Sans Frontiers have already taken up this call. Referring to the widespread destruction of health facilities and their dehumanizing results these organizations have said, among other things, that ‘This is not a failure of the law. It is a failure of political will.’
True, ‘failure of political will’ among those powers that matter accounts for the runaway, uncontrollable nature of war and destruction in contemporary times, but more fundamentally it is a failure of the human conscience. It could very well be that the phenomenal levels to which violence and war have been unleashed today have had the effect of deadening consciences. This is a matter for urgent study and wide discussion.
Features
Vesak celebrations … with Cuteefly
I would describe Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka as innovative and creative, and she operates under the name of Cuteefly.
Indunil always comes up with something novel to celebrate special occasions, and she does it with candles … and that’s her profession.
She was in the spotlight when she created a happening scene, with candles, for Christmas, Sinhala and Tamil New Year, and Valentine’s Day.
As lanterns light up Sri Lanka for Vesak, the Colombo-based candle maker is quietly turning wax and wick into little pieces of the festival.

Candles reflecting Vesak themes
Her candles reflect Vesak themes – light, peace, remembrance, giving, etc., to enable you to fill your Vesak celebration with devotion and beauty.
Among her Vesak creations is a lotus-shaped soy candle, scented with sandalwood, lavender, etc., meant to burn during this Vesak Poya Day.

Indunil Kaushalya Dissanayaka: Customers
praise her for her creativity
These handcrafted Vesak candles are perfect for offering at the temple, she says.
What makes her creations so novel is that they come in different shapes, scents, themes, and all are handmade.
What’s more, her customers have heaped praise on her for her creativity.
According to Indunil, her creations are perfect as a thoughtful gift … to bring beauty, unity, and light into every moment.
Says Indunil: “Our beautifully handcrafted Unity candles are designed with premium detail and love, making them perfect for celebrations, gifts, and meaningful occasions.”
Cuteefly, says Indunil, is available online.
Readers could contact Indunil on 0778506066 for more details.
He Facebook Page is: Cuteefly.

Handmade with love
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